Building Construction

Question 1

Factors that influence fire behavior include:
_____ classifications
____ classifications
Fire or fuel _____
Fire______

Answer 1

Building
Occupancy
Load
Resistance

Question 2

_______ initially classify structures by the materials used in their construction.

Answer 2

Building codes

Question 3

Type I-
Type II-
Type III-
Type IV-
Type V-

Answer 3

Fire resistive
Non combustible or protected non combustible
Exterior protected (masonry)
Heavy timber
Wood frame

Question 4

With the exception of type ___, the major classifications are further divided into ___ or ___ subclassifications.

Answer 4

Type IV heavy timber
Two or three

Question 5

NFPA ___ details the requirements for each of the classifications and subclassifications. In NFPA ——each classification is designated by a three digit number code. For example, type I construction can be either ____ or ____.

Answer 5

NFPA 220 x2
4-4-3 or 3-3-2

Question 6

NFPA 220
First digit-
Second digit-
Third digit-

Answer 6

Fire resistance rating of exterior bearing walls
Fire resistance rating of structural frames or columns and girders that support loads of more than one floor.
Fire resistance rating of the floor construction

Question 7

The IBC uses construction classifications similar to NFPA 220, although the requirements for ____ differ.

Answer 7

Individual structural components

Question 8

Type I
Variation of fire resistance by application include:
Bearing walls, columns, and beams-
Floor-
Roof deck and construction supporting the roof-
Interior partitions enclosing stairwells and corridors-
Partitions separating occupancies or tenants-

Answer 8

2-4 hours as specified by local code and construction classification

2 or 3 hours

One-2 hours

As specified by local code, usually 1 or 2 hours

As specified by local code

Question 9

Type I buildings are most commonly constructed using a ____ or ____.

Answer 9

Protected steel frame or reinforced concrete

Question 10

Unprotected steel has no _____.

Answer 10

Fire resistance

Question 11

_____ can fail under an explosion or intense fire of long duration

Answer 11

Reinforced concrete

Question 12

Type I
A code may also allow the use of _____ treated wood in roofs or interior partitions.

Answer 12

Fire retardant

Question 13

Type II
In addition to steel and concrete block, __ and ___ can be used with a limited structural role.

Answer 13

Glass and aluminum

Question 14

Some building codes contain a provision to omit the fire-resistive rating for a roof construction for some occupancy types when the roof is located _____ feet above the floor.

Answer 14

MORE THAN 20

Question 15

Type IIA (protected) requires that structural components have ___ hour fire resistance. Protected non combustible construction is similar to Type I but with a ________ for fire resistance

Answer 15

One hour
Lower requirement for

Question 16

Type II
The speed at which unprotected members will fail depends on the following factors:3

Answer 16

Ceiling height of the building
Size of the unprotected steel members intensity and duration of the exposing fire

Question 17

___________construction has been commonly referred to as “ordinary construction”. _______construction is frequently constructed with exterior walls of _______, but from a technical standpoint, any non-combustible material with the required fire resistance can be used for the exterior walls. Interior structural components that are permitted to be partially or wholly combustible include:

Answer 17

Type III x2
Masonry

Walls
Columns
Beams
Floors
Roofs

Question 18

_____ construction is classified by the presence of non-combustible structural components that have fire resistance ratings within a specified range.

Answer 18

Type I

Question 19

Type I
Combustible materials typically are permitted for such uses as the following:

Answer 19

roof coverings
interior floor finishes
interior wall finishes and trims
doors and door frames
window sashes and frames
platforms
nailing and furring strips
light transmitting plastics
Foam plastics subject to restrictions

Question 20

Type III construction has ___ subclassifications allowing the interior structural components to be ___ or _____.

Answer 20

Two
Protected or unprotected

Question 21

When the structural components of type 3 construction are required to have a fire rating (such as for IBC type___ and NFPA type____ construction), they can be protected by several means, including ____ in older buildings and ____ in newer buildings. In NFPA type ____ and ibc type ___, _____ steel is sometimes used to support combustible members. Type 3 construction commonly uses nominal ___x___ joists for floor construction.

Answer 21

IBC typeIIIA and NFPA type III 2-1-1
Plaster
Gypsum board
NFPA type III 2-0-0 and IBC type IIIB, unprotected steel
2 inch by 10 inch

Question 22

Type IV construction is the only construction type that does not include A and B subdivisions. Instead the designation ____ is used.

Answer 22

2HH

Question 23

Type IV construction requires minimum nominal dimensions of ____ x___ for floor construction

Answer 23

6 inch x 10 inch

Question 24

Many type V structures are required to have a ___hour fire resistance for structural components

Answer 24

1 hour

Question 25

In modern practice, wood-frame buildings are most often constructed using a method known as____ frame construction. This technique was introduced to the United States in the ______. — is considered “the common currency of small residential and commercial buildings in North America today.”

Answer 25

Light-frame construction
1830s
Light-frame construction

Question 26

____ occurs where a new structure is built onto an existing structure of a different construction type.

Answer 26

Mixed construction

Question 27

Building construction and ______ classifications are used together in building codes to establish limitations on the permissible ____and ______ areas of buildings. These classifications reflect the _______ issues Inherent to specific types of occupancies.

