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Construction Technology > Building Services > Flashcards

Building Services Flashcards

1
Q

How can you tell the difference between a VRF and VRV system?

A

VRV is the trademark term copywrited by Dakin, whilst VRF is the same system produced by other companies

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2
Q

What is the difference between a three phase and a single phase supply?

A

The primary differences between single phase vs 3 phase AC are the consistency of power delivery and load capacity. The delivery of power in single-phase systems peaks and dips. Three-phase systems combine alternative currents in varying phases, which ensures that the power delivery never drops below the maximum.

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3
Q

What is the voltage of small power socket?

A

230V

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4
Q

What is in a consumer unit?

A

Consumer unit located externally where power enter the property.

Mains switch to turn on/off power to premises.

Most consumer units are fitted with Residual current device (RCD) and miniature circuit breaker (MCBs) which disconnects the electrical supply in the event of surge current.

Each circuit should be clearly identified with a diagram and have a label stating when the last inspection was undertaken.

Earthing: yellow and green cable to earth current in the event of a fault.

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5
Q

What approved document applies to electrical installations?

A

Part P - Electrical Safety

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6
Q

What approved document applies to gas installations?

A

Part J - Combustion Appliances and Fuel Storage Systems

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7
Q

What plant might you typically find on a roof?

A

Chillers

Condensers

Air handling Units

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8
Q

What plant might you typically find in a basement?

A

Utility service intakes for gas, electricity, water and telecoms

Boilers

Transformers

Generators

Switchrooms

Water Storage

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9
Q

What approved document applies to drainage installations?

A

Part H - Drainage and Waste Disposal

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10
Q

What are the three types of collection system?

A

Combined: Both foul and surface water are discharged into the same sewer. This system has the cheapest layout as it requires only one set of pipes.

Separate: one carrying foul water to the treatment works, the other carrying surface water (which requires no treatment) to the nearest water course of river.

Partly separate: separate within building but join one sewer.

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11
Q

What is an inspection chamber?

A

Typically formed of concrete, brick, or UPVC, they are chamber to provide means of access to drains not exceeding 1M.

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12
Q

What is a manhole?

A

To access very deep drains a manhole is required with in-built steps to provide enough space to work in at drain level.

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13
Q

What are typical issues with drains?

A

Cracked pipes, root damage, insufficient fall, blockages.

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14
Q

What is sustainable urban drainage?

A

Sustainable urban drainage is a systems that are designed to regulate surface water run off to control the level of ground water during periods of intense rainfall.

They have been developed to address the issue of flooding caused by high levels impermeable paving and in sufficient existing sewer capacity in urban areas.

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15
Q

What SUD systems are you aware of?

A

Soakaways, attenuation, permeable paving and swales.

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16
Q

What is Concrete Block Permeable paving?

A

It is a form of permeable paving designed to absorb surface water, which percolates through gaps between the bricks and into a subbase which filters and cleans the water, temporarily storing it in the sub base before slowly releasing it into the ground.

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17
Q

What is a soakaway?

A

An excavations which is then filled with a perforated geo-cellular unit filled with rubble and wrapped in a geotextile membrane. It provides storm water attenuation and treatment by percolating and slowly discharging (‘soaking away’) water into the surrounding soil.

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18
Q

What is attenuation?

A

An attenuation system temporarily holds water before slowly releasing it back into a watercourse of sewer system, controlling the volumes of water entering the sewer.

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19
Q

What is a swale?

A

A shallow vegetated channel used to collect and move water, providing storage and infiltration, as well as capturing silt and soil and thereby treating pollution.

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20
Q

What are the two types of soil and waste pipe system?

A

Two pipe system - It is the most traditional system which comprises of two separate pipes which are not connected. One pipe receives sewage water from soil appliances (wc’s and urinals), and the other receives from waste appliances (hand basins and showers).

