Building Services Exam Flashcards
To reinforce the Building Services Exam Syllabus
How is a building with more than one major occupancy classified under Section 3.1.2.1.(2)?
A building intended for use by more than one major occupancy must be classified according to all major occupancies for which it is used or intended to be used.
What are the Divisions and descriptions of major occupancies in Group A according to Table 3.1.2.1.?
A-1: Assembly occupancies intended for the production and viewing of the performing arts.
A-2: Assembly occupancies not elsewhere classified in Group A.
A-3: Assembly occupancies of the arena type.
A-4: Assembly occupancies where occupants are gathered in the open air.
What are the Divisions and descriptions of major occupancies in Group B according to Table 3.1.2.1.?
B-1: Detention occupancies.
B-2: Care and treatment occupancies.
B-3: Care occupancies.
How is Group C defined in Table 3.1.2.1. for major occupancy classification?
Group C consists of Residential occupancies.
How is Group D defined in Table 3.1.2.1. for major occupancy classification?
Group D consists of Business and personal services occupancies.
How is Group E defined in Table 3.1.2.1. for major occupancy classification?
Group E consists of Mercantile occupancies .
What are the Divisions and descriptions of major occupancies in Group F according to Table 3.1.2.1.?
F-1: High hazard industrial occupancies.
F-2: Medium hazard industrial occupancies.
F-3: Low hazard industrial occupancies.
What is the major occupancy classification for “Motion picture theatres”
Group A, Division 1 (Assembly occupancies for performing arts)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Art galleries”?
Group A, Division 2 (Assembly occupancies not elsewhere classified)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Arenas”?
Group A, Division 3 (Arena-type assembly occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Grandstands”?
Group A, Division 4 (Outdoor assembly occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Jails”?
Group B, Division 1 (Detention occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Convalescent homes”?
Group B, Division 3 (Care occupancies)
(See also Sentence 3.1.2.5.(1).)-(1) Group B, Division 3 occupancies are permitted to be classified as Group C major occupancies provided,
(a) the occupants live as a single housekeeping unit in a suite with sleeping accommodation for not more than 10 persons, and
(b) not more than two occupants require assistance in evacuation in case of an emergency.
What is the major occupancy classification for “Apartments”?
Group C (Residential occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Banks”?
Group D (Business and personal services occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Department stores”?
Group E (Mercantile occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Distilleries”?
Group F, Division 1 (High hazard industrial occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Repair garages”?
Group F, Division 2 (Medium hazard industrial occupancies)
What is the major occupancy classification for “Power plants”?
Group F, Division 3 (Low hazard industrial occupancies)
What should you do to ensure the correct classification of an occupancy, according to Note A-3.1.2.1.(1)?
Refer to the definitions for each occupancy in Part 1 of Division A, as the examples provided are only illustrative of Table 3.1.2.1.
Under what condition can a building with multiple major occupancies be deemed a single major occupancy according to Article 3.1.2.2.(1)?
A building is deemed a single major occupancy if all occupancies are classified as belonging to the same Group or, if the Group has Divisions, the same Division as described in Table 3.1.2.1., despite its use for more than one major occupancy.
How is an arena-type building classified if it is occasionally used for trade shows and similar exhibitions under Article 3.1.2.3.(1)?
It shall be classified as Group A, Division 3 occupancy (arena-type assembly occupancy).
Under what conditions can a police station with detention quarters be classified as Group B, Division 2 under Article 3.1.2.4.(1)?
A police station with detention quarters can be classified as Group B, Division 2 (care and treatment occupancy) if it is:
Not more than 1 storey in building height, and Not more than 600 m² in building area.
When can Group B, Division 3 occupancies be classified as Group C under Article 3.1.2.5.(1)?
Group B, Division 3 (care occupancies) can be classified as Group C (residential occupancies) if:
(a) Occupants live as a single housekeeping unit in a suite with sleeping accommodation for not more than 10 persons, and
(b) Not more than 2 occupants require assistance in evacuation during an emergency.
Under what condition can a restaurant be classified as a Group E major occupancy according to Article 3.1.2.6.(1)?
A restaurant can be classified as Group E (mercantile occupancy) if it is designed to accommodate not more than 30 persons consuming food or drink.
How are buildings or parts of them used for storing baled combustible fibres classified under Article 3.1.2.7.(1)?
They shall be classified as medium hazard industrial occupancies (Group F, Division 2).
What must be done to protect foamed plastics in combustible construction wall or ceiling assemblies under Sentence 3.1.4.2.(1)?
Foamed plastics must be protected from adjacent spaces in the building (except concealed spaces in attics, roofs, crawl spaces, or wall/ceiling assemblies) by one of:
(a) Interior finishes from Subsections 9.29.4. to 9.29.9.,
(b) Sheet metal (if no Group A, B, or C occupancy) meeting specific criteria, or
(c) A thermal barrier meeting Sentence 3.1.5.12A.(2) requirements.-
What are the requirements for using sheet metal to protect foamed plastics under Sentence 3.1.4.2.(1)(b)?
Sheet metal can be used if:
The building has no Group A, B, or C major occupancy, It is mechanically fastened to the supporting assembly independent of the insulation, It is at least 0.38 mm thick, and It has a melting point of at least 650°C.
What is the maximum flame-spread rating allowed for exposed surfaces of combustible insulation under Sentence 3.1.4.2.(2)?
The flame-spread rating on any exposed surface of combustible insulation (or any surface exposed by cutting through it) must be not more than 500.
Under what conditions can a walk-in cooler or freezer with foamed plastics be used in a combustible construction building per Sentence 3.1.4.2.(3)?
A walk-in cooler or freezer with factory-assembled panels containing foamed plastics is permitted if:
(a) Panels are protected on both sides by sheet metal at least 0.38 mm thick with a melting point of at least 650°C,
(b) Panels contain no air space, and
(c) The flame-spread rating from testing per Subsection 3.1.12. does not exceed that permitted for the space it’s in or bounds, or the building’s walls.
What requirement applies to the flame-spread rating of doors containing foamed plastics under Sentence 3.1.4.2.(4)?
The flame-spread rating of doors containing foamed plastics must comply with Sentences 3.1.13.2.(1) to (3).
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In a building made of combustible materials, how must optical fibre cables and electrical wires with combustible insulation be protected to limit fire spread?
Not burn for more than 1 minute in a vertical flame test per Clause 4.11.1. of CSA C22.2 No. 0.3 (FT1 Rating), or
Be placed in noncombustible raceways, wall concealed spaces, concrete slabs, or approved nonmetallic raceways per Clause 3.1.5.20(1)(b), unless specific exceptions apply (Sentence 3.1.4.3.(1)).
What performance standard can wires and cables meet to be considered safe for fire resistance in a cable trough test?
They must show a vertical char of no more than 1.5 m when tested per the Vertical Flame Test – Cables in Cabletrough, Clause 4.11.4. of CSA C22.2 No. 0.3 (FT4 Rating) (Sentence 3.1.4.3.(2)(a)).
What flame and smoke limits must wires and cables meet to qualify as highly fire-resistant in a building?
They must have:
Flame-spread of 1.5 m or less, Peak smoke density of 0.5 or less, and Average smoke density of 0.15 or less, when tested per the Flame and Smoke Test in the Appendix to CSA C22.2 No. 0.3 (FT6 Rating) (Sentence 3.1.4.3.(2)(b)).
When can service-entrance cables for communication systems avoid stricter fire protection rules in a combustible building?
They can if:
They’re 3 m or less from entry or protected areas per Clause 3.1.4.3.(1)(b), or They enter a service room with a 1-hour fire-rated separation (Sentence 3.1.4.3.(3)).
How must nonmetallic raceways be designed when used in a plenum space within a building of combustible construction?
They must be totally enclosed and meet the requirements of Clause 3.1.5.20.(1)(a) (Sentence 3.1.4.4.(1)).
What minor combustible elements are allowed in a building required to be of noncombustible construction?
