Buoyage, Charts & Navigation Flashcards

Question

(Q(6)+LFl)15s

Answer 1

* A white light in which a group of 6 quick flashes is followed by a single long flash. Repeated 4 times per minute or every 15 seconds * South Cardinal Buoy

Answer 2

* A white light in which a group of 9 flashes is repeated 4 times per minute or every 15 seconds. * West Cardinal Buoy

Answer 3

* A white light in which a group of 2 flashes is regularly repeated 12 times per minute or every 5 seconds. * Isolated Danger Buoy

Answer 4

A bifurcation buoy is used to mark the point where a channel divides into different branches. They can be passed on either port or starboard side when travelling upstream but the prefered channel is the one indicated by the color of the top band.

Answer 5

* Port Bifurcation Buoy * Green Red Green * Green light, Fl(2+1)6s * The preferred channel is to the **right** (starboard) * You should keep the buoys on your port (left) side

Answer 6

* Starboard Bifurcation Buoy * The preferred channel is to the left (port) * These buoys are kept on your starboard (right) side

Answer 7

* Fairway Buoy * This buoy marks safe water at landfalls, channel entrances or channel centres * Should be kept on the port (left) side when going in either direction

Answer 8

* Anchorage Buoy * Yellow with anchor symbol * Flashing yellow light

Answer 9

* Yellow buoys * Mark danger areas such as areas where there is no safe channel, underwater hazards

Answer 10

* Mooring Buoys

Answer 11

* Orange symbol on white pillars, cans or spars * Squares provide information such as places to find food, supplies and repairs * They also give direction, distances and other non-regulatory information

Answer 12

* Orange symbols on white pillars, cans or spars * Diamonds warn of hazards such as rocks, shoals, or turbulent waters.

Answer 13

* Orange symbol on white pillar * Circles indicate a restricted boating area such as no wake, idle speed, speed limit or wash restrictions

Answer 14

* Orange symbols on white pillars, cans or spars * Crossed diamonds indicate areas where pleasure craft are prohibited such as dams and spillways

Answer 15

* Starboard hand day beacon * Red triangle in the centre of a white background and red border * Keep on your starboard side when travelling upstream

Answer 16

* Port Hand Day Beacon * They have a black or green square in the centre of a white bacground and a green border * Keep them on your port side when travelling upstream

Answer 17

* Port Bifurcation Day Beacon * Junction (preferred channel to right)

Answer 18

* Starboard Bifurcation * Junction (Preferred channel to left)

Answer 19

* North Cardinal Buoy * Black over yellow * Two upward triangles

Answer 20

* East Cardinal Buoy * Black Yello Black * Traingles in opposite direction

Answer 21

* South Cardinal Buoy * Yellow over black * Triangles facing downward

Answer 22

* West Cardinal Buoy * Yellow/Black/Yellow * Triangles facing inward

Answer 23

* Isolated Danger Buoy

Answer 24

* Isolated Danger Buoy with white light

Answer 25

* Safe Water Mark * Red and white vertical stripes * Safe water such as midchannel and landfall marks

Answer 26

* Safe Water Mark with white light * Red and white vertical stripes

Answer 27

* Special Marks * Not primarily used to assist navigation but to indicate special features * Examples include, cautionary buoys, information and control buoys, hazard buoys etc...

Answer 28

* Buoy or beacon symbol out of position

Answer 29

* Starboard Hand Buoy * Red * Conical shape

Answer 30

* Starboard Hand Buoy * Red * Red flashing light * Conical in shape

Answer 31

* Port Hand Buoy * Green * Can shaped

Answer 32

* Port Hand Buoy * Green * Green flashing light

Answer 33

* Safe Water Buoy, Fairway Buoy * Red and White vertical stripe

Answer 34

* Starboard Bifurcation Buoy * Red Green Red

Answer 35

* Starboard Bifurcation Buoy * Red Green Red * Red flashing light

Answer 36

* Port Bifurcation Buoy * Green Red Green

Answer 37

* Cautionary Buoy * Anchorage Buoy * Yellow

Answer 38

* Keepout Buoy * Control Buoy * Information Buoy

Answer 39

* Diving Buoy

Answer 40

* Fixed point

Answer 41

* Flood tidal stream with rate

Answer 42

* Ebb tidal stream with rate

Answer 43

* Ebb tidal stream with rate

Answer 44

* Position of tabulated tidal stream data with designation

Answer 45

* Sounding in true position

Answer 46

Sand Seabed

Answer 47

Rock Seabed

Answer 48

Clay Seabed

Answer 49

Kelp, Weed Seabed

Answer 50

Weed(including kelp) Seabed

Answer 51

**Danger line** * A danger line draws attention to a danger which would not stand out clearly enough if represented solely by its symbol (e.g. isolated rock) or delimits an area containing numerous dangers, through which it is unsafe to navigate.

