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History: England 1625 - 1667 > Bullet Point 3: Search for Settlements > Flashcards

Bullet Point 3: Search for Settlements Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was no Peace settlement achieved following the war?

A
  • The Role of divisions within the victors
  • The Role of the Army
  • The Role of the Levelers
  • The Role of the Scots
  • The Role of the King
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2
Q

Divisions within the Victors

A

Parliament worried by the power of its army once victory had been secured and wanted to disband it quickly but didn’t have money to pay arrears

Also worried by growing radicalism - levelers, Fifth Monarchists, baptists and ranters - wanted quick settlement to avoid anarchy

Parliament divided between:

  • Hardliners and Moderates
  • Independents and Presbyterians
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3
Q

Moderates

A

Associated with the ‘Peace party’ - Led by Holles

Wanted to pay off Scots quickly and disband the NMA (also send selected regiments to Ireland) associated with the ‘Peace party’

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4
Q

Hardliners

A

Many of the ‘win the war’ party - led by Vane, St. John and Cromwell

Thought disbanding the army would allow the King to dictate settlement

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5
Q

Presbyterians

A

Wanted a new coercive national Church based on Presbyterian lines.

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6
Q

Independents

A

Wanted to allow individual congregations some degree of independence in formulating their own theological ideas and practices - liberty for ‘tender consciences’

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7
Q

Politicization of the Army

A

Came in reaction to the growing split with moderates in Parliament.

Army was owed about £3 Million in arrears and frightened of ‘cavalier backlash in the counties once they are disbanded.

Army officer s and men elect a general council of the Army - partially in response to the Declaration of Dislike, seize the king in 1647 and issue Heads of the Proposals

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8
Q

Declaration of Dislike

A

Issued by Holles in April 1647

Declared that soldiers petitioning Parliament for redress of grievances were ‘enemies of the state’

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9
Q

Army’s seizure of the King

A

Cornet Joyce seizes the king from Holdenby House -June 1647

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10
Q

Heads of the Proposals

A

Issued as possible basis for new monarchical constitution - the army wanted to limit the power of Parliament as well as the King

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11
Q

Divisions within the Army

A

Rank and file in the army were distrustful of the officers (grandees) who were seen as self-seeking and corrupt.

Thought Heads of the Proposals as pathetic sell out to the King - why had they fought and died if it were merely to restore the pre-war constitution?

Also influenced by Levellers, who issued the Agreement of the People as basis on new constitution in October 1647 - divisions patched up in Putney debates but had been exposed

The signs of a split in the Army encourage d the King to make the Engagement with the Scots.

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12
Q

Agitators

A

Represented the rank and file in the army.

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13
Q

The Agreement of the People

A

Leveller manifesto

Outlined a republican system of government that was partly adopted by the army in 1649

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14
Q

The Putney Debates

A

October-November 1647

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15
Q

The Levellers

A

A group of intellectuals led by John Lilburne - not a coherent party and had no clear programme and the leaders disagreed with each other

Although influencial in the army and London, they were not a serious threat to the army or parliament - soldiers more interested in ‘bread and butter’ issues about arrears of pay and indemnity - Lilburne charismatic but easily silenced by the authorities

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16
Q

What the Levellers wanted

A
  • To see the end of tyrannical Kings (seen in the 1630s) and tyrannical parliaments (seen in Civil War)
  • Universal male suffrage
  • Many wanted the end of central government with political decisions taken at local level
  • Wanted genuine religious tolerations, no national church and abolition of tithes
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17
Q

Complication of the Scots

A

1646 they had the King and were keen to see Presbyterian Church set up in England to match the one in Scotland - Parliament not happy and wanted to pay the Scots off

Scots hand over the King to Parliament in January 1646, worried about Montrose and his Royalist army (Clear this up)

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18
Q

Charles’ Stubbornness

A

All parties in 1646-48 assumed that the new constitution would see the King restored to power - albeit diminished.

Charles believed he could use this to hold out for better terms - thought he could retain all his prerogative powers as his enemies were so divided.