The following are permitted (Sentence 3.1.5.2.(1)):
(a) Paint,
(b) Self-adhesive tapes, mastics, and caulking materials for flexible seals in exterior walls,
(c) Fire stops per Sentence 3.1.9.1.(1) and fire blocks per Article 3.1.11.7.,
(d) Pneumatic control tubing with an outside diameter of 10 mm or less,
(e) Adhesives, vapour barriers, and sheathing papers,
(f) Electrical outlet and junction boxes,
(g) Wood blocking in wall assemblies for attaching handrails, fixtures, etc., and
(h) Similar minor components.
What type of combustible insulation can be used without extra protection in a building of noncombustible construction?
Combustible insulation with a flame-spread rating of 25 or less on any exposed surface (or any surface exposed by cutting) is permitted without additional protection (Sentence 3.1.5.12.(2)).
Where can combustible insulation be installed freely in a building of noncombustible construction?
It’s permitted:
Above roof decks, Outside foundation walls below ground level, and Beneath concrete slabs-on-ground (Sentence 3.1.5.12.(3)).
What protection is needed for combustible insulation with a higher flame-spread rating in a building of noncombustible construction?
Insulation with a flame-spread rating of more than 25 but not more than 500 must be protected from adjacent spaces (except concealed wall spaces) by a thermal barrier of:
(a) 12.7 mm thick gypsum board, mechanically fastened,
(b) Lath and plaster, mechanically fastened,
(c) Masonry, or
(d) Concrete,
unless exceptions in Sentences (5) and (6) apply (Sentence 3.1.5.12.(4)).
What thermal barrier is required for combustible insulation in the interior walls, ceilings, or roof assemblies of a tall, non-sprinklered building of noncombustible construction?
For buildings over 18 m high (grade to roof underside), insulation with a flame-spread rating of more than 25 but not more than 500 must be protected by:
(a) 15.9 mm Type X gypsum board, fastened, with joints backed or taped/filled, per ASTM C1177/C1177M, C1178/C1178M, C1396/C1396M, C1658/C1658M, or CAN/CSA-A82.27-M,
(b) Non-loadbearing masonry/concrete ≥ 50 mm thick,
(c) Loadbearing masonry/concrete ≥ 75 mm thick, or
(d) When tested per CAN/ULC-S101, it shows ≤ 140°C average temp rise and ≤ 180°C max temperature rise within 20 minutes and stays in place for 40 minutes (Sentence 3.1.5.12.(6)).
Where can foamed plastic insulation be freely installed in a building of noncombustible construction?
It’s permitted:
Above roof decks, Outside foundation walls below ground level, and Beneath concrete slabs-on-ground (Sentence 3.1.5.12A.(1)).
What protection is required for foamed plastic insulation with a moderate flame-spread rating in a building of noncombustible construction?
Foamed plastic with a flame-spread rating of 500 or less must be protected from adjacent spaces (except concealed wall spaces) by a thermal barrier:
(a) 12.7 mm thick gypsum board, mechanically fastened,
(b) Lath and plaster, mechanically fastened,
(c) Masonry,
(d) Concrete, or
(e) Rated Class B when tested per CAN/ULC-S124, “Test for Protective Coverings for Foamed Plastic” (Sentence 3.1.5.12A.(2)), unless exceptions in Sentences (3) and (4) apply. (See Appendix A.)
How must foamed plastic insulation be protected in the exterior walls of a tall, non-sprinklered building of noncombustible construction?
For buildings over 18 m high (grade to roof underside), insulation with a flame-spread rating of more than 25 but not more than 500 must be protected by a thermal barrier:
(a) 12.7 mm gypsum board, fastened, with joints backed or taped/filled,
(b) Lath and plaster, fastened,
(c) Masonry or concrete at least 25 mm thick, or
(d) When tested per CAN/ULC-S101, “Fire Endurance Tests,” shows an average temperature rise ≤ 140°C and max rise ≤ 180°C within 10 minutes (Sentence 3.1.5.12A.(3)).
What thermal barrier is needed for foamed plastic insulation in the interior walls, ceilings, or roof assemblies of a tall, non-sprinklered building of noncombustible construction?
For buildings over 18 m high (grade to roof underside), insulation with a flame-spread rating of more than 25 but not more than 500 must be protected by:
(a) 15.9 mm Type X gypsum board, fastened, with joints backed or taped/filled, per ASTM C1177/C1177M, C1178/C1178M, C1396/C1396M, or CAN/CSA-A82.27-M,
(b) Non-loadbearing masonry/concrete ≥ 50 mm thick,
(c) Loadbearing masonry/concrete ≥ 75 mm thick, or
(d) When tested per CAN/ULC-S101, “Fire Endurance Tests,” shows ≤ 140°C average temp rise and ≤ 180°C max rise within 20 minutes and stays in place for 40 minutes (Sentence 3.1.5.12A.(4)).
When can combustible ducts be used in a building of noncombustible construction?
Combustible ducts, plenums, and duct connectors are permitted if used only in horizontal runs, except as required by Sentence 3.6.4.3.(1) (Sentence 3.1.5.15.(1)).
What combustible duct-related materials are allowed in a building of noncombustible construction?
Combustible duct linings, coverings, insulation, vibration isolation connectors, duct tape, pipe insulation, and pipe coverings are permitted if they conform to the requirements of Part 6 (Sentence 3.1.5.15.(2)).
Under what conditions can combustible ducts in a building of noncombustible construction avoid Part 6 requirements?
Combustible ducts need not comply with Part 6 if they:
(a) Are part of a duct system conveying only ventilation air, and
(b) Are contained entirely within a dwelling unit (Sentence 3.1.5.15.(3)).
What conditions must combustible piping meet to be allowed in a building of noncombustible construction?
Except as permitted by Sentences (2) and (3), Clause 3.1.5.2.(1)(d), and Article 3.1.5.22., combustible piping, tubing, and adhesives are allowed if, when not concealed in a wall or concrete floor slab:
(a) They have a flame-spread rating of 25 or less, and
(b) In buildings per Subsection 3.2.6., they have a smoke developed classification of 50 or less (Sentence 3.1.5.16.(1)).
When can combustible sprinkler piping be used in a building of noncombustible construction?
Combustible sprinkler piping is permitted within a sprinklered floor area (Sentence 3.1.5.16.(2)).
Under what conditions can polypropylene pipes be used for drain, waste, or vent piping in a building of noncombustible construction?
Polypropylene pipes and fittings are allowed for highly corrosive materials or distilled/dialyzed water in labs/hospitals if:
(a) The building is sprinklered,
(b) The piping is not in a vertical shaft, and
(c) Penetrations through fire separations are sealed with a fire stop having an FT rating matching the fire-resistance rating, tested per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” with a 50 Pa pressure differential (higher on exposed side) (Sentence 3.1.5.16.(3)).
What conditions allow optical fibre cables and electrical wires with combustible insulation to be used in a building of noncombustible construction?
Except as permitted by Sentence (2), Article 3.1.5.19., and Article 3.1.5.21., they are allowed if:
(a) They show a vertical char of 1.5 m or less when tested per Clause 4.11.4. of CSA C22.2 No. 0.3, “Vertical Flame Test – Cables in Cabletrough” (FT4 Rating),
(b) They are located in:
(i) Totally enclosed noncombustible raceways,
(ii) Concealed spaces in walls,
(iii) Concrete slabs,
(iv) A service room with a 1-hour fire-rated separation, or
(v) Totally enclosed nonmetallic raceways per Clause 3.1.5.20.(1)(b), or
(c) They are communication cables at the service entry, 3 m or less in length (Sentence 3.1.5.18.(1)). (See Appendix A.)
What higher performance standard can wires and cables meet to satisfy fire safety requirements in a building of noncombustible construction?
The requirement in Clause (1)(a) is met if they exhibit:
Flame-spread of 1.5 m or less, Peak smoke density of 0.5 or less, and Average smoke density of 0.15 or less, when tested per the Flame and Smoke Test in the Appendix to CSA C22.2 No. 0.3, “Test Methods for Electrical Wires and Cables” (FT6 Rating) (Sentence 3.1.5.18.(2)).
Can combustible cables be used for elevators in a building of noncombustible construction?
