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Building Construction > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Construction types

A

TYPE I- FIRE -RESISTIVE
TYPE II- PROTECTED NONCOMBUSTIBLE OR NON COMBUSTIBLE
TYPE III- EXTERIOR PROTECTED ( MASONARY OR ORDINARY)
TYPE IV- HEAVY TIMBER
TYPE V - WOOD FRAME

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2
Q

Area of refuge

A

Not required in sprinkler buildings
Must be equipped with 2 way communication

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3
Q

Green design

A

Primary hazard of green design is a tendency of components to a crease to combustibility of the overall building They have smaller dimensions in are more likely to fail under fire and fire suppression

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4
Q

Existing infrastructure

A

Primary concern is the water quantity needed for fire protection systems flow rate

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5
Q

Heat transfer

A

2 methods convection and thermal radiation
The 3rd Method of transfer conduction is not usually considered a factor in spreading fire between buildings

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6
Q

Convection, thermal radiation definitions

A

Convection involves the transfer of heat energy through the movement of hot smoke and fire gasses
Thermal radiation is the transfer of heat energy through space by electro magnetic waves
Higher temps move to lower temps

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7
Q

Exposure facts

A

Fire temperature is one factor in determining whether a fire will progress to an exposure the flames height in with are also relevant

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8
Q

3 levels of exposures

A

Light, moderate, or severe the levels are based on the fire load in the flame spread rating of the wall and ceiling finishes of the burning building

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9
Q

3 primary strategies in a fire incident

A

Offensive, defensive, transitional

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10
Q

Building construction designated by 3 digit number code

A

1st digit is the fire resistance rating in hours of exterior bearing walls
2nd digit fire resistant rating of structural frames or columns and girders that support loads of more than one floor
3rd digit fire resistance rating of the floor construction

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11
Q

Fire resistive

A

Fire resistance construction is classified by the process of non combustible structural components that have fire resistance readings within a specified range

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12
Q

Type 1non combustible materials

A

Most commonly constructed using a protected steel frame or reinforce concrete
Unprotected steel has no fire resistance it must be protected by insulating material

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13
Q

Type one combustible materials

A

Limited use of combustible materials are allowed in type one
Roof Coverings, Interior floor finishes, anterior wall finishes and trims, doors and door frames, window sashes and frames, platforms, nailing in furring strips, light transmitting plastics, foam plastics subject to restrictions

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14
Q

Type 2 construction protected non combustible or non combustible man

A

Steel concrete black glass and aluminum can mean use with limited structural role building codes also allow the use of combustible materials and take to construction for application similar to those in type one construction

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15
Q

Type 2 roof coverings

A

Some building codes containing a provision to omit the fire resistive rating for a roof construction for some occupancy types when the roof is located at more than 20’ above the floor

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16
Q

Type 2 a protected structures

A

Requires that structural components have One hour fire resistance

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17
Q

Type ll-B unprotected

A

Allows structural components to remain unprotected in unprotected non combustible construction the major structural components have no fire resistance.
Unprotected steel is the most calming characteristics of unprotected non combustible construction

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18
Q

Type 3 construction ordinary

A

Typically constructed with exterior walls of masonary
Nfpa Type lll 2-0-0 Unprotected steel is sometimes used to support combustible members

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19
Q

Hazards of type lll construction

A

Is conceal spaces created between floor and ceiling Joists
Conceal species in type 3 construction must contain appropriate fire stops

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20
Q

Type lv heavy timber

A

Sometimes called mill construction exterior walls are normally of masonary construction in the interior structural components are combustible
Zeal species are not permitted between structural components and type 4 construction
Type 4 construction the beams columns floors and roofs are made of solid or laminated wood with dimensions greater than in type 3 construction

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21
Q

Type 4 construction requirements

A

Min dimension of 6x10 inch for floor construction

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22
Q

Hazard of a type 4 construction

A

Primary fire hazard associated with type 4 construction is the relatively large amount of fuel present and structural supports in addition the interior of the building may have traces of oils in residues from previous industrial use

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23
Q

Type 5 wood frame

A

O major structural components are permitted to be of combustible construction

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24
Q

Hazards of type 5 construction

A

Hazards of type 5 construction is the presence of extensive conceal void these conceal spaces provide avenues for extension of fire within a building

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25
Q

Fire load

A

Fire load is the total quantity of combustible material in a compartment

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26
Q

Fire resistant describes what properties of material

A

Combustibility
Thermo conductivity
Chemical composition
Density
Dimensions
Fire resistance indicates the ability of a structural assembly to maintain its load bearing capacity and structural integrity under fire conditions

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27
Q

Laboratory testing

A

The most common method used to determine fire resistant

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28
Q

Laboratory fail requirements

A

failure to support in applied Load
Temperature increase on the unexposed side of a wall for roof assembly Of 250ﾟ Above ambient temperature
Passage of heat or flame through this sembly sufficient to ignite cotton waste
Access temperature on steel numbers

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29
Q

What ways are tests subjects for fire resistant ratings Expressed

A

15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour and a 1 1/2 hours 3 hours 4 hours the number is rounded down to the nearest interval

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30
Q

E 119 test

A

Only standardized test method currently universally accepted by building codes
The standard task evaluates the ability of structural assemblies to carry a structural load in to act as A fire barrier

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31
Q

Reactions R Definitions

A

The forces within a structural support system that resist applied loads are referred to as

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32
Q

Gravity

A

Is the most common load imposed on a structure via the weight of the structure’s components contents in any occupancy activity

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33
Q

Types of stresses

A

Tension- pulls the material apart
Compression- Squeezes the material
Shear- Slides one plane of a material pass in adjacent plane