One pipe vented system - although the soil and waste appliances discharge into the same pipes, an additional and separate ventilating pipe prevents ‘siphonage’ of water traps caused by pressure differences within the system

Single stack system - dominant since 1960’s. Appliances are closely grouped around the discharge stack. The slope and distances of the branch connections must be kept within the design limitations to prevent loss of trap on sanitary appliances. Cost effective and saves space but appliances can be limited distance from stack.

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21
Q

What are the distances for single stack systems under Part H?

A

Wash-hand basins distances should be limited to 2 to 3m

baths can extend up to 4m

WCs as much as 6m.

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22
Q

What are the three categories of water?

A

White - clean/potable

Grey - waste water from showers, bath and washbasins

Black - foul water / water from toilets that may be contaminate.

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23
Q

What are common methods to provide hot water?

A

Gas boiler

Instantaneous electric water heating

24
Q

What is legionella and how can is be managed?

A

A harmful bacterial that causes legionnaires disease which is a potentially fatal form of pneumonia.

Need to test water regularly.

25-45 degrees is suitable for growth. Need to maintain hot water at over 60 degrees and cold water below 20 degreess.

25
Q

What is LUX a measure of?

A

Illuminance

26
Q

What should emergency lighting have?

A

A battery pack

27
Q

What is HVAC?

A

An acronym for heating ventilation and air conditioning, an umbrella term for equipment that provides these services.

28
Q

Why is machinal ventilation required?

A

Helps to moderate internal temperature

Moderates internal humidity

Replenishes oxygen and removes CO2

creates air movement improving the comfort of occupants

29
Q

What is an air handling unit?

A

In commercial development, air handling units typically drive the ventilation of the building by drawing in fresh air and distributing it around the building as well as extracting state air.

30
Q

What is heat recovery ventilation?

A

A heat recovery system draws the heat from the extracted air and passes it to the air which is being filtered in from outside using a heat exchanger, reducing the energy required to heat the incoming air.

31
Q

Where would you find an AHU?

A

AHU’s are typically located inside the building although you can also find these within rooftop plant rooms and its becoming more common to find robust, weather tight, AHU’s sitting out in the open on the roof

32
Q

What heating systems are you aware of?

A

gas boiler

heat pumps

chiller

33
Q

What are the main types of air conditioning systems?

A

Single split - one outdoor unit for every indoor unit.

Multi split - uses fewer outdoor units to run multiple indoor units.

VRF - unlike air conditioning they can provide heating and cooling at the same time. they are suited to buildings with multiple spaces with varying heating and cooling requirements such as a hotel.

34
Q

What are the two types of chiller unit?

A

Water cooled: Produces chilled water that is piped to air handling units (or fan coil units) where it is used to cool the air that ventilated the building. Once circulated, the warm water returns to the chiller to be cooled.

35
Q

What are the pros and cons of VRF verses the use of chiller?

A

VRF units typically have smaller footprint and are easier and cheaper to install. They are most effective in facilities that require a zoned climate.

36
Q

What are the pros and cons of a gas boiler?

A

Pros

  • cheaper than electric
  • condensing boilers generally quiet energy efficient
  • capable of meeting higher demand
  • 10 year warranties available

Cons

  • bad for the environment
  • ban on gas boiler from 2025
37
Q

What are the pros and cons of an electric boiler?

A

Pros

  • flexible installation anywhere in home as no need for a flue
  • more energy efficient that gas
  • few moving parts and no requirement for annual service, therefore theoretically lower maintenance costs

Cons

  • Whilst do not directly produce emission in heating, you need to be on a green tariff
  • warranties typically only last 2-3 years
  • ideal for small homes but cannot meet high demans
38
Q

What are the pros and cons of an air source heat pump and how does it work?

A

The outside air is drawn over a network of tubes filled with refrigerant which increase in temperature and turns into a gas before being passed through a compressor which increase the heat further. The heated gas then passes into an exchanger surrounding by cool air or water to which its heat is transferred.

Pros

  • heat pumps are more energy efficient
  • government offer grant of £5,000 to install
  • zero carbon if on green tarrif.