Yes, combustible travelling cables are permitted on elevating devices in a building required to be of noncombustible construction (Sentence 3.1.5.19.(1)).
What rules apply to using nonmetallic raceways for cables in a fire compartment of a building of noncombustible construction?
Except as per Subclause 3.6.4.3.(1)(a)(iv) and subject to Sentence 3.1.9.3.(2) size limits for fire separation penetrations, totally enclosed nonmetallic raceways up to 175 mm (6 7/8 in) in outside diameter (or equivalent rectangular area) are permitted if:
(a) For wires/cables meeting Clause 3.1.5.18.(1)(a), the raceways have at least an FT4 rating per:
(i) CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 262, “Optical Fiber Cable and Communication Cable Raceway Systems,” or
(ii) CAN/ULC-S143, “Fire Tests for Non-Metallic Electrical and Optical Fibre Cable Raceway Systems,”
(b) For wires/cables not meeting Clause 3.1.5.18.(1)(a), the raceways show a vertical char of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) or less when tested per the Vertical Flame Test (FT4) in Clause 6.16 of CSA C22.2 No. 211.0, “General Requirements and Methods of Testing for Nonmetallic Conduit” (Sentence 3.1.5.20.(1)).
What fire safety standard must optical fibre and electrical cables with combustible insulation meet when placed below a raised floor in a computer room of a building of noncombustible construction?
They must not convey flame or burn for more than 1 minute when tested per the Vertical Flame Test in Clause 4.11.1. of CSA C22.2 No. 0.3, “Test Methods for Electrical Wires and Cables” (FT1 Rating) (Sentence 3.1.5.21.(1)).
What stricter fire and smoke performance standards can cables below a raised computer room floor meet to satisfy safety requirements in a building of noncombustible construction?
The requirement in Sentence (1) is met if the cables:
(a) Show a vertical char of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) or less when tested per the Vertical Flame Test – Cables in Cabletrough in Clause 4.11.4. of CSA C22.2 No. 0.3 (FT4 Rating), or
(b) Exhibit a flame-spread of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) or less, peak smoke density of 0.5 or less, and average smoke density of 0.15 or less when tested per the Flame and Smoke Test in the Appendix to CSA C22.2 No. 0.3 (FT6 Rating) (Sentence 3.1.5.21.(2)).
Are combustible parts allowed in public pools or spas within a building of noncombustible construction?
Yes, combustible fittings and components such as main drains, piping, skimmers, return inlets, steps, ladder rungs, and liners are permitted in a public pool or public spa (Sentence 3.1.5.22.(1)).
Can a combustible solar collector system be used on top of a building of noncombustible construction?
Yes, a combustible solar collector system is permitted to be installed above the roof of a building required to be of noncombustible construction (Sentence 3.1.5.26.(1)).
What basic standards must a wall, partition, or floor assembly meet if it’s required to be a fire separation in a building?
It must:
(a) Be constructed as a continuous element, except as permitted by Sentence (2), and
(b) Have a fire-resistance rating as specified in this Part (Sentence 3.1.8.1.(1)).
How should openings in a fire separation be handled to maintain its effectiveness?
Openings must be protected with closures, shafts, or other means conforming to Articles 3.1.8.4. to 3.1.8.18. and Subsections 3.1.9. and 3.2.8. (Sentence 3.1.8.1.(2)).
How should a concealed space above a vertical fire separation be managed in a building?
Except as permitted by Sentence 3.6.4.2.(2), a horizontal service space or concealed space above a required vertical fire separation (including vertical shaft walls) must be divided at the fire separation by an equivalent fire separation within the service space (Sentence 3.1.8.3.(1)).
What must happen at the edges of a fire separation in a service space to prevent smoke leakage?
The fire separation required by Sentence (1) must terminate with smoke-tight joints where it abuts or intersects:
(a) A floor,
(b) A roof slab, or
(c) A roof deck (Sentence 3.1.8.3.(2)).
How is the fire-protection rating determined for closures like doors or windows in a fire separation?
Except as permitted by Sentence (2) and Sentence 3.1.8.14.(1), it must be tested per:
(a) CAN/ULC-S104, “Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,”
(b) CAN/ULC-S106, “Fire Tests of Window and Glass Block Assemblies,” or
(c) CAN/ULC-S112, “Fire Test of Fire Damper Assemblies” (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(1)).
What fire-protection rating must a closure have based on the fire separation it’s in?
Except as permitted by Sentence 3.1.8.10.(1)-20 Min Closures, the fire-protection rating must match Table 3.1.8.4. for the fire-resistance rating of the fire separation (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(2)).
How is the leakage rate of smoke dampers or combination dampers evaluated in a building?
Answer:
It must:
(a) Be determined per CAN/ULC-S112.1, “Leakage Rated Dampers for Use in Smoke Control Systems,” and
(b) Conform to Class I, II, or III of that standard (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(3)).
What standard is used to test the air leakage of a door assembly in a fire separation?
The leakage rate must be determined per ANSI/UL-1784, “Air Leakage Tests of Door Assemblies and Other Opening Protectives” (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(4)).
What fire-protection rating is required for a closure in a fire separation rated up to 1 hour?
Per Table 3.1.8.4. (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(2) and Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(a)):
30 min fire-resistance rating → 20 min fire-protection rating, 45 min fire-resistance rating → 45 min fire-protection rating, 1 h fire-resistance rating → 45 min fire-protection rating.
What fire-protection rating is required for a closure in a fire separation rated 1.5 hours or more?
Per Table 3.1.8.4. (Sentence 3.1.8.4.(2) and Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(a)):
1.5 h fire-resistance rating → 1 h fire-protection rating, 2 h fire-resistance rating → 1.5 h fire-protection rating, 3 h fire-resistance rating → 2 h fire-protection rating, 4 h fire-resistance rating → 3 h fire-protection rating.
How big can an opening be in an interior fire separation if both sides are sprinklered?
The opening can be 22 m² (237 ft²) or less, with no dimension exceeding 6 m (19 ft 8-1/4 in), provided the fire compartments on both sides of the fire separation are sprinklered (Sentence 3.1.8.6.(2)).
What’s the largest opening allowed in an interior fire separation when the areas on either side aren’t sprinklered?
The opening must be 11 m² (118 ft²) or less, with no dimension exceeding 3.7 m (12 ft 1-3/4 in), if the fire compartment on either side of the fire separation is not sprinklered (Sentence 3.1.8.6.(1)).
Where must a fire damper be installed in a building’s duct system to maintain a fire separation?
Except as provided in Article 3.1.8.8., a fire damper with a fire-protection rating per Sentence 3.1.8.4.(2) must be installed per Article 3.1.8.9. in ducts or air-transfer openings penetrating an assembly required to be a fire separation (Sentence 3.1.8.7.(1))
In what situations are smoke dampers or combination dampers required in ducts penetrating a fire separation?
Except as provided in Article 3.1.8.8A., a smoke damper or combination smoke and fire damper must be installed per Article 3.1.8.9A. in ducts or air-transfer openings penetrating a fire separation that:
(a) Separates a public corridor,
(b) Contains an egress door per Sentence 3.4.2.4.(2),
(c) Serves an assembly, care, care and treatment, detention, or residential occupancy, or
(d) Meets Clause 3.3.1.7.(1)(b), Sentence 3.3.3.5.(4), or Sentence 3.3.4.11.(4) (Sentence 3.1.8.7.(2)).
In what cases can a building skip installing fire dampers in ducts penetrating a fire separation?
(a) Ducts serving commercial cooking equipment,
(b) Continuous noncombustible ducts (melting point > 760°C) penetrating a vertical fire separation per Sentence 3.3.1.1.(1) between suites of assembly, mercantile, low/medium/high hazard industrial occupancy,
(c) Ducts or air-transfer openings penetrating a vertical fire separation not requiring a fire-resistance rating, or
(d) Noncombustible ducts or air-transfer openings penetrating a horizontal fire separation not requiring a fire-resistance rating (Sentence 3.1.8.8.(1)).
When can noncombustible branch ducts avoid needing fire dampers at a fire separation?