Example concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength

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34
Q

Stress is caused by external load Alignments

A

Axial load
Eccentric load
Torsional load

Failure due to stress may include visible indicators such as cracking, crumbling, bending ,and breaking

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35
Q

Static loads

A

Static loads are steady or are applied gradually

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36
Q

Dynamic loads definition…………..
Dynamic loads could be when, moving vehicles karma earthquakes, vibration, fallen objects, energy or meeting its work

A

Involve motion in are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involved

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37
Q

Water loads

A

This Load may be dynamic as water flow or static as accumulated water.
Example stream discharge in 250 gallons per minute can impact a target with 2080 pounds of water per minute

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38
Q

Water loads

A

In high rise buildings accumulated water
DE watering operations will be necessary because water at a depth of 3” adds a static load of 21 pounds per square foot

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39
Q

What does the kinetic energy Air manifest as?

A

Wind

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40
Q

Wind loads

A

Direct Pressure straight line winds apply force to a surface
Drag
Negative -pressure when may produce a suction effect on the downward side of the building resulting in outward pressure
Rocking
Vibration
Clean off- When may dislodge or move objects from a building surface

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41
Q

When designing buildings what is the primary consideration?

A

When designing buildings to withstand when forces direct pressure is used as the primary consideration

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42
Q

Earthquakes seismic activity

A

As tectonic plates along a fault line or zone move or slip they produce vibrations

50 year period a typical expected lifespan of a building

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43
Q

Seismic load types

A

Lateral loads that create horizontal motion are the most significant force generated by an earthquake

Torsional loads are applied to a Structural member that is twisted by seismic motion

Resonantis seismic waves affect some buildings differently than others due to the resonate of the earthquake and each building’s features

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44
Q

Accommodations for sizement forces

A

Expansion joints
Dampening mechanisms
Base isolation

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45
Q

Dampening mechanism

A

Absorbs resonant energy For as the structure begins to move they are typically installed at the connections between columns and beams

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46
Q

Base isolation

A

Isolates the building from the horizontal movement of the Earth’s surface

Shear systems - elastomeric bearings placed in a layer between the building in the foundation the bearings change the fundamental resonance of the building.

Sliding systems- Special plates that slide on each other to isolate the building from horizontal shear force this system is a less common method of building isolation

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47
Q

Structural stiffening accommodations

A

Sheer walls in cross bracing for effective against ground motions with a relatively long slow vibrational.

Redundant structural members support the entire system making collapse less likely to occur

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48
Q

Soil pressure load

A

So I’ll exerts a lateral load pressure against a foundation this load must be evaluated in the design process

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49
Q

Structural accommodations for loads

A

A bean is a structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its longitudinal dimension

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50
Q

Types of beams

A

Simply supported beams supported beneath both ends and free to rotate

Restrained beams- Rigidly supported at each end under fire conditions a rigidly supported beam may retain its load bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam because the end restraints provide more resistance to the applied stresses

Cantalever beans supported at 1 end
Overhanging beams

Continuous beams may have several vertical supports the whole length

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51
Q

Fact about Beams

A

The top Flange of the beam carries compressive stresses
The bottom flange of the beam carries tensile stresses

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52
Q

Columns

A

Are structural members designed to support in axial load
The stresses created within D column is primarily compressive
Tall thin columns field by buckling short squat Columns Fail by crushing

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53
Q

Facts about arches

A

Curved structural member with primarily compressive interior stresses
R choose are used to carry loads across a distance

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54
Q

Trusses

A

R freyne structural units made up of group of triangles in one plane
the top and bottom members of a truss are called chords

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55
Q

Space frames

A

Our 3 dimensional trust structures they offer the advantage of to dimension trusses and terms of economic use of material

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56
Q

Load bearing walls

A

Low barren walls are commonly placed at the exterior of a structure but they may also include internal walls

load bearing walls carry compressive loads and provide lateral support to the structure along the length of the wall

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57
Q

Rigid frame structural system

A

Characterize by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the bending stress through the joint

Rigid frame buildings are often single story in height with a gabled roof

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58
Q

Membrane structures

A

Building codes typically a dress membrane structures with a life of a 180 days or more while fire codes addressed those used for less than 180 days

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59
Q

Advantages of membrane structures

A

Fabric weighs less than other roof systems about 2 pounds per square foot

Membrane structures can be erected in less time

Fabrics can flex and absorb some of the stresses caused by seismic and wind forces

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60
Q

Shell structures

A

Are often constructed with concrete in regular geometric shapes such as cones domes barrel vaults and folded plates

Most commonly constructed of concrete

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61
Q

Convenience stairs

A

Stairs that are not part of the means of I grass typically they are stairs that are open and connect only 2 levels per cold limitations

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62
Q

Straight run stairs definition

A

Street run stairs extend in one direction for their entire length

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63
Q

Return stairs definition

A

Have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point
This type of steer design is common in modern construction

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64
Q

Scissor stairs

A

Are 2 separate sets of stairs constructed in a common shaft

The modern design arrangement for scissor stairs allows for in grass and negress that each floor landing this feature is used to provide additional exit capacity

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65
Q

Circular stairs

A

Only serving 2 levels

The minimum with of the run is usually 10” The small radius of the full circle is greater than or = twice the widest part of the stair tread

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66
Q

Spiral stairs

A

Consist of a series of steps spiraling around a single column to fit in a very small space

Sparrow stairs are allowed as part of the means of egress only within residences

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67
Q

Folding stairs definition

A

They are actually latter’s used to provide access to an attic space that does not have a perminent access stair

Firefighter should be aware that Springs in folding stairs lose tension rapidly when exposed to heat in the stair assembly may swing down into the structure during fire it can also provide a vertical path for fire and smoke spread