Sparked off Second Civil War (1648) by negotiating with the Scots - signed the ‘Engagement’, promising a trial run of Presbyterianism in England - defeated but looked as if Charles would get better terms when Parliament repealed the Act of No Address

Would rather face martyrdom than forsake authority of the crown - especially after forsaking Strafford

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19
Q

Newcastle Propositions

A

To do later

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20
Q

Second Civil War

A

1648

Charles helped spark off the Second Civil War by negotiating with the Scots and playing his enemies against each other- but their ‘Engager’ army defeated by Cromwell at Preston - led to Royalist stirs elsewhere

Despite the resumption of the war parliament voted to restart negotiations with the King - Looked as though Charles would get better terms, the moderates in Parliament were desperate to make a settlement and destroy the growing power of the army

Led to Pride’s Purge

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21
Q

Pride’s Purge

A

December 1648

Colonel Pride purged parliament - soldiers only allowed MPs who were prepared to put Charles on trial

King was executed January 1649

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22
Q

The Act of No Adress

A

January 1648

In response to the King’s signing of the Engagement with the Scots and his subsequent defeat - there would be no more negotiations with the King.

Revoked in August 1648 - this caused the army’s patience to snap and led to Pride’s Purge.

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23
Q

The Reasons for Regicide

A

Not for ideological reasons - those who did it (the army grandees and their supporters in Parliament) were not republicans

Predominantly practical reasons - army leadership realized there could be no lasting settlement with the King - Charles was not prepared to negotiations seriously and had sparked off the Second Civil war. The Army called him ‘this man of blood’

There was a real worry that the country would descend into anarchy if the army did not intervene.

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24
Q

Religious Radicals - Anglicans

A

By 1647 Anglicanism was regarded as a royalist faith and parliament had taken steps to destroy it by abolishing bishops and replacing the book of common prayer with a Presbyterian Directory of Worship.

In many parishes the Book of Common prayer remained in use.

25
Q

Religious Radicals - Quakers

A

1647 - George Fox began preaching

Quakers rejected formal church services, ministers, creeds and the taking of oaths.

26
Q

Religious Radicals - Antinomians

A

An offshoot of Calvinism that criticized the constant searching of your life for signs that you were one of the elect.

Played down the idea of predestination and with it the importance of obeying the moral laws of the church, in order to emphasize God’s ability to transform the elect.

Only a handful of individuals.

27
Q

Religious Radicals - Seekers

A

People who tried various churches and found them all disappointing.

Widely regarded as skeptics and atheists.

28
Q

Religious Radicals - Ranters

A

Small sect that received enormous publicity.

Took predestination to extremes- if a person was of the elect, then they could do no sin and were therefore free to do whatever they wanted.

29
Q

Religious Radicals - Anabaptists

A

Believers in adult baptism who were regarded as dangerous radicals.

Calling someone an ‘Anabaptist’ was an insult at the time.

30
Q

New Model Army Petition

A

March 1647 - issued by the NMA in response to parliaments attempts to quickly disband the army.

Parliament reacted with the ‘Declaration of Dislike’ - which accused the petition as an act of treason.

31
Q

Heads of the Proposals

A

July 1647

A set of proposals for a settlement with the King - approved by the army General council. Most lenient out of all the peace terms.

King to return on the following conditions:

  • Long parliament to dissolve itself within one year
  • Parliament elected every two years
  • Act of Oblivious - general amnesty with only seven exceptions
  • Parliament to control the militia for ten years
  • Bishops stripped of the coercive power - freedom of worship for protestants
  • Reform of parliamentary constituencies
  • Former Royalists barred from Public offices for five years
32
Q

Solemn Engagement of the Army

A

5 June 1647

Fairfax called a general rendezvous of the NMA - the army promised to not obey parliament’s order to disband until their grievances were met.

33
Q

Why did Pride’s Purge take place?