Fire dampers per Sentence 3.1.8.7.(1) can be waived for noncombustible branch ducts (melting point > 760°C) penetrating a fire separation if:
(a) The ducts either:
(i) Have a cross-sectional area ≤ 130 cm² (20-1/8 in²) and serve air-conditioning/heating units discharging air ≤ 1.2 m (3 ft 11-1/4 in) above the floor, or
(ii) Extend ≥ 500 mm (19-11/16 in) inside exhaust duct risers under negative pressure with upward airflow per Article 3.6.3.4., or
(b) The fire separation separates a vertical service space from the building, and each duct exhausts directly outdoors at the top (Sentence 3.1.8.8.(2)).
Do ducts in elementary or secondary schools always need fire dampers at a 30-minute fire separation?
No, a continuous noncombustible duct (melting point > 760°C) piercing a fire separation with a 30 min fire-resistance rating in elementary/secondary schools does not need a fire damper (Sentence 3.1.8.8.(3)).
Can a duct in a small care facility skip a fire damper at a fire separation?
Yes, in a Group B, Division 3 occupancy with ≤ 10 persons in sleeping accommodation, ≤ 6 needing evacuation help, and a fire alarm system, a duct doesn’t need a fire damper if duct-type smoke detectors control smoke per Article 3.2.4.13. (Sentence 3.1.8.8.(4)).
What triggers a fire damper to close automatically in a duct system?
It must close upon the operation of a fusible link per ULC-S505, “Fusible Links for Fire Protection Service,” or another heat-actuated or smoke-actuated device (Sentence 3.1.8.9.(1)).
Where and how should a heat-actuated device be set up to trigger a fire damper?
The device must:
(a) Be located where it’s readily affected by an abnormal temperature rise in the duct, and
(b) Have a temperature rating 30°C (86°F) above the maximum system temperature, whether operating or shut down (Sentence 3.1.8.9.(2)).
How should a fire damper be placed within a fire separation to ensure it works during a fire?
It must be installed in the plane of the fire separation to stay in place if the duct is dislodged during a fire (Sentence 3.1.8.9.(3)).
Does the installation orientation of a fire damper matter in a building?
Yes, it must be installed in the vertical or horizontal position in which it was tested (Sentence 3.1.8.9.(4)).
What’s required to allow inspection and maintenance of a fire damper?
A tightly fitted access door must be installed for each fire damper to provide access for inspection and resetting the release device (Sentence 3.1.8.9.(5)).
When can a hold-open device be used on a closure in a required fire separation?
Except for exit stair doors in buildings over 3 storeys and vestibule doors per Article 3.3.5.7., a hold-open device is permitted on a closure in a required fire separation (unless restricted by Sentences 3.1.8.9.(1) and 3.1.8.9A.(3)), provided it’s designed to release per this Article (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(1)).
How does a hold-open device release in a building with a fire alarm system?
Unless Sentences (5) and (6) apply, it must release:
(a) In a single-stage system, upon any fire alarm signal, or
(b) In a two-stage system:
(i) Upon any alert signal, or
(ii) Upon actuation of adjacent smoke detectors (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(2)).
In what specific cases must a hold-open device release based on a smoke detector in a building with a fire alarm?
It must release upon a signal from a smoke detector connected to the fire alarm system, located per CAN/ULC-S524, “Installation of Fire Alarm Systems,” when used on:
(a) An exit door,
(b) A door to a public corridor,
(c) An egress door per Sentence 3.4.2.4.(2),
(d) A door serving assembly, care, care and treatment, detention, or residential occupancy,
(e) A door in a fire separation per Clause 3.3.1.7.(1)(b), Sentence 3.3.3.5.(4), or Sentence 3.3.4.11.(4), or
(f) A door in a smoke control system (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(3)).
How does a hold-open device release in a building without a fire alarm for critical closures?
For closures in Clauses (3)(a) to (e), it must release upon a signal from a smoke alarm on either side of the fire separation, at ceiling level within 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) horizontally of the closure opening (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(4)).
Can a hold-open device use heat instead of smoke to release in some cases?
Yes, for closures not covered by Sentences (3) and (4), it can release upon actuation of a heat-actuated device (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(5)).
Do hold-open devices always need to release automatically in care and treatment facilities?
No, a hold-open device on a door between a public corridor and an adjacent sleeping room in a care and treatment occupancy need not release automatically as per Sentence (2) (Sentence 3.1.8.12.(6)).
What standard must a sprinkler-protected glazed wall assembly meet in a building?
It must be constructed per ULC/ORD C263.1, “Sprinkler-Protected Windows Systems” (Sentence 3.1.8.18.(1)).
Where can’t a sprinkler-protected glazed wall assembly be installed in a building?
It’s not allowed in:
(a) Fire separations with a fire-resistance rating > 2 hours,
(b) A firewall,
(c) A high hazard industrial occupancy, or
(d) Exits serving:
(i) Floor areas per Subsection 3.2.6.,
(ii) A care occupancy,
(iii) A care and treatment occupancy,
(iv) A detention occupancy, or
(v) A residential occupancy (Sentence 3.1.8.18.(2)).
What rules apply if a sprinkler-protected glazed wall assembly is used in an exit fire separation?
Where permitted by Sentence (2):
(a) The building must be sprinklered, and
(b) Exits with these assemblies must not exceed one-half of the required exits from any floor area (Sentence 3.1.8.18.(3)).
What does it mean for a building service to penetrate an assembly?
A building service penetrates an assembly if it passes into or through it. This includes entering through a membrane at one point, running within the assembly, and exiting through another membrane (per Subsection 3.1.9. explanatory note A-3.1.9.).
How do membrane penetrations differ from through-penetrations in a building assembly?
Membrane penetration: An opening through one side (wall, floor, or ceiling membrane) of an assembly.
Through-penetration: An opening that passes entirely through the assembly (per Subsection 3.1.9. explanatory note A-3.1.9.).
What’s involved in fire stopping an opening made by cables or pipes in a single side of an assembly?
Fire stopping a membrane penetration involves installing a material, device, or assembly to resist the passage of flame and heat for a prescribed time through openings caused by cables, cable trays, conduits, tubing, or pipes in a protective membrane (per Subsection 3.1.9. explanatory note A-3.1.9.).
How is fire spread prevented through an opening that goes all the way through an assembly?
Fire stopping a through-penetration uses an assembly of specific, tested, fire-resistance-rated materials or products designed to resist the spread of fire through the penetration for a prescribed time (per Subsection 3.1.9. explanatory note A-3.1.9.).
What factors must fire stopping products account for in a building assembly?
They must:
Address movement of the assembly, Control smoke spread, Consider the flexibility of materials at joints and the nature and potential movement of the assembly (per Subsection 3.1.9. explanatory note A-3.1.9.).
What does “tightly fitted” mean when a building service penetrates a fire separation?
“Tightly fitted” means no gaps are allowed between the building service (or other penetrating item) and the membrane or assembly it penetrates. A common fire stopping method for penetrations through a concrete slab or wall is cast-in-place concrete (per explanatory note A-3.1.9.1.(1)(b) for Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(b)).
How must penetrations through a fire separation be sealed in a building?
Except as per Sentences (2) to (5) and Article 3.1.9.3A., penetrations of a fire separation or membrane with a fire-resistance rating must be:
(a) Sealed by a fire stop with an F rating (per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems”) ≥ the fire-protection rating for closures in Table 3.1.8.4., or
(b) Tightly fitted (See Appendix A) (Sentence 3.1.9.1.(1)).
What’s required to seal penetrations through a firewall or specific horizontal fire separation?
Penetrations of a firewall or horizontal fire separation per Article 3.2.1.2. must be sealed by a fire stop with an FT rating (per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems”) ≥ the required fire-resistance rating (Sentence 3.1.9.1.(2)).
Are fire dampers required to have a fire stop when penetrating a fire separation?
No, unless specifically designed with a fire stop, fire dampers can penetrate a fire separation or membrane with a fire-resistance rating without meeting Sentences (1), (2), or (3) fire stop rules, if installed per NFPA 80, “Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives” (Sentence 3.1.9.1.(5)).