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68
Q

Smoke proof stair enclosures

A

Building codes require a minimum of one smoke proofs their enclosure for stares serve and buildings 5 stories or higher

Protection for stairs serving floor levels more than 30’ below the level of exit discharge also requires protection

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69
Q

Active versus passive fire protection

A

Active fire protection- uses moving mechanical or electric parts that work as a system in require a power source for operation Building systems may include automatic sprinkler systems or fire alarms

Passive fire protection- Does not require any system activate tion or movement pacifier protection relies on building construction and materials to contain fire or products of combustion examples fire walls or stair enclosures

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70
Q

Open stairs restriction

A

Building codes typically allow the use of open stairs and buildings only when they connect no more than 2 adjacent floors above the basement level

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71
Q

Mechanical conveyor systems

A

Compare systems penetrate fire barriers they’re protected by fire doors shutters water spray fire suppression systems

Incomplete door or shudder closure is a primary safety hazard at a conveyor penetration doing a fire

Safeguards against that automatic stop controls breaks in the conveyor multiple layers of doors are shutters

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72
Q

Moving stairs

A

Escalator speeds are standardize at a 100’ per minute older escalated usually operate at speeds of either 90 or a 120’ per minute

Vertical penetrations for escalators serving more than 2 floors must be protected the most common protection is to use closely spaced sprinklers and draft stops around the opening

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73
Q

Requirements for vertical penetration in moving stairways

A

Combine these 2 features may be arranged as an 18” deep draught stop with a row of automatic sprinklers on all sides outside the draft stop

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74
Q

Elevators

A

Search 2 or more a levels or landings
Enclose hoisting and lowering mechanisms
Provides access to above or below grade stories
Uses a car or platform that moves along guide rails

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75
Q

Types of elevators

A

Passenger elevators
Freight elevators
Service elevators
2 most common types of power used in elevators are hydraulic and electric

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76
Q

Hydraulic elevators

A

Uses hydraulic fluid to raise and lower the car
The upper limit for the hydraulic elevator is 6 stories

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77
Q

Electric elevators

A

Drum elevators are obsolete only in older buildings

Traction elevators are the most common type of elevator and buildings over 6 tours traction elevators are fast and do not have the height limitations of either hydraulic or drum type elevator

Power supply is 500 Volts

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78
Q

Elevator hoistways

A

Single, multiple, blind
Elevator Hoist ways Are required to be fire rated as assembly with a 1 or 2 hour rating

Codes require venting at the top of the hoistways
For more elevators must have a minimum of 2 separate hoist ways

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79
Q

Blind hoist ways

A

Are used for express elevators that served the upper elevator zones in a tall building
In a single car voice way is use access doors will be provided for rescue purposes generally these are spaced every 3 floors

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80
Q

Refuse in laundry chutes

A

Sprinklers are required at the top of the shute and in its termination room

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81
Q

Fans for HVAC

A

Duck detectors are typically provided for fins with a capacities exceeding 2000 ft³ per minute
To stop these systems under fire conditions and minimize unwanted smoke movement

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82
Q

Forced air systems

A

The force air system in a multi story building often includes vertical ducts and a mechanical Room with a few minor exceptions the codes require the HVac ducts to be enclosed in a fire rated
shaft and closure of one hour rating for buildings less than 4 stories in height and 2 hr rating for buildings 4 stories are greater

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83
Q

Manual smoke control

A

When a system has both automatic in manual keep ability the manual operation shall take priority over the automatic control

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84
Q

Smoke vents
Vent types?

A

Draft curtains may be used in conjunction with smoke vents to increase their effectiveness
The depth of a curtain board will vary but should not be less than 20% of the ceiling height curtain board should be space so that they are not farther apart than 8 times the ceiling height

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85
Q

Pressurize stairways
Types of pressurization systems

A

Single injection system uses a fan to supply air to us they’re well at a single point

Multiple injection systems you several discharge points along and air so supply shaft running parallel to the stairway from that supply fan

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86
Q

Electrical equipment

A

High voltage is defined as 600 V or high or low voltage equipment operates at less than 600 V

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87
Q

Transformers

A

Convert high voltage electricity from the electric utility service to an appropriate voltage for building systems

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88
Q

2 types of cooling methods for Transformers

A

Air cooled- Called dry Transformers used the surrounding air to cool the unit through fins

Oil cooled- Boyle film Transformers contained oil to conduct heat away from the core in also to electrically insulate internal components from our arcing

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89
Q

Code for oil cool Transformers?

A

When Transformers are inside codes required that the transformer rooms or vaults being closed in 3 hour rated construction if not protected by automatic sprinklers or one hour rated construction with sprinklers

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90
Q

Generators

A

Operational requirements for hospitals and other critical facilities may be up to 48 hours or longer

Few storage should be located separately exception is a dating located in the same Room or mounted directly on the generator fire codes typically limit the tank to 60 gallons for diesel fuel

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91
Q

Interior finishes definition

A

Includes the materials used for the expose face of the walls and ceilings of a building
Plaster, gypsum, wallboard, wood paneling, ceiling tiles, plastic, fiber board, wallcoverings

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92
Q

Exterior finishes classified as trim

A

Do not exceed 10% of the wall and ceiling area
Distributed through the space
Do not constitute a large continuous surface

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93
Q

Surface burning characteristics

A

Flame spread over a specific material can be measured and predicted in degrees By evaluating composition thickness, ventilation, shape and size of a compartment, finish material on the ceiling or wall

Most significant factor that determines a fuels burn rate is the combination of the fuel and the available oxygen