A
  • Collapse of the Independent party meant that the Army’s interests were not longer being protected in Parliament
  • If parliament made peace on the basis of the Newcastle Proposals, the army’s victories would have been pointless
  • A treaty would isolate the army, could fight but would have no political support
  • army’s victories in the second civil war sign that God had ‘owned’ the army and its course
  • Rank and file were threatening another revolt
34
Q

Trial of Charles I

A

20 January 1649

35
Q

People who were to blame for the King’s execution in 1649

A

The King - tried to take advantage of divisions among his enemies, instigated the second civil war

Parliament - Split into two ‘parties’ when it needed to speak with one voice

The New Model Army - Prevented parliament from reaching a moderate settlement

The Levellers - Divided the army - pushed for radical change at at sensitive time

The Scots - Intervened in England’s domestic problems

36
Q

Army Revolt

A

1647

37
Q

Criticisms of the Rump 1649-53

A
  • Executed the king, abolished monarchy and the house of lords - was an illegal regime, only a small portion of the orignial parliament
  • Seen as the instrument of the army grandees , it was destroyed by the army which claimed that it was self-seeking, self-perpetuating and had failed to introduce necessary reform
  • Their unwillingness to introduce radical reform probably helped to maintain political stability an d prevent further social unrest
38
Q

The Rump was not revolutionary

A
  • Executed the King out of desperation and monarchy was abolished by default not out of revolutionary ideology
  • Conservative MPs who rejected regicide returned in February 1649 and outnumbered the radicals - radicals also divided politically and religiously, had no clear ideology to guide them
  • Most MPs in Rump from traditional governing class of landowners - were worried about the growth in radical sects, focused on suppressing these sects rather than introducing reform - also faced post-war internal problems
39
Q

Rump’s Successes - Ireland

A

Rump sent Cromwell to Ireland to put and end to Civil War there (July 1649 - May 1650)

Cromwell ended the fighting controversially with massacres at Drogheda and Wexford - imposed a harsh new settlement

English control in Ireland more firmly established as Catholic landowners have estates confiscated - Act for the Settling of Ireland, 1652

40
Q

Rump’s Successes - Scotland

A

Prince Charles hoping to use Scotland as spring-board for restoration - proclaimed King in Edinburgh in February 1649, crowned 1651

Cromwell defeated Scots at Dunbar 1650 and then at Worcester 1651 - thwarted Prince Charles, no serious Royalist uprisings after this, partly due to Charles trying to regain throne with Scotish support

41
Q

Rump’s Successes - The Dutch

A

Growing trade rivalries between England and the Dutch, especially after 1648 when Dutch gained independence from Spain at the end of the Thirty Years war.

Rump passed two Navigation Acts 1650 and 1651 - led to Naval war with the Dutch 1652-3 in which English forces under Admiral Blake had the upper had - Battle of the Downs 1652.

42
Q

The Engagement

A

January 1650 - all office holders had to take an Engagement (oath of Allegiance) to the Rump and non-subscribers were banned from office.

During 1649 Rump used this Engagement to purge local committees of its enemies - Herefordshire 40% of committee members ousted.

43
Q

Rump’s financial Successes

A

Used land confiscated from Royalists, Crown and Church to help pay soldiers and mount campaigns in Ireland, Scotland and against the Dutch - was the first English regime with a standing army to its name.

Kept taxation levels high but treated its creditors badly and found it hard to attract loans; little money squeezed out of the city.

Financial situation by April 1653 was far from desperate - debt stood at less than £1 million.

44
Q

Radical Groups 1649-53

A
  • Levellers
  • Ranters
  • Diggers
  • Fifth Monarchists
45
Q

Levellers

A

Horrified by Rump’s assumption of power with army backing - Lilburne produced ‘England’s New Chains Discovered’ claiming that the Rump had usurped its authority.

Leveller mutiny at Burford (1649) quickly dealt with - four leading Levellers, including Lilburne, put in the Tower.

By 1650 Levellers were a spent force - Rainsborough was dead, Lilburne in Tower and smaller groups such as the New Levellers and {INSERT OTHERS} meant that cause became less focused.

46
Q

Ranters

A

Anti-religious sect who did not believe in sin and damnation - disputes about their existence, Rump may have deliberately exaggerated their threat.

1650 Rump passed new wide-ranging moral code including death penalty for women guilty of Adultery - may have been aimed at Ranters, few prosecutions.