Answer 27

Occupancy
Heights and open
Life safety

Question 28

A 15 story apartment building will be required to be of Type____ construction in the ____(NFPA___). However, an 11-story or lower apartment building can be of Type ___ construction (NFPA __).

Answer 28

Type IA IBC(NFPA 4-4-2)
Type IB (NFPA 3-3-2)

Question 29

The IBC contains __ major occupancy classifications:

___Group A
___Group B
______Group E
______Group F
_____Group H
___Group I
____ Group M
____Group R
_____ Group S
______ Group U

Answer 29

Ten

Assembly group A
Business group B
Education Group E
Factories group F
High hazard group H
Institutional group I
mercantile group M
residential group R
storage group S
utility and miscellaneous group U

Question 30

The IBC contains a total of __ subgroups within the 10 major occupancy classifications.

Answer 30

26

Question 31

The IBC also separately addresses one and two family dwellings _____ stories high. Although these buildings are classified as R in the IBC, they are governed by a separate code, the __________.

Answer 31

NOT MORE THAN 3 stories high
International residential code

Question 32

In contrast to the IBC, NFPA ___, and NFPA___, identify ___ major occupancy classifications:

Answer 32

NFPA 5000
NFPA 101
12
Assembly
Educational
Day care
Health care
Ambulatory health care
Detention and correctional
Residential
Residential board and care
Mercantile
Business
Industrial
Storage

Question 33

An infant care center and a restaurant located in the same building can be required to be separated by a ____ separation. The specific requirements for occupancy separation will depend on the ____. Required separations can range from ___to___ and not all occupancies require a separation.

Answer 33

2-hour fire-resistive separation
Local building code
2 to 4 hours

Question 34

______, the totals quantity of combustible material in a compartment, is a critical factor when determining the fire safety requirements of a space.

Answer 34

Fuel load

Question 35

The fuel load contributes to the calculation of the ____, the maximum amount of heat that can be released if all fuel is consumed.

Answer 35

Fire load

Question 36

The fire load will vary depending on the ____ of the fuel load.

Answer 36

Heat of combustion

Question 37

The fire load is a product of the ____ of the combustibles multiplied by their ______, expressed in __________.

Answer 37

Weight of the combustibles multiplied by their heat of combustion, expressed in pounds per square foot

Question 38

Building codes contain explicit criteria for determining what constitutes a combustible material. The ____ defines a non combustible material as being “in the form in which used and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors, when subjected to fire or heat. “ the most commonly used test for determining combustibility is _______.

Answer 38

International building code
ASTM E 136, standard test method for behavior of materials in a vertical tube furnace at 750C

Question 39

The severity of a fire is a factor of the ____ plus the ______. The faster the available fuel burns, the greater will be the _______.

Answer 39

Fire load plus the rate at which the fuel burns
Heat release rate (HRR)

Question 40

______ indicates the ability of a structural assembly to maintain its load bearing capacity and structural integrity under fire conditions.

Answer 40

Fire resistance

Question 41

_____ is the most common method used to determine fire resistance. Results from ——— are also incorporated into building codes. The standard test is _____ also known as NFPA __________.

Answer 41

Laboratory testing
ASTM E119 also known as NFPA 251 standard method of tests of fire endurance of building construction and materials

Question 42

The failure criteria are specific to the specimen being tested. The primary points of failure for the test are:

Failure to support an applied load

Temperature increase on the unexposed side of wall, floor, and roof assemblies of _______ above ambient temperatures.

Passage of heat or flame through the assembly sufficient to _____.

Excess temperature on steel members

Answer 42

250F (121C) above ambient temperatures

Sufficient to ignite cotton waste

Question 43

Fire resistance ratings for test specimens are expressed in standard intervals such as :

Answer 43

15 minutes, 30 min, 45 min, 1 hour, 1-1/2 hours, 2 hrs, 3 hrs, 4 hrs

Question 44

A more severe test fire may be used for applications including evaluating the structural members used in ______. That test is described in _________.

Answer 44

Petroleum refineries
ASTM standard 1529

Question 45

The ____ test is the only standardized test method currently universally accepted by building codes. The standard test evaluates the ability of structural assemblies to carry a ____ and act as a _____.

Answer 45

E-119
Structural load and act as a fire barrier

Question 46

Joint systems for floor to wall and wall to wall connections are tested in accordance with ______.

Answer 46

UL Standard 2079

Question 47

Some of the organizations that perform fire resistance testing include:

Answer 47

UL
UL Canada
Building research division of the national research council of canada
Southwest research institute
Intertek testing
University of California Berkeley, forest products lab
Armstrong cork company
National gypsum company

Question 48

Probably the best known of the laboratories is ____.
(____), _____ publishes a fire resistance directory, which lists assemblies that have been tested and their fire resistance ratings.

Answer 48

Underwriters Laboratories
UL annually publishes

Question 49

The NFPA ____ standard time-temperature test is the most commonly used method of satisfying building code requirements for structural fire resistance.