94
Q

Thin surface treatments

A

Building called usually exclude reference to surface treatments such as paint and wallpaper that are no thicker than 1/28th of an inch

95
Q

Fire retarded Coatings

A

Intumescent coating
Mastix
Gas forming paints
Cementituous and mineral fiber coatings

Intumescent paints expand upon exposure to heat and create a thick puffy coating that insulates the wood surface from heat and excludes oxygen

Mastic- Form a thick non combustible coating over the surface of the wood

96
Q

Fire retardant coatings hazards

A

Code officials do not accept fire return it treatments for perminent applications
Reasons coatings must be applied to specific rate of square feet per gallon and may require more than one coat
Only protects the coated surface not the untreated backside
A material to be fire retardant must be tested and listed for use in a fire resistive assembly

97
Q

What is the standard tests used for measuring the surface burning characteristics of interior finish

A

Asthma e-84 uses the STEINER TUNNEL
Consists of a horizontal test furnace 25’ long 17.5” wide and 12” high and a 5000 BTU flame is produced in the tunnel

98
Q

Flames spread rating

A

Interior finishes are tested to derive several measures of a materials flammability including the flames spread rating in the smoke developed rating
The higher the flame spread rating the more rapidly flame will spread
Flame spread ratings over 200 are not permitted in occupancies

99
Q

Floor coverings

A

Worth the flame spread rating developed in the ASTM E84 test does not apply to floor coverings
When carpet is use as for a floor or ceiling finish the carpet must meet the same plane spread criteria as other wall and ceiling finishes

100
Q

Smoke developed ratings

A

The smoke developed rating is a measure of the relative visual obscurity in an area because of the smoke generated by a burning material
Red oak is used as a standard testing material is a sign I smoke develop reading of 100 under test conditions of material with a smoke developed rating of 200 produces smoke that is twice as visually obscuring as red oak codes do not allow a combination of materials that exceed a maximum smoke developed rating of 450

101
Q

Limitations of test findings

A

The large variety of combinations of products used in most occupants ys will not limit the exact match between test results in conditions in these occupancy

Test results should be use as benchmarks not guaranteed outcomes

102
Q

Fire walls

A

Must have sufficient fire resistance and structural stability to serve as an absolute barrier to eat fire and structural collapse on either side of the wall

103
Q

Freestanding walls

A

Are self supporting with respect to Eve word acle load
Freestanding fire walls are usually found in buildings of type 3 or 4 construction

Freestanding walls must be designed to resist a lateral load of a least 5 pounds per square foot

104
Q

Parapet walls

A

Fire walls must extend beyond walls and roofs to prevent the radiant heat of flames on one side of the fire wall arming igniting adjacent surfaces continue into wall through the roof with a Parapet wall is sufficient separation

Parapet height above a combustible roof varies from 18 to 36”

105
Q

Fire resistant ratings of fire walls

A

ICC allows fire walls with fire resistant radiance of 2, 3, 4 hours depending on occupancy
Historically fire walls were required to have 4 hours fire resistance

106
Q

Fire partitions

A

interior walls that do not qualify as fire walls but are used to subdivide a floor or area of a building fire petitions are not required to extend continuously through a building usually erected from a floor to the underside of the floor above

For example partition wall and close in in exit corridor may have won our fire rating that can be reduced when sprinkler systems is in stalled

107
Q

Enclosure and shaft walls
Enclosure walls are required to have a fire resistance rating of 1 to 2 hours stairwells in buildings 4 stories or lower a required to have a 1 hour rated enclosure buildings taller than 4 stories stairwells are required to have to a 2 hr rated enclosures

A

The purpose of enclosure walls is to block the vertical spread of fire through a building’s openings
Stairwells, stairwell exit passage ways, elevator shafts, pipe cheeses

108
Q

What are the most common construction materials used for enclosure walls?

A

Gypsum board with steel or wood studs
Lath and plaster
Concrete block
Hello clay Tile enclosure walls

109
Q

What is a curtain wall?

A

A style of wall designed to separate the interior environment from the exterior environment
Curtain walls are often non load bearing

9 fire resist of curtain walls frequently extend from the floor to the ceiling of one level

110
Q

Fire door classifications

A

Fire doors are rated in increments of time from 20 minutes to 4 hours

the 1/2 hr and 1/3 doors a primarily used in smoke barriers in openings to corridors

111
Q

Fire door rating system

A

Class a openings in fire wall
Class B openings in vertical shafts in openings into our raid it partitions
Class C openings between Rome’s in corridors having a fire resistance of one hour or less
Class D openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from the outside of a building
Class E openings in exterior walls subject to moderate or light exposure from the outside

112
Q

Fire door requirements

Redundancy in the code for example a code may require( 2 )3 hour fire doors to protect an opening in a 4 hour Wall

A

Codes require 3 or 4 hour read it doors in fire walls of greater than 2 hour rating
Doors rated at 1.5 hours are normally required for 2 hour read it vertical enclosures
One our doors are used for 1 hour vertical shaft enclosures and exit enclosures

113
Q

Types of fire doors

Should never be used in the path of egress

A

Rolling overhead door For closes under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts or a smoke detector releases the hold open device

Horizontal sliding doors are often found in older industrial buildings these doors are usually held open with the fusible link when the link is activated the door slides into position along the track either by gravity or by a force of a counterweight

114
Q

Type of fire doors

A

Swinging fire doors commonly protects stairwell enclosures in corridors
swinging fire doors are available with ratings from 20 minutes to 3 hours

Special fire doors Include horizontally sliding accordion or folding doors Uses a motor and needs power
Horizontal sliding accordion doors are used where a fire rated partition is required

