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Production > Bull Breeding Soundness > Flashcards

Bull Breeding Soundness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main aim with bull management?

A
  • Reduce the risk of fertilisation failure in bulls

- Want to eliminate any problem bulls before they breed and contribute to subfertility of the herd

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2
Q

What are the components of a breeding soundness exam in bulls?

A
  • Identification
  • Clinical Exam
  • Service testing
  • Scrotal circumference
  • Palpation of genitalia
  • Semen Exam
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3
Q

What usually composes a beef breeding soundness exam?

A
  • Palpating and looking for lesions of genitalia that affect service
  • Locomotor problems
  • Libido and ability to mate
  • Possibly sperm-producing capacity
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4
Q

What usually composes a dairy breeding soundness exam?

A
  • Palpating and looking for lesions of genitalia that affect service
  • Palpating and looking for lesions of genitalia that don’t affect service
  • Sperm-producing capacity
  • Abnormal semen
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5
Q

What are beef farmers most concerned about with their bulls?

A

Whether the bull can serve ( service testing)

- Must be sound in limb and have high libido to seek out cows

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6
Q

What are dairy farmers most concerned about with their bulls?

A

Conception rates
- sperm characteristics

Usually buy bulls that have already been service tested, or bulls that are young with high libidos

  • more likely to want a clinical exam, semen testing and BVD testing
  • bulls usually only for non-AI cows and for serving 1st year calvers
  • 1:25 to 1:40 ratio
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7
Q

What is tested for while the bull is in a bail?

A
  • General inspection especially feet, legs and BCS
  • Scrotal circumference
  • Clinical exam of genitalia
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8
Q

What is tested for while the bull is in the yard?

A
  • Behaviour, locomotor system
  • Service test
  • Semen Exam
  • Final Assessments
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9
Q

What are the general proportions of outcomes of bull testing?

A

74% sound
19% unsound
5% uncertain (retest)

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10
Q

Why is it important to look at hocks and backs of bulls?

A

When mounting there is heaps of pressure on the hocks and back
- this gets progressively worse as the bulls age

e. g. poor hock conformation
e. g. spondylitis excess spinal bone growth- usually progressively worsens

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11
Q

What is temporary unsoundness?

A

Something that may get better

e.g. a foot abscess

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12
Q

What is permanent unsoundness?

A

Something that is:

  • Incurable
  • Will worsen with time
  • Is congenital
  • Is inherited
    e. g. malconformed claws
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13
Q

What is important about the locomotor system in bulls?

A

It is usually associated with impaired mounting or service behaviour

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14
Q

What can be seen when bulls with spondylitis try to mate?

A

They mount the cow
They are slow to achieve intromission
They don’t / can’t thrust

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15
Q

What is important about lesions of the penis and prepuce in bulls?

A

It is usually associated with impaired mounting or service behaviour

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16
Q

Describe a rupture bulls penis…

A

Commonly occurs when bull mounts but doesn’t get the line up with the vagina correct

  • When he thrusts he hits the back of the cow
  • Huge pressure causes tunica albuginea to rupture and lose blood from the cavernous penis
  • Blood pressure needed for erection can no longer be maintained
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17
Q

Describe abnormal venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum…

A

Bull is unable to get an erection
Small veins that drain the corpus cavernosum during development fail to occlude before puberty
- If they fail to occlude the corpus cavernosum is not blind-ending so pressure can’t be raised significantly for an erection to occur

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18
Q

Describe blockage of the longitudinal canals of the corpus cavernosum…

A

Bulls unable to achieve erection due to blockage of the common dorsal longitudinal canal near the base of the penis

19
Q

Describe ventral ‘rainbow’ deviation of the penis…

A
  • Associated with persistent frenulum
20
Q

Describe spiral deviation of the penis…

A
  • During ejaculation the bull displays spiralling of the tip of the penis
  • Usually seen in bulls > 2yo
  • Most common abnormality of the penis
  • Treatment by slaughter
  • Appear to mount normally but get only 10-20% cows pregnant
  • Worsens with age and under pressure
21
Q

Describe penile neoplasia: fibropappilomata

A

The only common tumour of the bovine penis

  • multiple or singular
  • pedunculated or sessile

Unsound for current breeding season
Must be careful (if removing) to avoid incising the urethra

22
Q

Describe preputial trauma…

A

Damage or dessication to everted preputial mucosa

- may be oedema, inflammation, fibrosis and abscess formation

23
Q

Describe Bovine herpesvirus affected penises…

A

Causes severe ulcerative balanoposthitis

- small necrotic foci develop into deep ulcers which can coalesce into large areas

24
Q

What do farmers call bovine herpes virus penises?

