Building Technology Mod 2 Flashcards by Pamela Mariz

Hidden cramps of bronze to join blocks of stone

Greeks and Romans

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Architects countered the thrust of masonry units with wrought iron chains and rods

Renaissance

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First all metal structure; was built in late 18th century in England, stands across the Severn River

The iron bridge

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Air is blown into a vessel of molten iron to burn out the impurities

Bessemer Furnace

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excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel

Open hearth furnace

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Ordinary structural steel; less than 1% of carbon

Mild steel

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Contains 2-4% of carbon and greater quantities of impurities than steel

Cast iron

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Contains even less carbon that most steel alloys.

Wrought iron

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a hollow, water-cooled lance is lowered into a container of molten iron produced from ore along with recycled steel scrap. Stream of pure oxygen at very high pressure is blown from the lance into the metal to burn off the excess carbon and impurities.

Basic oxygen process

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ASTM of Mild strutural steel

ASTM A36

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Predominant type used in building frames

Mild structural steel

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ASTM of high strength steel

ASTM A992

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ASTM A992; Made from scrap (mini-mills) = economically produces high-strength types

High strength

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ASTM of Low alloy steel

ASTM A572

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ASTM A572; Made from scrap (mini-mills) = economically produces high-strength types

Low alloy steel

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Standard wide flange structural shapes

ASTM A992

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other common shapes such as angles, channels, plates and bars

ASTM A36

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where very high strength components are needed

ASTM A572

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cuts pieces of wide-flange stock from a continuous length that has just emerged from the finishing stand in the background. Workers in the booth control the process.

Hot saw

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Are inspected for quality on the cooling beds; are used for beams and columns

Wide flange

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Tall and narrow wide flange are used for

Beams

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Squarish wide flange is used for

Columns

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beginning with a letter designation for the shape, followed by one or more size, thickness, or weight designations

Standard nomenclature

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Are the most economical because they require no advance preparation of the joint, but full penetration froove welds are stronger

Fillet welds

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Survived due to their relative durability

Stone structures

Either consumed by fire or destroyed by wood consuming organisms

Wood structures

Steel is __ times heavier than ____

14; lumber

Compressive strength: Steel is __ times that of lumber

Strength to weight (density): Concrete is __ times heavier/bulkier than lumber

Strength to weight (compressive strength): concrete mixes is slightly ____ than that of lumber

Higher

What is a dead load?

Weight of the structure

What is the digestive system of the wood?

Sapwood

This part of the wood is decay resistant

Heartwood

Softwoods are

Coniferous trees Non flower bearing Evergreen (needle like leaf)

Hardwoods are

Fruit bearing trees Heavier than softwood

Wood is weaker in shear ____ (_____) the grain than ____ the grain

Along (parallel); across

_____ cells can easily slip against each other

Individual

Logs to finish lumber

Transportation, Debarking, Sawing of debarked logs, Surfacing lumber

Three types of woodsaw

Plainsawn, Quarter sawn, Riftsawn

Plainsawn means the wood pattern is

Pahiga (idk unsa english)

Riftsawn means the pattern is

Diagonal

Quartersawn means the wood pattern is

Straight

The weight of the water in the wood as a percentage of the weight of the dry wood

Moisture content

Water stored within the cells leave first

Free water

Water that remains after the evaporation of free water

Bound water

Moisture condition of wood after the evaporation of free water; usually 30%

Fiber saturation point

For wood used indoors or in dry outdoor climates

Dryer

For wood used outdoors and in higher humidity or wetter climates

Moist

Framing lumber is surfaced on its

Longitudinal faces

Framing lumber is surfaced on its longitudinal faces, not on the end because the ends are usually

Resawn during constr

S1S means

Surface on wide face only

S2S means

Both wide faces are surfaced

S4S means

Surfaced on all four faces

The lumber that is used for structural framing is typically

S4S

Places where branches joined the trunk of the tree

Knot

Holes left by loose knots dropping out of the wood; decay and insect damage

Knotholes

Lumber defects due to non uniform shrinkage:

Crooking, Bowing, Twisting, Cupping

Lumber defects due to shrinkage stresses:

Splitting, Checking

An irregular rounding of edges or faces that is caused by sawing pieces too close to the perimeter of the log

Wane

The three traditional method of connecting wood members

mortise-and-tenon joint, housed mortise-and-tenon joint, and dovetail joint

is generally made of low or medium carbon steel wire that is heat treated to increase its stiffness

Nails

Nails made in this way without any further treatment for corrosion are called

brite nails

For increased holding power, nails are

phosphate or vinyl-coated

Three basic parts of a nail

Head, Shank, Tip

The length of common nails in the United States is specified by a ___ or abbreviated by as __

penny; d

Most commonly used nail sizes in wood frame construction are

6d, 8d, 10d and 16d

Three types of nailed connections are used in wood frame construction

Face-nailed connection End-nailed connection Toe-nailed connection

Most commonly used nail type for connecting wood frame members. Thick shank gives greater strength than box nail

common nail

Used for attaching wood siding and shingles. Thin shank reduces wood splitting

box nail

Tapered head that sinks into wood. ____ have a thin shank like box nails and are generally vinyl coated

sinker nail

Double head for temporary nailing, used in scaffolding and concrete formwork.

duplex nail

For wood trim, window frames, casing, and decks. Small head for countersinking

casing nail

For finer carpentry and finishing. Small head for countersinking

finish nail

For attaching floor sheathing and gypsum wallboard. _____ gives greater holding power

ring shank nail

For attaching wood to masonry or concrete. High carbon steel gives this nail greater impact resistance

fluted shank nail

Large head for attaching roof shingles

roofing nail

Which of the nailed connections is the strongest

face nailing

is a function of the nail’s orientation with respect to the grain of wood in the holding member

withdrawal resistance

in which the nails are parallel to the grain in the holding member, is the weakest connection.

end nailing

is stronger than end nailing, but it is used where access for end nailing is unavailable.

toe nailing

A fourth type of connection, referred to as _______ is used in finished wood flooring.

blind nailing

is a problem primarily in floor sheathing that is nailed to the joists. It occurs as the floor joists dry and shrink in size, which pulls them away from the sheathing

nail popping

Although _____ have a much higher withdrawal resistance (holding power) than nails, they are not often used in structural wood framing because they take longer to install and are more expensive than nails

screws

Standard connectors are made of

galvanized steel

are used in conventional wood framing, such as the joints between a beam and floor joists, between rafters or trusses and the top plate, between studs and the bottom plate, and so on.

light gauge sheet steel connectors

Light-gauge sheet steel connectors is generally __ to __ gauge

16 to 20

are used in heavy wood framing, such as in joints between a post and a beam, between two beams, between a post and the foundation, and so on.

heavy gauge sheet steel connectors

Heavy-gauge sheet steel connectors is generally _ to __ gauge

7 to 12

The most commonly used connector is a; it is used for connecting floor joists with a supporting beam

joist hanger

are used to connect joists to a beam or header.

face mounted hanger

are used where face mounting is not possible, such as when connecting joists to a steel beam

top mounted hanger

classification of steel

based on steel's application based on steel strength based on steel metallurgy

(Application based classification) in this classifcation, steel may be classified as

Structural steel Cold-formed steel Reinforcing steel Prestressing (posttensioning) steel

They are also called hot-rolled sections and are primarily used to form the structural frame of a steel building

structural steel

Light trusses are referred to as

steel joists and steel joist girders

are made from thin sheets of steel by bending sheets to various corrugated profiles at room temperature

cold formed steel

Cold-formed steel is used in

roof and floor decks

is in the form of deformed round bars (also called rebars ) that are used in concrete slabs, beams, and columns.

reinforcing steel

is used in precast concrete or post-tensioned concrete members as a replacement for (or in conjunction with) reinforcing steel.

prestressing steel

steel sheet is made from

low carbon steel

most steel used in building construction is

carbon steel

Structural steel I-sections may be classified into four shapes:

* W-shapes * S-shapes * HP-shapes * M-shapes

Metal scraps are called

slags

Center of a trunk

Pith/Plith

Process of removing the outer layer of tree bark

debarking

lumber shrinks substantially _____ the grain

across

actual size of lumber if it is 3x6

2 1/2 or 5 1/2