115
Q

Glazing

A

Fire doors are the most time in application of fire read it glazing doors with ratings up to 3 hours can be equipped with glazing
N FPA 80 requires the each piece of glazing installed in a fire door include a listing mark that remains visible after installation

116
Q

Test question on glazing

A

Fire doors with the reading of 1 to 3 hours can have glass panels up to 100 in² in area per door fire ratings of point 3/4 hour can have a total glass area consistent with their listing

117
Q

Fire door testing

A

Criteria for doors is that they must remain securely in its frame during the flame test.
Some warping permitted
Intermitted passage of flames is permitted after the 1st 30 minutes of the test
2nd criteria door must remain in place when subjected to a whole stream immediately following the fire test. This part not tested on 1/3 rated doors

118
Q

Marking for rated fire doors

A

Door type, hourly rating, identifying symbol of the testing laboratory
Marked with a label or plate on the top or on the hinge side of the door

119
Q

Soil properties

A

For 2 strategies used to it assess soil our test pits and test borings
Test pits may reach a depth up to 8 ft the strata layers of the soil to be observed in measured

Test borings or use when a test pit may not reach deep enough it provides information on bearing capacity of the soil and the water table

120
Q

Shallow foundations

A

The weight of one story of soil can equal 5 to 8 stories of a building dependent on the density of the soil and the construction features of the building

121
Q

Deep foundations
* When a pier is design with a footing it is known as a belled pier

A

Piles are driven into the ground and support a load by transferring the load either through friction with their surrounding soil or through contact with rock or other stable soil Layer

Piers- Post in pier foundations are a system of upright post mounted to wed she concrete piers that chance for the weight of the structure to the ground

122
Q

Foundation walls

A

Concrete in masonary brick or concrete block secured with mortar are the materials most commonly used for a foundation walls

123
Q

Building settlement

A

Settlement -downward movement
Heaving - outward movement
Lateral displacement- Outward movement of

124
Q

Symptoms of settlement include

A

Distorted building frame
Sloped floors
Cracked walls and glass
Improperly working doors and windows
Damage building utilities and systems

125
Q

Shoring in underpinning

A

Shoring is frequently necessary to support the structure until underpinning can be put into place
Shoring is refers to temporary supports
Underpinning refers to perminent supports

Underpinning may be necessary if there is excessive settlement, increased load on a foundation, excavation on adjacent property, erosion of soul from under or around the foundation

126
Q

Solid wood

A

Defects in Wood have a greatly reduce this comparison so the standard tensile strength of wood is considered about 700 psi
Structural lumber has 19% or less moisture is expressed in terms of specific gravity

127
Q

Laminated wood

A

The butt joint is easy to produce but can not be used where tensile stresses will be transmitted

Scarf and finger joints can be used to transmit tensile stresses

128
Q

Glulam beams

A

Research indicates that the heat of a fire has no effect on the adhesives that are used in contemporary glue Lam beams
GluLam beams are used frequently and heavy timber construction where greater length components are required

129
Q

Parallel strand lumber

A

Is the strongest of the 3 seo products and can be used for a heavily loaded columns and will and long Spans

130
Q

Thermo plastic

A

Composite lumber is would like product made from wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride ride PVC developed as an alternative to PT lumber
It is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of 80
Will melt like plastic

131
Q

Draft stopping

A

The usual requirement is for the attic space to be subdivided into areas of 3000 ft²

132
Q

Brick or stone veneer

A

Veneer must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of 16”
Under fire conditions the external layer of brick or stone veneer build and protects the wood frame from external exposure veneer adds little structural support

133
Q

Ignition temperature

A

Materials with low Ignition temperatures are easier to ignite the materials with high Ignition temperatures
Pyrolysis Thermal decomposition of wood begins at a temperature of 392ﾟ

134
Q

Ignition temperature depends on what?

A

Density of the wood
Size in form of the wood
Moisture content
Rate of heating
Nature of the heating source
Air supply

135
Q

Pyrolysis fact

A

Pyrolysis and Ignition can occur at lower than normally required if the wood is subjected to a temperature higher than ambient but lower than Ignition temperature

136
Q

Heat of combustion

A

The heat of combustion of a fuel is the total amount of thermal energy that can be released if the fuel is completely burned

It is measured in British thermal units BTU

137
Q

Fire retardant treatment of wood

A

2 methods of fire retardant treatments are
surface coating- Reduces flame spread
Pressure impregnation- A first the whole component Permanent

138
Q

Disadvantages and limitations of fire retardant treatments

A

Water soluble chemicals are not approved
Compliance with approved usage cannot be proven after application
A test question Fire retardant treatment reduces wood strength

139
Q

what our fire retardant treatments Composed of?

A

Combination of inorganic or organic salts
Ammonium phosphate , ammonium sulfate, boric acid zinc chloride ,sodium dichromate, borax

140
Q

Hygroscopic

A

The ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the air

When exposed to elevated temperatures plywood can absorb moisture and become brittle and crumbly

141
Q

Ignition resistance construction requirements

A

Fire resistance roof covering to Protect against In embers
Exterior wall that is either non combustible or has a one hour fire resistant rating
Limitations on size of attic and under floor vents

142
Q

Platform framing fact

A

Platform framing is more prone to shrinkage then balloon frame and because platform frame and makes use of more horizontal members in its frame then a balloon frame building Creating vertical movement

Kiln dried lumber minimize is affect

143
Q

Heavy timber Features

A

Trusses or beams can use be used as roof supports
Exterior walls are non load bearing panels with exterior siding

A test question
Internal support columns are not less than 8 by 8” and the beams (except roof beams )are not less then 6 by 10”