Answer 52

**Rock (Islet)** * Which does not cover, height above the plane of reference for elevations

Answer 53

Rock which covers and uncovers, with height known or unknown above chart datum

Answer 54

Rock awas at chart datum

Answer 55

Under rock of unknown depth, dangerous to surface navigation

Answer 56

Underwater rock of known depth, not dangerous to surface navigation

Answer 57

Chart Datum is the reference point from which all depths and drying heights or lowest level of tide are measured on a nautical chart. * British Admiralty metric charts use lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) * American charts use Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) **Chart datum** is defined as the level below which water seldom falls. Soundings refer to depths at datum.

Answer 58

The distance below chart datum of a feature is referred to as "**Sounding**"

Answer 59

This is the height of an object or feature above chart datum; these features such as rocks or submerged objects may be uncovered at low water.

Answer 60

This is the height of the water above Chart datum and is found by using the tide tables to find high or low water and then applying the corrections derived from the appropriate tables.

Answer 61

The time at which a tide reaches its maximum height. The tide tables predict the times that high and low water are expected to occur as well as the heights expected.

Answer 62

The time at which a tide reaches its minimum height

Answer 63

This is the average height of high waters for a particuloar place: this average is worked out over a 19 year period. This is the point from which the height of structure such as bridges and lighthouses are measured.

Answer 64

The average of the lower low waters of each tidal day over a 19 year period. Used as Chart Datum on US and Canadian Charts. Using this datum, there will be often less water than is shown on the chart.

Answer 65

6076.12 feet

Answer 66

1 Nautical Mile

Answer 67

60 nautical miles

Answer 68

600 feet 185 meters

Answer 69

A charts scale is the ratio of the distance on a chart to the distance on land or water. * A scale of 1:8000 means that the chart is one-eight thousandths of the size of the area it represents * Objects shown as a centimetre apart are physically 8000 centimetres (80 metres) apart

Answer 70

1. Area of coverage 2. Scale 3. Projection 4. Reference level for soundings 5. Standard of measurement

Answer 71

135 nautical miles Each degree equals 60 nautical miles (60 + 60 = 120 NM) Each minute equals 1 nautical mile (15 x 1 = 15 NM)

Answer 72

1. Compass 2. Dividers 3. Course plotter 4. Parallel ruler 5. Watch 6. Hand held compass 7. Depth sounder 8. Knotmeter, pencil and eraser

Answer 73

1. Chart 1 2. NOTMARS 3. Sailing Directions 4. Small Craft Guides 5. Tides and current tables 6. Collision regulations 7. Canadian aids to navigation

Answer 74

To update charts and marine publications and to draw attenon to new hazards

Answer 75

* Safe route * Shortest distance * Crew capability * Equipment * Hazards * Navigation methods * Tide and current * Weather conditions

Answer 76

Water Tower

Answer 77

Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height

Answer 78

Foul area dangerous to surface navigation

Answer 79

Submarine cable

Answer 80

Light flashing every 15 seconds, 85 ft high and visible from 15 nautical miles

Answer 81

Sector light, fixed red showing arc of visibility, 36 metres high, visible for 11 nautical miles

Answer 82

Light flashing in groups of three every 12 seconds. Height 44 feet and visible for 14 miles. Unattended

Answer 83

* Six very quick flashes follwed by a long flash, repeating every 10 seconds * South Cardinal Buoy

Answer 84

* Flashing Red Light * Starboard Buoy (IALA B Region)

Answer 85

* The direction a boat travels is its **course** * The direction a boat's bow is pointed is its **heading** * A **bearing** is the direction of an object determined by a compass

Answer 86

* Add 180 if the intial direction is less than 180 * Subtract 180 if the initial direction is more than 180

Answer 87

265 degrees | (085 + 180 = 265)

Answer 88

* 13 years x 8' = 104 minutes * 104 minutesy - 60 minutes = 1 degree 44 minutes * Variation = 021 E - 1 degree 30 minutes (rounded down to 1/2) * Variation = 019.5 E

Answer 89

* Ferrous metals & electrical devices * Examples include: * Anchor * Radio * Electrical wiring * Winches * Engine * Fuel tank * Holding tank

Answer 90

T = **076** V - 10W M =**086** D = **6E** C - 080

Answer 91

T - 340 V - 15E M =**325** D = **0** C = **325**

Answer 92

T - 032 V = **12E** M - 020 D = **4E** C = **016**

Answer 93

The plotted line is labled with the course direction preceded y C, for course. Put a space after the C

Answer 94

**60D = ST** ## Footnote D = (S x T) / 60 D = (5kts x 210 min) / 60 D = 1050 / 60 **D = 17.5 nm**

Answer 95

**T = (60 x D) /S** ## Footnote T = (60 x D) / S T= (60 x 6) / 5 T = (360) / 5 **T = 72 min or 1h 12 min**

Answer 96

**S = (60 x D) / T** ## Footnote S = (60 x D) / T S = (60 x 14) / 105 min S = (840) / 105 **S = 8 kts**

Answer 97

Involves calculating a new position or positions from a known departure point using estimates of speed, course and elapsed time. The DR couse is plotted on the chart with a series of DR positions and may indicate the intended path of travel.