47
Q

Diggers

A

Very small group led by Gerrard Winstanley - most famous pamphlet was the Law of Freedom (1652) - blueprint of a communist society - the earth was a ‘common treasury’ to be exploited by all men equally

Winstanley wanted the abolition of private property and as a Pantheist, believed God existed in all living things- threat small and easily suppressed by Rump

48
Q

Fifth Monarchists

A

Believed the end of the world was at hand and Saints should rule in preparation for the Second Coming of Christ - wanted to establish the rule of the Godly and the abolition of the entire legal system.

10,000 members at their height but were from the lower orders and not a threat to the regime - their importance in Barebone’s parliament has exaggerated their political importance in this period.

Little persecution under Rump as they were not seen as threat and had support in some sections of the Army leadership.

49
Q

Rump’s Failures

A
  • Failed to carry out extensive reforms of the legal system
  • Failed to resolve the deep divisions over religion
  • Failed to deliver electoral reform
  • Seen as Self-perpetuating
50
Q

Rump’s failure to carry out extensive reform of the legal system

A
  • Levellers wanted big reduction in the number of laws and speedier resolution of legal cases
  • 1650 Rump decreed all legal cases to be conducted in English
  • Rejected Hale commission’s series of law reforms in 1653
  • Many MPs claimed those in favor of law reformation knew little about the law
51
Q

Rump’s failure to resolve the deep divisions over relgion

A
  • Could fin no easy solution between those who wanted a coercive national church, probably Presbyterian and those who were religiously independents - would have been unrest if religious settlement was imposed
  • COE already dismantled, episcopacy abolished and prayer book banned

Reforms:

  • Voted £20,000 from confiscated Church and Crown lands to bring inadequate church livings up to £100
  • 1650 Commission to propagate the Gospel in the North and Wales - ‘dark corners of the realm’
  • Repealed statutes enforcing attendance at parish church
  • Rump ratified tithes in 1652
52
Q

Rump’s failure to deliver electoral reform

A

Levellers and many Army leaders wanted to widen franchise, equalize electoral districts and have regular elections

Three plans produced, Levellers 1648, Army Grandees 1649 and 1650 by Rump committee - none were enacted

53
Q

Rump seen as self-perpetuating

A

Cromwell dissolved Rump in April 1653 claiming that it had sat too long and had failed to hold fresh elections to gain legitimacy.

More recent research claims that Cromwell dissolved Rump because it was planning to hold an election and Army were frightened that a new parliament would bring back Royalists and Moderates who would try to get rid of the army.

54
Q

Barebone’s Parliament

A

Nominated assembly, most from lesser Gentry - Cromwell saw it as a body which might draw a new constitution but it decided to call itself a parliament

Radicals in fact a minority, only 40 or so - only 11-14 Fifth Monarchists, but the tended to dominate discussions in their quest for Godly reform

First assembly to have representatives from Scotland and Ireland`

55
Q

Why Barebone’s Parliament failed

A

Their programme of reform sounded radical, but they failed not because they were fanatical but because they threatened too many vested interests.

56
Q

What Barebone’s wanted

A
  • A codification of the Law into a small pocket-book
  • Abolition of tithes, abolition of the Court of chancery
  • Fifth Monarchists wanted the introduction of the Law of Moses - perceived as an attack on property rights by the gentry
57
Q

What Barebone’s did - Sensible Acts

A
  • Act to settle Ireland, Act to link Scotland, England and Ireland
  • 1653 Civil Marriage Act to allow marriage outside of Chruch
58
Q

What Barebone’s did - Radical Acts

A
  • 1653 Voted to abolish Court of Chancery - only saved by the dissolution of Barebone’s in December 1653
  • August 1653 voted for the abolition of tithes
  • Too much for moderated, whilst radicals attended a prayer meeting, moderates came to the chamber and voted themselves out of existence
59
Q

Erastian Presbytery

A

Parliament forced into a unhappy compromise in the formation of a national church. Derided as a ‘lame Erastian Presbytery’ in which episcopacy abolished but jurisdiction of the church still subordinate to the state.

History: England 1625 - 1667 (7 decks)

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