Cons

  • expensive to install - require both a plumber and electrician
  • due to lower temperature output they work best with underfloor heating as it provide a large emitted.
  • can be noisy in operation.
39
Q

What are the pros and cons of an air source heat pump and how does it work?

A

The outside air is drawn over a network of tubes filled with refrigerant which increase in temperature and turns into a gas before being passed through a compressor which increase the heat further. The heated gas then passes into an exchanger surrounding by cool air or water to which its heat is transferred.

Pros

  • heat pumps are more energy efficient
  • government offer grant of £5,000 to install
  • zero carbon if on green tariff.

Cons

  • expensive to install - require both a plumber and electrician
  • due to lower temperature output they work best with underfloor heating as it provide a large emitted.
  • can be noisy in operation.
40
Q

What are the pros and cons of a ground source heat pump and how does it work?

A

Work on the premise that the temperature of the earth is higher than the air temperature in winter months. Heat from the ground is absorbed by fluid running the a ground loop. This then passes to a heat exchanger at high pressure and a heat pump is then use to increase the temperature further and transfer the heat to water.

Pro

  • low running costs
  • energy efficient and low carbon
  • virtually silent

Cons

  • high installation cost
  • efficiency affected by soil type
  • difficult for retrofit due to requirement for external space an compatibility with existing system.
41
Q

What is some typical IT installations in buildings?

A

communication system

Internet services and data

Audio-visual equipment

server rooms

access control

CCTV

42
Q

What is BMS?

A

Building management systems are a centralised computer-based systems used to monitor and control building services such as heating and cooling, ventilation, lighting, power distribution and energy consumption.

43
Q

What is the benefit of building management systems?

A

Help building manager to understand how buildings are operating and adjust systems to optimise their performance by providing data and allowing ease of control.

44
Q

What are the main types of sprinkler?

A

Wet pipe

Dry pipe

pre-action system

deluge systems

45
Q

What is a gas suppression system?

A

Unlike conventional sprinklers which use water, gas suppression systems extinguish fires by removing oxygen content to below 15% where most materials do not burn.

They are most commonly found in server rooms where other forms of fire fighting may cause water damage to electrical goods.

46
Q

What ate the two different fire alarm systems?

A

Addressable, where the fire panel can identify the exact device that has triggered the alarm.

Non-addressable, where the zone or area would be identified as the source of the fire which can slow down the finding process.

47
Q

Where is the fire panel typically located?

A

Near the entrance to the building.

48
Q

What are the categories of alarm?

A

Category p: protects the building only

Category M: manual fire alarm that relies on building occupants to activate an alarm.

Category L: Maximum fire protection, features detectors in all areas of the building linked to a centralised system.

49
Q

What methods of fire detection are typically found in buildings?

A

smoke detectors

heat detectors

manual call points

50
Q

What is a riser?

A

vertical water main fitted into a staircase enclosure with outlet valves at each floor level allowing fire and rescue personnel to pressurise the main for the appliances when fighting fires.

51
Q

Under approved doc B, when are dry and wet risers required respectively?

A

A fire main (dry or wet riser) is required in all buildings over 18m in height. When a building is over 50m in height then a wet rising main is required.

52
Q

What is CAD?

A

CAD (computer aided design) is a digital designing software than can produce 2D and 3D drawings to visualise the construction which has replaced manual drafting of drawing.

53
Q

What is BIM?

A

Building Information Modelling is a process for creating and managing information on a construction project across the project lifecycle. One of the key outputs of this process is the Building Information Model, the digital description of every aspect of the built asset. This model draws on information assembled collaboratively and updated at key stages of a project.

54
Q

What is the significance of BIM?

A

We need to improve productivity in the industry.

It reduces risk by constructing a digital twin of the building prior to construction. It ensures all the elements fit together digitally before passing those designs on to the construction team.

When BIM handed over to building owner is becomes the ‘asset information model’ and can be used when undertaking refurbishments.

55
Q

What is the internet of things?

A

The network of physical objects (“things”) that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. We can then use this data to identify trends and move towards more accurate predictive maintenance.

Construction Technology (12 decks)

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