Answer 98

1. Start from a fix, that is a known departure point, and note the time 2. Label the DR course in True degrees 3. Use speed through the water (knotmeter) and teh 60D=ST formulae 4. Plot the DR postion on the hour every hour and whenever there is a change in course and speed 5. Follow labeling coventions

Answer 99

* A **fix** is plotted as a small circle with a dot in the centre * **Course** is placed above the plotted line and labeled with a C * Speed is placed below the line under the course * **DR position** are marked on the plotted course line with a semi-circle above the line with a small dot or short stroke at the centre

Answer 100

* The time of the bearing is written above the line * The direction of the bearing is written below

Answer 101

* Is plotted as a point inside a small square * A common way to upgrade a DR position to an EP positon is to use a bearing on a charted object. * DR positions can be off due to current, leeway and steering errors.

Answer 102

* It is a new course after the navigator has figured out the estimated position.

Answer 103

A second LOP, plotted from a bearing taken close to the same time as the first can provide a position of such accuracy as to be a fix. The boat's position is the point where the two LOPs intersect. This is a two-bearing fix

Answer 104

* To increase confidence in a two bearing fix a third bearing can be added. * The result is usually a small triangle of position known as a **cocked hat**. * The fix can be plotted in the centre of the triangle unless a hazard is nearby; then in which case you plot your position close to the hazard for the purposes of steering away from it.

Answer 105

* A line of position that is plotted to avoid hazards * Its direction is noted along with whether, to clear the hazard, bearings taken on the object should be not more than **(NMT)** or not less than **(NLT)** the clearing bearing.

Answer 106

The spped over the botoom that results from combining the boat's spped through the water with the current's set and drift is called Speed mad good (SMG)

Answer 107

In current the track a boat follows is a combination of its direction and speed combined with those of current. The set of a current can affect a boat's course by pushing it left or right of the direction being steered. It can also speed up or slow down the boats progress.

Answer 108

* Plot a DR course from a fix * Establish a DR position at the same time as acquiring a fix * Draw a line representing the current from the DR position to the fix * Label the SET * Determine the distance in nautical miles using dividers * Determine the elapsed time in minutes since the previous fix and use the 60D=ST formula to find the speed of the current.

Answer 109

An **hour diagram** is the plotting technique used to find the course to steer and the speed made good. It takes into account the influence of the **set** and **drift** over one hour and applies it to the entire distance traveled. * The current vector is drawn from the point of departure in the direction of the currents set. **Its length is the distance of the drift in one hour.** For example, two knots of drift would be plotted as a vector two miles long.

Answer 110

A line is drawn from the end of the current vector to intersect the course to make good. * The length of the line is the speed of the boat over 1 hour * For example, if the boat is travelling 4 knots per hour then the distance is **4 nautical miles** so you would take your dividers and meaure 4 minutes off the chart and draw a line.

Answer 111

Sector lights, are directional lights that lead vessels through hazardous waters or narrow channels at night. These lights are used when approaching or leaving harbours.

Answer 112

Red sector – indicates the port side of the channel. The vessel needs to steer to starboard to return to the white sector. Green sector – indicates the starboard side of the channel. The vessel needs to steer to port to return to the white sector. White sector – indicates safe water.

Answer 113

Lighthouse visibility is available on charts, both paper and digital, and is stated in terms of nominal range. This is the rating of the power of the light ad describes the distance at which the light will be seen in standard "clear" conditions.

Answer 114

The "Nominal Range" is the maximum distance at which a given light may be seen in "clear weather." (Clear weather being defined as a meteorological visibility of 10 nautical miles). The nominal range of any given light is shown on and can be read directly from nautical charts.

Answer 115

The "Geographic Range" is function of the curvature of the earth and is determined solely from the heights above sea level of the light itself and of the observers eye.

Answer 116

The maximum distance at which light from a light or other aid to navigation can reach an observer. It is limited by the curvature of the earth and refraction in the atmosphere and by heights of the observer and of the light or aid.

Answer 117

Canadian Coast Guard List of Lights, Buoys and Fog Signals United States Coast Guard Light List

Answer 118

The nominal range given in the Light List is the maximum distance a given light can be seen when the meterological visibility is 10 nautical miles. If the existing visibility is less than 10 NM, the range at which the light can be seen is reduced. If the visibility is greater than 10 NM the light can be seen at a greater distance. The distance at whic a light may be expected to be seen in the prevailing visibility is called its luminous range.

Answer 119

By using the nomogram a geographical range can be determined by placing a straightedge against the height of the respective light and the height of the observer above water level.

Answer 120

When a mariner obtains the meterological visibility from the weather report, he can find the distance the light can be seen at night from the nominal range diagram. Example: the light list gives the nominal range 16 nautical miles. The weather report gives the meterological visibility 2 nautical miles. The point on the bottom of the diagram marked 16 is followed upwards until it intersects the curve marked 2 nautical miles. Follow the height horizontally to the left margin to find that the visibility of the light is 5 nautical miles.