144
Q

Type 4 heavy timber construction

A

Has thicker dimensions
Does not allow combustible concealed spaces

145
Q

Engineered wood systems

A

Primary safety limitation is the possibility of swift collapse under fire conditions especially if void species are not protected by a non combustible covering or sprinkler system

146
Q

Masonary construction facts

A

The benefit of masonary components is their durability and resistance to whether fire and insects

The drawback to masonary construction is long term deterioration of mortar joints in the labor intensiveness of laying individual units by hand

147
Q

Brick manufacture

A

Placing clay and moles
Slice bricks to desired size
Kiln Dried at temperatures of 2400ﾟF the process takes 40 to a 150 hrs

148
Q

Concrete blocks

A

The most common is 8 by 8 by 16 Block

149
Q

Concrete blocks

A

The most common is 8 by 8 by 16 Block

150
Q

Mortar facts

A

The mortar joints are often the week is part of the wall
Compressive strengths ranging from 75PSI to 2500 psi

151
Q

Fire resistance of masonary walls

A

A wall the has not been undermined or weaken is usually the last structure to fail in a wood joisted building
Fire rated concrete units can have a fire resistance of 2 to 4 hours or more

152
Q

Construction of masonary walls

A

The weight that a wall can support will depend on the with of the wall and whether it is reinforced or non reinforced

153
Q

None load bearing masonry walls

A

Test question
Masonary can be used for non load bearing curtain walls or partitions jipson block in lightweight concrete block are limited to use in non load bearing partition walls

154
Q

Load bearing masonry walls

A

In a ordinary non reinforce load bearing wall the strength instability of the wall are derived from the weight of the masonary in horizontal bonding of each wythe of wall to other wall components

155
Q

Load bearing wall fact

A

Was that provide structural support from multi story buildings must be greater in thickness because masonary units in the lower portions of a wall must support the dead load weight of the upper portions of the wall

156
Q

Limitations of non reinforced masonary walls

A

Non-reinforced masonary walls are usually limited to a maximum height of 6 stories

157
Q

Brick and concrete block construction

A

Test question
Masonary units are laid side-by-side in a horizontal layer known as a course
A stretcher course has bricks Placed end to end
A soldier course has bricks place vertically on end
A header course has bricks placed with the ends facing out

158
Q

Reinforced masonary walls

A

Masonary wall that is reinforced with steel can have a reduced thickness
Walls can be constructed to a height of 10 stories or more with a wall thickness of only 12” when using reinforce masonary

159
Q

Openings in masonary walls

A

Lintels- Are the most common method of supporting loads over openings in masonary walls

Corbelling is used to improve that aesthetics of an arch

160
Q

Parapet wall

A

Extension of a masonary or steel wall the projects above the roof 1’ or more

161
Q

Collapse of masonary construction

A

Test question
Collapse zones are typically 1.5 times the height of the building all around the building’s perimeter

162
Q

Properties of steel and iron

A

Common structural steel has less than 3/10 of 1% carbon
Cast iron has a carbon content of 3 to 4%
The higher carbon content of cast iron makes the material hard but brittle

163
Q

Basic properties of steel

A

The following elements add it to still will altered the composition of the material contribute increase specific attributions
Molybdenum- strength
VANADIUM- STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS
MANGANESE - RESISTANCE OF STEEL TO ABRASIONS

164
Q

Steel ductility

A

The lower the carbon content of steel results in a material that is duck tile that means it can be shaped by rolling when heated to 2200ﾟF

165
Q

Steel facts

A

An unrestrained steel beam 20’ long can expand 1.4” pushing at lateral constraints
The deterioration of steel strength at elevated temperatures is the characteristic most significant to the fire service

166
Q

Fire protection of steel

A

In older buildings the steel framework was encased in brick or ordinary concrete a steel column and cased in 3” of concrete with a salacious aggregate would have a fire resistance of 4 hours

167
Q

Spray applied materials

A

Are efficient and and in expensive
The most commonly use SFR m’s are mineral fiber or expanded aggregate coding such as vermiculate perlite

168
Q

Fire insulating materials

A

The applied fireproofing can vary from 7/8 of an inch to 1 7/8 of an inch to produce a fire resist of rating of 1 to 4 hours

169
Q

Gypsum facts

A

Gypsum Includes approximately 20% in trapped water the water content enhances Gibson’s performance as a fire insulating material

The water turns to steam upon exposure to fire and then doing so absorbs the heat the process is known as calcination

Gypsum can be used to protect both columns and beams providing fire resistant ratings from 1 to 4 hours

170
Q

Intumescent coatings

A

When heated the material will expand to 15 to 30 times its original size

It is applied as pain they haven’t applied thickness of point .03 to.4” which is less than the thickness of the spray applied materials

171
Q

Membrane ceilings

A

Protects a steel floor or roof assembly the most common method is to use mineral tiles and a steel framework suspended by wires

The seal in materials act as a thermal barrier to protect the steel that supports the floor or ceiling above This will give a floor a fire rating of 1 to 3 hours

172
Q

Steel columns (Slenderness ratio)

A

Slenderness ratio compares the unbraced length of a column to the shape in area of its cross-section the higher the numerical value of the slenderness ratio the more likely it is that buckling will occur and general columns used for structural support and buildings should not have a slenderness ratio greater than 120

173
Q

Steel column fact

A

The slenderness ratio Is modified by the manner in which that ends are attached to the rest of the structure

Columns that are erected so they can not rotate at their ends have fewer tendencies to buckle then columns that are free to rotate

174
Q

Floor systems in steel framed buildings

A

Open Web joist
A common floor design in steel frame buildings uses lightweight concrete with the minimum thickness of 2” supported by corrugated steel decking