Do sprinkler penetrations through a fire separation need a fire stop?
No, sprinklers can penetrate a fire separation or membrane with a fire-resistance rating without meeting Sentences (1), (2), or (3) fire stop rules, if the annular space is covered by a metal escutcheon plate per NFPA 13, “Installation of Sprinkler Systems” (Sentence 3.1.9.1.(4)).
What does an F rating tell you about a fire stop in a building?
An F rating shows the time a fire stop resists flame occurrence on the unexposed surface, tested per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” without considering temperature rise or hose stream performance.
How does an FT rating differ from a basic fire stop test?
An FT rating measures the time a fire stop resists both flame occurrence and temperature rise on the unexposed surface, tested per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” without a hose stream test.
What extra test does an FH rating add to a fire stop’s performance?
An FH rating indicates the time a fire stop resists flame occurrence on the unexposed surface and performs acceptably during a hose stream test, per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” without temperature rise criteria.
What’s the toughest standard a fire stop can meet under ULC-S115?
An FTH rating measures the time a fire stop resists flame occurrence, temperature rise on the unexposed surface, and performs acceptably during a hose stream test, per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems.”
Does a fire stop rating apply to any building assembly?
No, the rating (F, FT, FH, or FTH) applies only to the specific assembly of materials, penetrations, annular spaces, and floor or wall types it was tested in, per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems.”
Can optical fibre cables and electrical wires in noncombustible raceways penetrate a fire-rated assembly without prior testing?
Yes, optical fibre cables and electrical wires and cables in totally enclosed noncombustible raceways can penetrate an assembly required to have a fire-resistance rating without being tested in the assembly as per Article 3.1.9.2. (Sentence 3.1.9.3.(1)).
What combustible cables or raceways can penetrate a fire-rated assembly without being part of its original test?
Except as per Sentence (3), totally enclosed nonmetallic raceways per Article 3.1.5.20., and optical fibre cables or electrical wires and cables (single or grouped) with combustible insulation/jackets meeting Clause 3.1.5.18.(1)(a) can penetrate a fire-rated assembly without testing per Article 3.1.9.2., if their overall diameter is ≤ 25 mm (1 in) (Sentence 3.1.9.3.(2)).
Are large combustible-jacketed cables allowed to penetrate a fire separation without prior testing?
Yes, single conductor metal sheathed cables with combustible jacketing and diameters > 25 mm (1 in) can penetrate a fire-rated assembly without testing per Article 3.1.9.2., if they are not grouped and spaced ≥ 300 mm (11-13/16 in) apart (Sentence 3.1.9.3.(3)).
Can combustible raceways embedded in a concrete floor slab penetrate a fire-rated assembly?
Yes, combustible totally enclosed raceways embedded in a concrete floor slab can penetrate a fire-rated assembly without testing per Article 3.1.9.2., if the concrete cover between the raceway and the slab bottom is ≥ 50 mm (1-15/16 in) (Sentence 3.1.9.3.(4)).
Are combustible electrical outlet boxes permitted in a fire-rated assembly without prior testing?
Yes, combustible electrical outlet boxes can penetrate a fire-rated assembly without testing per Article 3.1.9.2., if the opening through the membrane into the box is ≤ 160 cm² (24-13/16 in²) (Sentence 3.1.9.3.(5)).
Can combustible piping penetrate a fire-rated assembly in a building?
No, except as permitted by Sentences (3) to (8), combustible piping must not penetrate:
(a) A fire separation required to have a fire-resistance rating, or
(b) A membrane forming part of an assembly with a fire-resistance rating (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(1)).
Is combustible piping allowed in a vertical service space if it penetrates a fire-rated assembly?
No, combustible piping part of a system per Sentence (1) must not be located in a vertical service space (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(2)).
When can combustible piping penetrate a fire-rated assembly without extra restrictions?
Except as per Sentences (4) to (7), it’s allowed if sealed at the penetration by a fire stop with an F rating ≥ the fire-resistance rating, tested per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” with a 50 Pa pressure differential (higher on exposed side) (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(3)).
Can combustible drain piping from a toilet penetrate a horizontal fire separation?
Yes, except as per Sentence (7), it’s allowed if it leads directly from a noncombustible water closet through a concrete floor slab and is sealed by a fire stop per Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(a) (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(4)).
How can combustible piping penetrate a fire separation in sprinklered areas?
Except as per Sentence (7), it’s allowed if both fire compartments are sprinklered and the piping is sealed by a fire stop per Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(a) (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(5)).
Is small combustible piping for chlorine gas allowed to penetrate a fire separation in a pool building?
Yes, except as per Sentence (7), piping ≤ 25 mm (1 in) in diameter containing chlorine gas can penetrate a fire separation between a chlorine gas service room and the building, if sealed by a fire stop per Clause 3.1.9.1.(1)(a) (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(6)).
What’s required for combustible piping penetrating a firewall or specific horizontal fire separation?
It must be sealed by a fire stop with an FT rating ≥ the fire-resistance rating, tested per CAN/ULC-S115, “Fire Tests of Firestop Systems,” and either:
(a) Tested with a 50 Pa pressure differential (higher on exposed side), or
(b) Both compartments are sprinklered (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(7), per Sentence 3.2.1.2.(1)).
Can combustible piping for a central vacuum system penetrate a fire separation?
Yes, it’s allowed if it conforms to the Sentence (3) requirements (sealed by a fire stop with an F rating per CAN/ULC-S115) (Sentence 3.1.9.4.(8)).
Are openings allowed in a fire-rated ceiling membrane used as a plenum?
Yes, a membrane ceiling per MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2, “Fire Performance Ratings,” can have openings into sheet steel ducts within the ceiling space, if the openings and protection meet SB-2 requirements (Sentence 3.1.9.5.(1)).
What standard must fire stop flaps in a ceiling membrane meet?
They must conform to CAN/ULC-S112.2, “Fire Test of Ceiling Firestop Flap Assemblies” (Sentence 3.1.9.5.(2)).
What rules apply to a ceiling assembly used as a plenum in a building?
It must conform to Article 3.6.4.3. (Sentence 3.1.9.6.(1)).
Concealed Space as Plenum (OBC 3.6.4.3.(1))
Exemption Conditions:
Flame-spread rating ≤ 25, smoke developed ≤ 50 for all materials, except:
Pneumatic control tubing
FT6-rated cables (flame spread ≤ 1.5 m, smoke density ≤ 0.5 peak/0.15 avg)
Cables in noncombustible raceways
FT6-rated nonmetallic raceways (per CAN/ULC-S102.4 or 3.1.5.20.(1)(a))
FT4-rated single conductor cables (vertical char ≤ 1.5 m)
Ceiling supports: noncombustible, melting point ≥ 760°C
Return-Air Plenum (OBC 3.6.4.3.(2))
If fire-resistance rated:
Openings need fire stop flaps:
Stop airflow in fire
Maintain ceiling integrity for required rating
Meet CAN/ULC-S112.2
Activate 30°C above normal plenum temp
Can a building be placed directly under above-ground electrical conductors?
No, a building must not be located beneath existing above-ground electrical conductors (Sentence 3.1.19.1.(1)).
How far must a building be from above-ground electrical conductors to stay safe?
The horizontal clearance from the maximum conductor swing to the building (including balconies, fire escapes, flat roofs, or accessible projections) must be:
(a) ≥ 1 m (3 ft 3-3/8 in) for voltages ≤ 750 V, except for connections to the building’s wiring,
(b) ≥ 3 m (9 ft 10-1/8 in) for voltages > 750 V to 46 kV,
(c) ≥ 3.7 m (12 ft 1-3/4 in) for voltages > 46 kV to 69 kV, or
(d) Per CAN/CSA-C22.3 No.1, “Overhead Systems,” for voltages > 69 kV (Sentence 3.1.19.1.(2)).
What clearance is assumed if the swing of an electrical conductor isn’t known?
If the swing of an above-ground conductor (not owned by an electrical supply authority) is unknown, a minimum swing of 1.8 m (5 ft 10-7/8 in) must be used (Sentence 3.1.19.1.(3)).