A

Bull burn

25
Q

Which penile lesions that impair mounting are temporary?

A
  • Pain in genitalia
  • BoHV-1
  • Seminal Vesciculitis
26
Q

Which penile lesions that allow mounting but no intromission are temporary?

A
  • Juvenile Adhesions

- Persistent frenulum

27
Q

Which penile lesions that impair mounting are permanent?

A
  • Ruptured penis
  • Orchitis
  • Inability to achieve intromission
28
Q

Which penile lesions that allow mounting but no intromission are permanent?

A
  • Ruptured penis
  • Rainbow deviation
  • Lateral deviation
  • Corkscrew Deviation
  • post BoHV-1 adhesions
  • Post trauma
29
Q

What willy warts may not affect service behaviour but bull deemed temporarily unsound?

A

Small, non-haemorrhagic warts

30
Q

What willy warts may not reduce willingness to mount and achieve intromission with bull deemed temporarily unsound?

A

Larger haemorrhagic warts

  • may improve with time
  • may permanently impair libido
31
Q

What willy warts may not reduce willingness to mount and achieve intromission with bull deemed permanently unsound?

A

Large ulcerated warts

32
Q

Which penile lesions that allow intromission but no ejaculation are permanent?

A
  • Neural damage to sensory nerves of the penis and/ or spinal sensory nerve roots
  • Acute stages of Seminal vesiculitis
  • Back pain (spondylitis)
33
Q

What are the minimum scrotal circumferences accepted in bulls?

A

Yearling: 32cm
2yo: 34cm
>2yo: 38cm (36cm will be accepted if all else normal)

34
Q

What is orchitis?

A

An abnormality of scrotal contents
- Fertilisation failure but impairs libido when acute!

  • Caused by Brucella abortus, trauma or Infection
  • More often one teste than both except B. abortus is both
  • The unaffected contralateral testis tends to degenerate due to heat produced by infected testis
  • Once bacteria establish. testicular parenchyma is rapidly destroyed
  • Can be abscess formation
  • Infection normally spreads to tunica vaginalis which results in adhesions between visceral and parietal layers which become fibrous and calcified
35
Q

What are the 3 rules for palpating testes?

A 
Resilience = Respectable
Mobility = Marvellous
Soft = Suspicious
36
Q

What are the two ways to collect semen from bulls?

A
  1. Artificial Vagina

2. Rocketeers (electroprobe)

37
Q

What do artificial vaginas allow?

A

Assessment of service behaviour

  • More reliable
  • More dangerous because you must get close to the bull
38
Q

What do rocketeers allow?

A

Penis observation

- Much safer

39
Q

What are semen quality criteria based on?

A
  • Major and minor defects
  • Compensable and noncompensable defects
  • % abnormal
40
Q

What is a compensable sperm defect?

A

One that can be compensated for by increasing the volume of sperm/ semen

41
Q

What are the three main syndromes that affect bull semen?

A
  1. Testicular degeneration
  2. Immaturity and overuse
  3. High % of sperm defects when inherited = low fertility
42
Q

Describe syndrome 1: Testicular Degeneration…

A

Most common lesion that causes fertilisation failure

  • Heat and transport stresses are most common causes
  • Doesn’t appear straight away
  • usually around 2 months later abnormal sperm % increases, sperm count decreases and sperm motility decreases
43
Q

Describe syndrome 2: Immaturity and Overuse…

A
  • Young bulls - still sorting out his hormones!
  • Small testes so low sperm production capability
  • Short epididymis- means less efficient maturation
  • Low density ejaculate
  • Normal-ish motility
  • High % of sperm with droplets
  • Often associated with proximal and distal droplets on sperm
  • Good prognosis if stop using him and let him mature
44
Q

Describe syndrome 3: High % of sperm defects when inherited = low fertility

A

Defects of sperm which when presented as inherited defects and at high percentage are associated with v. low fertility

Production (4 decks)

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