175
Q

steel beams

A

The steel joist are produced with depths of 6 to 12” and can be space 16 to 48” apart dependent on the span and the load to be supported

176
Q

Code modifications

A

Fire resistance ratings may be eliminated for Roof construction located more than 20’ above the floor below for some occupancy

Allowance is also made for reduction in fire resistance when in automatic sprinkler system is Present

177
Q

Collapse of steel structures

Test question
In gabled rigid frame structures the knee joint between the roof and the wall will be the strongest part of the frame and the last part to fail
The knee joint helps transfer the roof load to the vertical members

A

Test question
Steel connections both in the case of rigid connections used with beam in garter frames and heavy trusses frequently use a steel Web known as a gusset plate

The primary purpose of a gusset plate is to strengthen the connection and increase the steel mass at the connection decreasing the possibility of failure

178
Q

Admixtures for concrete

A

Shale or clinker- Reduce the density of the concrete
Superplasticizer- Produce a mixture that flows more freely
Coloring- Add it for aesthetic or safety reasons such as indicating Buried electrical cables

179
Q

Reinforced concrete

A

Concrete is strong in compression but weaker in tension. Rebar wire mash is added to overcome the tension

180
Q

Pre stressing reinforcing

A

2 common methods of pre stressing concrete are pretensioning and post tensioning

181
Q

Pre tensioned reinforcement concrete

A

Uses steel strands cables stretched between anchors producing a tensile force in the steel
Concrete is then placed around the steel strands in allowed to harden

182
Q

Post tensioned reinforcement

A

Uses reinforcing steel cables that are not tensioned until after the concrete is hard and to a certain strength the forces that are produced in the post tension eing process remained locked in the steel for the life of the assembly

183
Q

Collapse of pre stressed concrete

A

The systems using reinforcing cables in rods made of high strength steel that can yield at a temperature is low as 752ﾟF

Pre stressed concrete systems may be more vulnerable to failure than ordinary reinforce concrete

184
Q

Water to cement ratio

A

The single most important factor in determining the ultimate strength of concrete is the water to cement ratio

185
Q

Hardening of concrete

A

Is it chemical process known as hydration in which water combines with the particles of cement to form a Microscopic gel

Cures after 28 days

186
Q

Temperature for curing of concrete

A

In the process of curing concrete must be maintained at the correct temperature of 50ﾟ and 70ﾟ

187
Q

Slump test

A

Purpose of this test is to check the moisture content of a batch of concrete as indicated by the mount that the concrete’s saddles slumps after it is removed from the test mold

188
Q

Fire resistance of concrete construction

A

Has a rating of 1 to 4 hours
Fire resistance is affecting by density, thickness, quality, supported load, depth of concrete cover over the reinforcing bars

189
Q

Waffle construction

A

Slap in being concrete frame and features concrete beams run and in 2 directions is known as a 2 way slab construction

Waffle construction is use where spans are short and floor loadings are high this design provides a thicker slab while eliminating the weight of unnecessary Crane Creek in the bottom half of the slab

190
Q

A pre cast concrete slabs for floor systems

A

Salad slabs are used for short spins a to approximately 30’
T slabs can be used for spans up to 120’

191
Q

Tilt up construction

A

Is a common form of construction used with precast concrete
This dollar construction requires that the roof assembly maintain structural integrity value of the roof can result in failure of the wall from outward horizontal forces

192
Q

Rebar facts

A

The most commonly size used is # 5 ( 0.625 inches)

193
Q

Concrete beans

A

Are cast in the shape of tee. The wider area at the top of the T permits the concrete to support a greater load.

Stirrips- are Vertical reinforcing Bars that resist diagonal tension

194
Q

Roofs and firefighting

A

Test question
Many Types of roof construction have concealed spaces between the ceiling and the roof deck making it difficult to determine the extent to which a fire has developed overhead

195
Q

Pitched roofs

A

The pitch of a roof represents a major hazard to firefighters because the steepness of the roof results and the lack of secure footing

Low slope roofs 3/12
Med slope 4/12 to 12/12 which is a 45 degree angle
Churches or mansions can have 18/12 or greater too steep for FF

196
Q

Types of pitched roofs

A

Test question
Gable roof- Consists of 2 inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge
HIP ROOF- Slopes in 4 directions and has a degree of slope similar to the Gable roof.
GAMBREL ROOF- slope in 2 directions but there will be a break in the slope on each side. The space under a gambrel roof can be used as an attic or living space.
MANSARD ROOF- Has a break in the slope of the roof on all 4 sides
BUTTERFLY - Roof style that slopes in 2 directions to shed roofs that meet at their low point Center
MONITOR ROOF- Provides light and ventilation a race central section of the roof extends several feet above the surrounding roof surface Make a cupola.
SAWTOOTH ROOF- Commonly used in industrial buildings for light and ventilation vertical sections facing the North more constant daylight

197
Q

Curved roof fact

A

Curved roofs are most frequently supported by arches in bowstring trusses

198
Q

Conventional roof framing definition

A

Use incline members to support some types of pitch roofs that are built on site utilizing dimensional lumber

199
Q

A common truss

A

Becoming trust is a range with all of the chords in diag’nal members in the same plane

200
Q

Wood and steel trusses

A

FINK and PRATT trusses are the most common types used for pitched roofs

201
Q

Roof deck materials

A

The corrugated steel range from 29 gauge the thinness to 12 gauge the thickness the overall depth is from 3/4 of an inch to 2”

202
Q

Roof coverings factors

A

Expansion and contraction from rooftop temperatures that can range from over a 100ﾟF in this summer in the low 0ﾟ in the Winter must resist

203
Q

Wear course( roofing )