Do all buildings need to follow clearance rules for above-ground electrical conductors?
No, Sentences (1) to (3) don’t apply to buildings with electrical equipment and installations used solely for generating, transforming, or transmitting electrical power or energy for public sale or distribution (Sentence 3.1.19.1.(4)).
How much area can unprotected openings have in an exterior wall based on the building’s sprinkler status?
Except as per Articles 3.2.3.10. to 3.2.3.12., the area of unprotected openings in an exposing building face must not exceed:
(a) Values in Table 3.2.3.1.B. or Table 3.2.3.1.C. for a non-sprinklered building or fire compartment per Article 3.2.3.2., or
(b) Values in Table 3.2.3.1.D. or Table 3.2.3.1.E. for a sprinklered fire compartment in a sprinklered building per Section 3.2. (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(1)).
How can you adjust the location of an exterior wall to allow more unprotected openings?
The exposing building face can be set at a vertical plane with no unprotected openings between it and the line to which the limiting distance is measured, to determine the actual percentage of unprotected openings permitted (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(4)).
What’s the largest each unprotected opening can be for specific limiting distances in a non-sprinklered building?
Per Table 3.2.3.1.A. (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(5)):
1.2 m (3 ft 11-1/4 in) limiting distance → 0.35 m² (3.77 ft²) max area, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) limiting distance → 0.78 m² (8.40 ft²) max area, 2.0 m (6 ft 6-3/4 in) limiting distance → 1.88 m² (20.24 ft²) max area.
What’s the maximum size for each unprotected opening in a non-sprinklered building close to another property?
For a limiting distance ≤ 2 m (6 ft 6-3/4 in), each unprotected opening in an exposing building face must not exceed:
(a) The area in Table 3.2.3.1.A., or
(b) For a limiting distance ≥ 1.2 m (3 ft 11-1/4 in), the area calculated as:
Area = 0.24 [(2 × LD) – 1.2]²
where,
Area = area in m² (ft²), and
LD = limiting distance in m (ft) (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(5)).
When must the required limiting distance for an exterior wall be doubled?
If any storey isn’t sprinklered and firefighting facilities can’t reach it within 10 min of an alarm, the required limiting distance must be doubled (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(8)).
How does a closure’s protective performance affect the area of unprotected openings in an exterior wall?
If the closure doesn’t match the wall assembly’s protective performance, add an equivalent area of unprotected opening (per Sentence (9)) to the greater of:
(a) The actual area of unprotected openings, or
(b) The corrected area of unprotected openings (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(10)).
Can the limiting distance for an exterior wall extend beyond the property line if it’s not a street centerline?
Yes, if:
(a) Property owners and the municipality agree that:
(i) Each owner won’t build unless limiting distances follow the agreement,
(ii) Covenants run with the land and bind heirs/successors,
(iii) The agreement can’t change without municipal consent, and
(iv) Other conditions (e.g., indemnification) are met, and
(b) The agreement is registered against the property titles (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(11)).
How are the size and spacing of unprotected openings in a non-sprinklered building’s exterior wall determined when they serve a single room or space?
Each unprotected opening in an exposing building face must not exceed:
(a) The area in Table 3.2.3.1.A., or
(b) For a limiting distance ≥ 1.2 m (3 ft 11-1/4 in), the area calculated as:
Area = 0.24 [(2 × LD) – 1.2]²
where,
Area = area in m² (ft²), and
LD = limiting distance in m (ft) (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(5)).
Per Table 3.2.3.1.A.:
1.2 m (3 ft 11-1/4 in) limiting distance → 0.35 m² (3.77 ft²) max area,
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) limiting distance → 0.78 m² (8.40 ft²) max area,
2.0 m (6 ft 6-3/4 in) limiting distance → 1.88 m² (20.24 ft²) max area.
The distance between these openings serving a single room or space (per Sentence (7)) must be ≥:
(a) 2 m (6 ft 6-3/4 in) measured horizontally if on the same exposing building face, or
(b) 2 m (6 ft 6-3/4 in) measured vertically if serving:
(i) The single room or space, or
(ii) Another room or space on the same storey (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(6)).
A “single room or space” means a room or space that:
(a) Is not divided by a wall,
(b) Is divided by:
(i) A wall extending < 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) from the interior face of the exterior wall, or
(ii) A partial height wall, or
(c) Consists of two or more stacked spaces on the same storey (Sentence 3.2.3.1.(7)).
What access must a larger building provide for fire department vehicles?
A building over 3 storeys or 600 m² (6458 ft²) in area must have access routes for fire department vehicles to:
(a) The building face with a principal entrance, and
(b) Each building face with firefighting access openings per Articles 3.2.5.1. and 3.2.5.2. (Sentence 3.2.5.4.(1)).
How close or far must access routes be from a building’s entrances and firefighting openings?
Access routes per Article 3.2.5.4. must position the principal entrance and access openings per Articles 3.2.5.1. and 3.2.5.2. ≥ 3 m (9 ft 10-1/8 in) and ≤ 15 m (49 ft 2-1/2 in) from the closest portion of the route, measured horizontally from the building face (Sentence 3.2.5.5.(1)).
How should access routes be arranged for a fire department pumper vehicle near a building?
Access routes must allow:
(a) For a building with a fire department connection, a pumper vehicle adjacent to hydrants per Article 3.2.5.16.,
(b) For a building without a connection, a pumper vehicle so the length of the access route from a hydrant to the vehicle plus the unobstructed path for a firefighter to the building ≤ 90 m (295 ft 3-3/8 in), and
(c) The unobstructed path for a firefighter from the vehicle to the building ≤ 45 m (147 ft 7-3/8 in) (Sentence 3.2.5.5.(2)).
Where is the firefighter’s unobstructed path measured from in relation to the building?
It’s measured from the vehicle to the fire department connection, or if none, to the principal entrance of the building, per Sentence (2) (Sentence 3.2.5.5.(3)).
What access is needed if part of a building is completely separated from the rest?
Access routes per Sentence (2) must ensure the unobstructed path for a firefighter from the vehicle to one entrance of each isolated portion ≤ 45 m (147 ft 7-3/8 in) (Sentence 3.2.5.5.(4)).
What is the main focus of Part 12 in the 2012 Building Code Compendium?
Resource conservation and environmental integrity in the design and construction of buildings.
For buildings under Article 12.2.1.1., what standard must energy efficiency conform to unless exceptions apply?
Division 1 and Division 2 or 4 of MMA Supplementary Standard SB-10, “Energy Efficiency Requirements”.
What are the two options for energy efficiency in residential buildings under Part 9 (before Jan 1, 2017) intended for continuous winter occupancy?
(a) Achieve a rating of 80 or more per NRCan’s “EnerGuide for New Houses,” or
(b) Conform to Chapters 1 and 2 of MMA Supplementary Standard SB-12.
How much must energy efficiency exceed previous levels for buildings under Article 12.2.1.2.(2)(after Dec 31, 2016)?
By not less than 13% compared to levels in Sentence 12.2.1.1.(2).
What standard governs CO2e emissions for buildings under Article 12.2.2.1.?
MMA Supplementary Standard SB-10, “Energy Efficiency Requirements”.
Where are motion sensors NOT allowed to control lighting per Article 12.2.4.1.?
(a) Exits,
(b) Corridors serving patients/residents in Group B, Div 2 or 3 occupancies,
(c) Lighting per Sentence 3.2.7.1.(6).
What fail-safe feature must motion sensors in public corridors have?
Switch controllers for fail-safe operation and illumination timers set for a minimum of 15 minutes.
What is the scope of Section 12.3 in the 2012 Building Code?
Energy efficiency for buildings or parts of buildings of residential occupancy under Part 9, intended for continuous winter occupancy.
What standards determine energy ratings for windows and sliding glass doors in Article 12.3.1.2.?
(a) CSA A440.2, “Fenestration Energy Performance,” or
(b) NFRC 100 and 200 for U-factors and solar heat gain.
What device is required to control indoor air temperature in a house with one dwelling unit per Article 12.3.1.3.?
