Built environment Flashcards
what is the pre-design phase?
land acquisition, project finance, parameters
what is sustainable design?
relates to how we design, construct and operate building. take less from the earth and give more to people.
6 goals of sustainability
- reduce building energy usage and utilize sunlight and wind as energy sources for our buildings (REDUCE DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUELS)
- reuse existing buildings and arrange new building in compact patterns on land (MINIMIZE THE WASTE OF PRODUCTIVE LAND)
- harvest wood from managed forests (MAINTAIN WOOD CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECT THE ECOSYSTEM)
- protect soil and water (RETAIN THESE RESOURCES FOR OUR SUCCESSORS)
- reduce pollution (WE KEEP THE ENVIRONMENT CLEANER)
- commit to designing and building sustainably
the building cycle. 4 steps
- origin and manufacture of materials for a building
- construction of the building
- use and maintenance of the building
- demolition of the building
cradle to cradle model. 5 criteria
- 100% renewable energy use
- water stewardship clean water output
- social responsibility positive impact on the community
- material reutilization recyclability/compostability
- material health impact on human and environment
origin and manufacture of material for building - building life cycle
- renewable or nonrenewable
- recycled content
- embodied energy
- water used
- pollutants discharged
- wastes generated/converted to useful products
construction of the building - building life cycle
- energy used in transportation
- emissions generated in transportation
- energy and water consumed on-site
- pollutants with installation
- wastes generated/can be recycled
use and maintenance of the building - building life cycle
- energy and water use
- indoor air quality problems
- maintenance required (energy, time, use of toxic chemicals)
- recyclability
demolition of the building - building life cycle
- planning and design strategies used to extend the lifetime
- problems in demolishing and disposing of process (e.g pollution of air, water, or soil)
- reuse and recyclability of demolished
- waste generated
embodied energy
embodied energy - the energy required to produce and manufacture the materials used in constructing buildings
grey energy
grey energy - the transportation and distribution of building materials to the site from the manufacturing facility
induced energy
induced energy - the energy used during the construction process of making a building
operating energy
operating energy - the energy used during the construction process of making a building
disposal energy
disposal energy - the energy used in the demolition and disposal of building materials
phases of design services
initial feasibility study (not always) preliminary design (PD) schematic design (SD) design development (DD) construction documents (CD) bidding or negotiation construction contract administration (CA)
standards
developed by organizations through voluntary consensus with the involvement of subject matter experts. they are not enforceable
codes
are standards that have been enacted into law by the government or authority.
model codes
developed by an organization to have as an industry-wide standard. they are not enforceable
other codes
- energy codes established standards of energy efficiency for buildings
- electrical and mechanical codes regulate the design and installation of building electrical, plumbing, and heating and cooling
- codes that regulate the operation and maintenance of buildings to ensure that egress pathways, emergency power, and other life-safety systems
Design stage - constraints
- the Canadians with disabilities act (CDA) access standards
- the Canadian center for occupational health and safety (CCOHS) controls the design of workplaces to minimize hazards to the health and safety of workers
- indoor air quality; limitations on the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
standards-setting agencies (building products and systems)
- ASTM internationl, or the canadian standards association (CSA)
- The American national standard institute (ANSI)
- government agencies - (NRC-IRC) (NIST)
MasterFormat
organize information about construction materials and systems
has 50 primary divisions subdivided into sections
design/bid/build construction
-owner - A/E - subconsultants - design team
owner - Gc - subcontractors - construction team
-PD, SD,DD,CD
-firms invited to bid on the project
-owner evaluates proposals and wards the construction contract
-pros: easy organizational structure
design/build construction
- owner - A/E - subconsultants - GC - subcontractors = design/build entity
- one entity responsible for both design and construction
- pro: single source of accountability
paying construction services
- fixed fee or lump sum compensation (the builder assumes the risk related to unanticipated construction costs)
- cost plus a fee compensation (the owner assumes the risk related to unanticipated construction costs)
sequential vs fast track construction
sequential - analyze the structure in detail before starting
fast track - start construction before design is complete. purpose of shortening the time of completion
building performance - recurring concerns
fire building movement of every kind the flow of heat and air through building assemblies water vapor migration and condensation water leakage acoustical performance aging and deterioration of materials cleanliness building maintenance
building construction - recurring concerns
division of work between the shop and the building site
optimum use of the various building trades
sequencing of construction operation for maximum productivity
convenient and safe worker access to site
inclement weather
fit building components together
materials and components grading, testing, and inspection