A

The where course protects the roof from mechanical abrasion built up reus that use gravel as a where course are commonly known as tar and gravel roofs
it also increases the resistance of the roof to spread fire from adjacent buildings

204
Q

Slate as a roofing material

A

1/16th of an inch to 1 1/2 inches life expectancy of a 150 years weighing 8 to 36 pounds per square foot

205
Q

Roof covering test
Test question

A

Class a roof coverings are effective against severe fire exposure
Class B ru coverings are effective against a moderate fire exposure
Classy roof coverings are effective against a light fire exposure

206
Q

Vegetation roof systems

A

Create a dead load on the roof dependent on the depth of the soil the dead load can vary from 20lb per square foot to a 150 pounds per square foot

207
Q

Skylights limitations

A

Materials used for skylights can only be plastic wired glass or tempered glass

208
Q

High rise construction type

A

Model building codes required 2 or 3 hour fire resistance for the structural frame of a high rise building

Dependent on the number of stories in occupancy ,2 hr fire resistance for floor construction

209
Q

Fire command in a high rise building

A

Typically a fire command center is located on the 1st floor or level of fire department access

The Room has a minimum one hour Fire separation From the rest of the building

210
Q

Emergency elevator use

A

Codes require a shunt trip where the elevator Heuss way or elevator Room is protected by automatic sprinklers this will shut down the power to the elevator before a sprinkler discharges water on the elevator equipment

211
Q

Phase one elevator operation

A

Code contains provisions for the recall of all passenger elevators with a vertical travel greater than 25’ in the event of fire
Phase one operation automatically stops all the cars that serve the fire floor if there are movin away from their terminal floor the lobby It also causes the cars to return nonstop to the lobby

212
Q

Phase one operation

A

The elevators cars emergency stop in floor selection buttons are rendered in operative so that the car occupants cannot stop the car anywhere but at the terminal floor

213
Q

Phase 2 operation

A

Is designed to override the the recall feature to permit firefighters to use the elevators after they arrive on scene

In this phase a firefighter must insert a key in a 3 position switch to put it into fire service mode

The electric I safety which prevents the doors from closing if a person or smoke is in the doorway is disable during this operation

214
Q

Limited access buildings

A

Constrict firefighter ability to quickly in efficiently ventilate the building as a result building codes generally required that these buildings be fully sprinkler

Upper floor should have emergency access openings on 2 or more sides in the upper floors

215
Q

Underground building

A

May have occupancy areas 30’ or more lower then their primary exit

216
Q

Smoke and fire considerations in a underground building

A

Greatest challenge in control and fires is difficulty in venting heat and smoke
Smoke proof enclosures are required for buildings with levels more than 30’ below the level of exit discharge
Max fire resistance is 4 hours

217
Q

Special provisions

A

Underground portions of the buildings must be fire resistive construction where floor levels are more than 60’ below the level exit discharge separation of each level into to approximately equal size compartments may be required
Automatic sprinklers are required
Smoke exhaust system is required

218
Q

Mall building configuration

A

Building codes require that mall walkways be a minimum of 20’ wide dispeace permits pedestrian travel and also the use of open storefronts

219
Q

Mall construction

A

Code requires individual stores within the shopping mall to have one hour fire resistive separation from each other but they do not require that individual storefronts are separated from the mall itself

220
Q

Smoke control systems in a mall

A

Codes do not require it for one story shopping malls however they are required in covered mall buildings with 3 or more stories

221
Q

Atrium definition

A

Is a large vertical opening extending through 2 or more floors of a building that is not used for building services such as enclosed stairs elevators or building utilities

222
Q

Code for Atriums
Test question
Some codes wave requirement for sprinklers when atriums or more than 55’ above the floor

A

Call requires for atriums include automatically sprinkler protection the building codes have a basic requirement that a atrium be enclosed with one hour fire rated construction or a combination of glass and automatic sprinklers

223
Q

Areas of refuge

A

The typical smoke barrier consists of a minimum of one hour fire rated enclosure

Elevator lobbies in in close exit stair landings are logical location for areas of refuge
Must be provided with 2 way communication system connected to a constantly attended location

224
Q

Rack storage

A

Can range from a total height of 12’ to an excess of a 100’ Isles nearer than 3.5’

225
Q

Temporary fire protection systems

A

Stamp pipe risers must be extended a as construction progresses in a high rise building and lows rise building more than 3 stories

Building and fire codes require this nameplates be extended before the construction reaches 40’ above the lowest level of fire department access

The top hose outlet should be within one story of the uppermost level that has a secure floor

226
Q

Fire extinguisher requirements at construction sites

A

Generally a ABC extinguisher a dresses majority of hazards at construction site

In APA to 41 requires the presence of A20B rated extinguisher door and roofing operations

227
Q

Building renovating and remodeling hazards

A

The primary hazard unique to renovating in remodeling is did disturbance of hazardous substances such asbestos

228
Q

Subsidence

A

Primary cause is removal of large amounts of underground water or oil over yours beneath built up areas this is usually gradual and fairly uniform when the cause is the removal of an underground liquid

229
Q

Fire load vs. Structural load

A

Test question
A fire load may not directly translate into in equivalent structural load

230
Q

Stresses

A

Test question
The total stresses within structural members must be lower than the failure point of the material for the structure to remain intact

A ratio of the failure point of the material to the maximum supportable design stress is added to the minimum required strength as a FACTOR OF SAFETY

231
Q

Roof coverings that pass the required test procedures

A

Test question
Class A roof coverings are effective against a severe fire exposure

Class B roof coverings are effective against a moderate fire exposure

CLASS C roof coverings are effective against a light fire exposure

Building Construction (1 decks)

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