At least one programmable thermostatic control device.
What are the minimum programming features of a thermostatic control device under Article 12.3.1.3.(2)?
(a) Four time periods per day,
(b) Two different day-types per week,
(c) Manual override.
What are the temperature settings allowed by a programmable thermostat in heating and cooling modes?
(a) 13°C or lower in heating mode,
(b) 29°C or higher in cooling mode (if air-conditioned).
When is a manual thermostat permitted instead of a programmable one?
If it:
(a) Controls a system with ≤2 kW capacity, or
(b) Serves an individual room or space.
What insulation level is required for the first 2.5 m of hot water outlet piping in a non-recirculating system?
Thermal resistance of at least RSI 0.62.
What type of motor must a furnace serving a house or dwelling unit have per Article 12.3.1.5.?
A brushless direct current motor.
What energy supply options must kitchens and laundry spaces have per Article 12.3.1.6.?
(a) Electrical outlet,
(b) Natural gas line, or
(c) Propane line.
Why does the building code require specific levels of thermal resistance in walls and other separators?
To address health and safety, Section 5.3. specifies thermal resistance levels to minimize condensation on or within environmental separators, and to ensure thermal conditions suitable for the building’s use (per explanatory note A-5.3.).
How does the code use thermal resistance to improve energy efficiency in buildings?
Part 12 specifies thermal resistance levels or energy performance levels for energy efficiency, which are related to thermal resistance requirements (per explanatory note A-5.3.).
What happens if thermal resistance requirements for safety differ from those for energy efficiency?
If Section 5.3. requires higher thermal resistance levels than Part 12 for health and safety (e.g., to prevent condensation), the requirements of Section 5.3. take precedence (per explanatory note A-5.3.).
When does a building component need materials to resist heat transfer?
Except as per Sentence (2), any building component or assembly subject to an intended temperature differential must include materials to resist heat transfer or means to dissipate heat, per this Subsection (Sentence 5.3.1.1.(1)).
Can a building skip installing materials to resist heat transfer?
Yes, if it’s shown that uncontrolled heat transfer won’t harm:
(a) The health or safety of building users,
(b) The intended use of the building, or
(c) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.3.1.1.(2)).
What must materials or systems do to effectively resist or dissipate heat in a building?
They must:
(a) Provide enough resistance or dissipation to:
(i) Minimize surface condensation on the warm side,
(ii) Minimize condensation within the assembly,
(iii) Meet interior design thermal conditions for the occupancy with space conditioning, and
(iv) Minimize ice damming on sloped roofs, and
(b) Consider conditions on both sides of the environmental separator (Sentence 5.3.1.2.(1)).
How should thermal resistance be handled where building components intersect or are penetrated?
Where a material per Article 5.3.1.1. is intersected by an assembly, penetrated by a high-conductance component, or interrupted by joints (expansion, control, or construction), and condensation is likely, enough thermal resistance must be provided to minimize condensation at these locations (Sentence 5.3.1.3.(1)).
How can materials providing thermal resistance avoid reducing their effectiveness?
They must have sufficient inherent resistance to air flow or be positioned to prevent convective air flow through and around them in the assembly (Sentence 5.3.1.3.(2)).
What must a building component do to control air leakage between different spaces?
Where separating interior conditioned space from exterior, ground, or dissimilar interior spaces, components or assemblies must control air leakage or allow venting to the exterior to:
(a) Provide acceptable conditions for occupants,
(b) Maintain appropriate conditions for the building’s use,
(c) Minimize condensation accumulation and precipitation penetration,
(d) Control heat transfer to roofs where ice damming can occur, and
(e) Not compromise building services operation (Sentence 5.4.1.1.(1)).
Is an air barrier system always required to stop air leakage in a building?
Yes, except as per Sentence (3), an air barrier system must be installed to provide the principal resistance to air leakage (Sentence 5.4.1.1.(2)).
When can a building skip installing an air barrier system?
If it’s shown that uncontrolled air leakage won’t harm:
(a) The health or safety of building users,
(b) The intended use of the building, or
(c) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.4.1.1.(3)).
What performance must air barrier materials meet to resist air leakage effectively?
Except as per Sentence (2), materials must:
(a) Have an air leakage ≤ 0.02 L/(s·m²) (0.004 cfm/ft²) at 75 Pa pressure, tested per ASTM E2178, “Air Permeance of Building Materials,” or
(b) Conform to CAN/ULC-S741, “Air Barrier Materials – Specification” (Sentence 5.4.1.2.(1)).
Can air barrier materials have higher air leakage if certain conditions are met?
Yes, the 0.02 L/(s·m²) limit can be increased if it’s shown the higher leakage won’t adversely affect:
(a) The health or safety of building users,
(b) The intended use of the building, or
(c) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.4.1.2.(2)).
How should an air barrier system be designed to maintain its effectiveness?
It must be continuous:
(a) Across construction, control, and expansion joints,
(b) Across junctions between different building assemblies, and
(c) Around penetrations through the assembly (Sentence 5.4.1.2.(3)).
What structural requirements apply to air barrier systems under air pressure?
Their design must comply with Article 5.1.4.1. and Subsection 5.2.2. for assemblies subject to air pressure loads (Sentence 5.4.1.2.(4)).
What must a building component do to manage vapour diffusion under varying conditions?
Where subjected to temperature and water vapour pressure differentials, the properties and position of materials must control vapour diffusion or allow venting to the exterior to minimize condensation accumulation in the component or assembly (Sentence 5.5.1.1.(1)).
Is a vapour barrier always required to stop moisture movement in a building?
Yes, except as per Sentence (3), a vapour barrier must be installed to provide the principal resistance to water vapour diffusion (Sentence 5.5.1.1.(2)).
When can a building avoid installing a vapour barrier?
If it’s shown that uncontrolled vapour diffusion won’t harm:
(a) The health or safety of building users,
(b) The intended use of the building, or
(c) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.5.1.1.(3)).
What must a vapour barrier do to prevent condensation in a building assembly?
It must have sufficiently low permeance and be positioned to:
(a) Minimize moisture transfer by diffusion to cold surfaces causing condensation at design conditions, or
(b) Reduce moisture transfer by diffusion to cold surfaces to a rate preventing moisture accumulation that harms:
(i) The health or safety of building users,
(ii) The intended use of the building, or
(iii) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.5.1.2.(1)).
What standard must coatings on gypsum wallboard meet to resist vapour diffusion?
Coatings must conform to Sentence (1) requirements when tested per CAN/CGSB-1.501-M, “Method for Permeance of Coated Wallboard” (Sentence 5.5.1.2.(2)).
How are coatings on materials other than gypsum wallboard tested for vapour resistance?
They must conform to Sentence (1) requirements when tested per ASTM E96/E96M, “Water Vapor Transmission of Materials,” using the desiccant method (dry cup) (Sentence 5.5.1.2.(3)).
When can a building avoid protection against water entering from outside?
Protection from ingress of precipitation is not required if it’s shown that such ingress won’t harm:
(a) The health or safety of building users,
(b) The intended use of the building, or
(c) The operation of building services (Sentence 5.4.1.1.(2)).
Do metal frames and sash of windows, doors, and skylights need a thermal break in a building?
Yes, except as per Sentence (2), metal frames and sash of windows, doors, and skylights must incorporate a thermal break (Sentence 9.7.3.3.(1)).
When can windows and doors skip having a thermal break?
They don’t require a thermal break if installed as:
(a) Vehicular access doors,
(b) Storm windows and doors, or
(c) Windows and doors with a fire-resistance rating (Sentence 9.7.3.3.(2)).
What thermal standards apply to windows and doors in areas with low moisture generation?
Windows, doors, and skylights (with or without storm doors/sash) must have a maximum U-value or minimum temperature index (I) per Table 9.7.3.3. in buildings with low moisture generation (Sentence 9.7.3.3.(3)).
How should windows and doors be designed in areas with high moisture generation?
They must be designed per Subsection 5.3. for portions of buildings with high moisture generation (Sentence 9.7.3.3.(4)).
What are the maximum U-values and minimum temperature indices for windows, doors, and skylights based on climate?
Per Table 9.7.3.3. (Sentence 9.7.3.3.(3)):
2.5% January Design Temperature -15°C to -30°C (5°F to -22°F):
Windows/Doors: max U-value 2.0 W/m²·K (0.35 Btu/h·ft²·°F), min I 68,
Skylights: max U-value 3.0 W/m²·K (0.53 Btu/h·ft²·°F), min I (2),
Colder than -30°C (-22°F):
Windows/Doors: max U-value 1.7 W/m²·K (0.30 Btu/h·ft²·°F), min I 77,
Skylights: max U-value 2.7 W/m²·K (0.48 Btu/h·ft²·°F), min I (2).
(Notes: (1) U-values per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440; I per CSA A440.2/A440.3; (2) No test for skylight condensation resistance; (3) Most restrictive U-value from SB-10 or SB-12 applies.)
Which windows, doors, and skylights are covered by this subsection of the code?
This subsection applies to windows, doors, and skylights within the scope of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, “NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights” (Sentence 9.7.4.1.(1)).
What standards must manufactured windows, doors, and skylights meet during installation?
They must conform to:
(a) AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, “NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification,”
(b) CSA A440S1, “Canadian Supplement to AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11,”
(c) This Subsection, and
(d) Subsection 9.7.6. applicable requirements (Sentence 9.7.4.2.(1)).
How should performance grades be chosen for windows, doors, and skylights?
Grades must be selected per CSA A440S1, “Canadian Supplement to AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11,” to suit the conditions and geographic location of installation (Sentence 9.7.4.3.(1)).
How are windows, doors, and skylights verified to meet their performance grades?
They must conform to the grades selected under Sentence (1) when tested per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, “NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification” (Sentence 9.7.4.3.(2)).
What labeling and standards apply to exterior wood doors?
They must conform to CAN/CSA-O132.2 Series, “Wood Flush Doors,” and have legibly indicated:
(a) The manufacturer’s name,
(b) The standard of production, and
(c) That they are of exterior type (Sentence 9.7.4.3.(4)).
What rules apply to windows, doors, and skylights separating conditioned and unconditioned spaces outside standard specifications?
Materials, design, construction, and installation must:
(a) Conform to:
(i) This Subsection or Subsection 9.7.4., and
(ii) Applicable requirements in Subsection 9.7.6., or
(b) Conform to Part 5, if not within AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440, “NAFS - North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights” (Sentence 9.7.5.1.(1)).
What standards must glass in site-built windows, doors, and skylights follow?
Glass must comply with Section 9.6. (Sentence 9.7.5.1.(2)).
How is the number of people allowed in a building or floor area determined?
The occupant load is based on:
(a) Two persons per sleeping room or area in a dwelling unit or suite, and
(b) For other occupancies, the number of persons:
(i) For which the area is designed, or
(ii) Determined from Table 3.1.17.1. (Sentence 9.9.1.3.(1)).
Which exits are covered by the rules for signs in a building?
This Subsection applies to all exits except those serving a house or an individual dwelling unit (Sentence 9.9.11.1.(1)).
How should exits be positioned or marked to ensure they’re easy to find?
Exits must be located to be clearly visible, or their locations must be clearly indicated (Sentence 9.9.11.2.(1)).
What must be done if a vehicle or storage could block an exit door?
A visible sign prohibiting obstructions must be permanently mounted on the exterior side of the door if it’s subject to being blocked by a parked vehicle or storage (Sentence 9.9.11.2.(2)).
When is an exit sign required above or near an exit door?
Except as per Sentence (7), every exit door needs a sign over or adjacent to it if serving:
(a) A building 3 storeys in height,
(b) A building with an occupant load > 150, or
(c) A room or floor area with a fire escape as part of the egress (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(1)).
What features must exit signs have to guide people safely?
They must:
(a) Be visible on approach,
(b) Use a green pictogram with a white or lightly tinted symbol per ISO 3864-1, “Graphical Symbols – Safety Colours and Safety Signs – Part 1,” and
(c) Conform to ISO 7010, “Graphical Symbols – Safety Colours and Safety Signs,” for symbols:
(i) E001 (emergency exit left),
(ii) E002 (emergency exit right),
(iii) E005 (90° directional arrow),
(iv) E006 (45° directional arrow) (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(2)).
How should internally illuminated exit signs be powered and constructed?
They must be continuously illuminated and:
(a) If powered by an electrical circuit, conform to CSA C22.2 No. 141, “Emergency Lighting Equipment,” or
(b) If not electrically powered, conform to CAN/ULC-S572, “Photoluminescent and Self-Luminous Exit Signs,” and be labeled with their tested duration (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(3)).
How must externally illuminated exit signs be maintained?
They must be illuminated at all times by a light fixture supplied by an electrical circuit (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(4)).
What rules apply to the electrical setup for exit sign lighting?
The circuitry must:
(a) Serve no equipment except emergency lighting in the exit sign area, and
(b) Be connected to an emergency power supply per Sentences 9.9.12.3.(2), (3), and (7) (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(5)).
When are directional signs needed if an exit isn’t visible?
A sign with an arrow or indicator per Clauses (2)(b) and (c) is required where no exit is visible from:
(a) A public corridor,
(b) A corridor used by the public, or
(c) A principal route for an open floor area with an occupant load > 150 (Sentence 9.9.11.3.(6)).
Do all hotel exits need signs, even those opening directly outside?
In buildings 3 storeys in height, any part of an exit ramp or stairway continuing past the lowest exit level must be clearly marked to show it doesn’t lead to an exit if the lower portion could be mistaken as the exit direction (Sentence 9.9.11.4.(1)).
What details must floor numbers have on exit stair doors in a building?
Arabic numerals indicating the assigned floor number must:
(a) Except in hotels, be mounted on the stair side of the wall at the latch side of exit stair shaft doors,
(b) In hotels, be mounted on each side of exit stair shaft doors,
(c) Be ≥ 60 mm (2-3/8 in) high, raised ~0.8 mm (1/32 in) above the surface,
(d) Be at 1500 mm (59-1/16 in) from the finished floor, ≤ 300 mm (11-13/16 in) from the door, and
(e) Contrast in color with the surface (Sentence 9.9.11.5.(1)).
Which parts of a building are covered by the lighting requirements for exits?
This Subsection applies to the lighting of all means of egress except those within dwelling units (Sentence 9.9.12.1.(1)).
How bright must the lighting be in key exit areas of a building?
Every exit, public corridor, or corridor providing public access to exit must have illumination ≥ 50 lx (4.65 fc) average at floor or tread level, and at points like angles, intersections, or changes with stairs/ramps (Sentence 9.9.12.2.(1)).
What’s the lowest acceptable lighting level in exit areas?
The minimum illumination per Sentence (1) must be ≥ 10 lx (0.93 fc) (Sentence 9.9.12.2.(2)).
Where must emergency lighting be installed in a building?
Emergency lighting is required in:
(a) Exits,
(b) Principal routes to exits in open floor areas,
(c) Corridors used by the public,
(d) Underground walkways, and
(e) Public corridors (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(1)).
How should emergency lighting be powered to ensure safety?
It must be provided from a source of energy separate from the building’s electrical supply (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(2)).
How long must emergency lighting stay on after a power failure?
It must be automatically actuated for ≥ 30 min when the electric lighting in the affected area is interrupted (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(3)).
What’s the minimum brightness level for emergency lighting in a building?
Illumination must be ≥ 10 lx (0.93 fc) average at floor or tread level (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(4)).
What’s the lowest brightness allowed for emergency lighting?
The minimum illumination per Sentence (4) must be ≥ 1 lx (0.093 fc) (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(5)).
How much incandescent lighting is enough to meet emergency requirements?
Lighting equal to 1 W/m² (0.093 W/ft²) of floor area is considered to meet the 10 lx requirement in Sentence (4) (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(6)).
What standard must self-contained emergency lighting units follow?
They must conform to CSA C22.2 No. 141, “Emergency Lighting Equipment” (Sentence 9.9.12.3.(7)).