Answer 49

251

Question 50

In _____, the American society of civil engineers(ASCE) and the society of fire protection engineers (SFPE) jointly developed a standard for the calculation of fire resistance of structural elements. That standard known as the ___,provides the methods for calculating fire resistance ratings that are equivalent to the results obtained from the standard fire test. These calculations are limited to the use with the following materials:(5)

Answer 50

1997
ASCE/SFPE 29
Structural steel
Plain and reinforced concrete
Timber and wood
Concrete masonry
Clay masonry

Question 51

Structural steel designated ___ or ___ is the most prevalent steel used in compiling the test data. If high strength steel such as ___ were to be used, the calculated results may be inaccurate.

Answer 51

A7 or A36
A242

Question 52

Accommodating the _____and _____ of the forces to which the structure will be subjected is the most critical aspect of engineering design.

Answer 52

Type and magnitude

Question 53

To calculate the structural supports needed to allow a building to withstand common forces, ____ are categorized and calculated. The direction of forces from loads acting on the interior of structural members is expressed as _____.

Answer 53

Loads
Stress

Question 54

The forces within a structural support system that resist applied loads are referred to as ____.

Answer 54

Reactions R

Question 55

One common type of reaction is a ____ within a horizontal structural component that is loaded vertically. When the vertical load exceeds the strength of the component, the component will bend and possibly fail.

Answer 55

Bending moment

Question 56

The force of _____ is the most common load imposed on a structure via the weight of the structures components, content, and any occupancy activity.

Answer 56

Gravity

Question 57

________ within the material are classified according to the direction of the force.

Answer 57

Stresses

Question 58

______- pulls the material apart; referred to as ___ stress

Answer 58

Tension
Tensile

Question 59

____-squeezes the material;referred to as compressive stress

Answer 59

Compression
Compressive stress

Question 60

_____ slides one plane of a material past an adjacent plane.

Answer 60

Shear

Question 61

Loads create ___ stresses in the bottom of a beam and ___ stresses in the top of a beam. ___ stress is also created across the vertical cross section of the beam.

Answer 61

Tension stresses
Compressive stresses
Shear stress

Question 62

-
-

Answer 62

Axial load
Eccentric load
Torsional load

Question 63

The total stresses within structural members must be lower than the _____ of the material for the structure to remain intact. A ratio of the ———- of the material to the maximum supportable design stress is added to the minimum required strength as a __________.

Answer 63

Failure point
Factor of safety

Question 64

A ____ load is fixed in location and is quantifiable.

Answer 64

Dead load

Question 65

A ____ load is not fixed or permanent.

Answer 65

Live load

Question 66

____ loads are steady or are applied gradually.

Answer 66

Static loads

Question 67

_______loads involve motion and are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involved.

Answer 67

Dynamic loads

Question 68

For a dynamic load to stop moving, the surface it impacts must absorb the _______. Whether the surface can withstand the dynamic load depends on the ____ and _______properties of the material used to support the surface.

Answer 68

Kinetic energy
Design strength and energy absorbing

Question 69

________produce highly localized forces and non-uniform loads in the supporting structural members. Structural supports must be designed to accommodate the _______ loads.

Answer 69

Concentrated loads
Anticipated

Question 70

Rain and snow are ____ loads.

Answer 70

Live

Question 71

Water from firefighting operations can add an additional live load to a building. This load maybe _____as fire flow, or ____ as accumulated water. For example, the —— load of a stream discharging _____gallons per minute may impact is target with _____ pounds of water per minute.In some cases, ________ operations will be necessary because water at a depth of __inches adds a static load of __ pounds per square foot.

Answer 71

Dynamic
Static
250 gpm
2080 pounds
Dewatering
3 inches
21 pounds per sqft

Question 72

_______-straight line winds apply force to a surface.
_______-wind flowing around the object may catch along a buildings surface.
_______- wind may produce a suction effect on the downwind side of the building resulting in outward pressure.
_____-wind may cause the building to Sway👮🏾‍♂️ in a back-and-forth motion.
______-wind passing over a surface, such as a roof, may shake the surface
________-wind may dislodge or move objects from the buildings service.

Answer 72

Direct pressure
Drag
Negative pressure
Rocking
Vibration
Clean-off

Question 73

In designing buildings to withstand wind forces, ____ is used as the primary consideration.

Answer 73

Direct pressure

Question 74

Buildings located in a region susceptible to hurricanes must include sufficient ____ and ____ for the anticipated conditions.

Answer 74

Supports and braces

Question 75

_____ forces apply the most complicated load that must be accommodated by structural design.

Answer 75

Seismic forces

Question 76

____ year period- the typical expected “life span” of a building

Answer 76

50 year period

Question 77

The overall effect of the seismic load against a structure depends on the _____ of the ground beneath the building more than the total movement. Seismic loads may be far more complex than wind loads because the movement of the ground beneath a building can be ____.

Answer 77

Acceleration
Three-dimensional

Question 78

_______ loads that create horizontal motion are the most significant force generated by an earthquake.

Answer 78

Lateral loads

Question 79

____ systems- ______ bearings placed in a layer between the building and the foundation.

Answer 79

Shear systems
Elastomeric bearings

Question 80

_____ is a strategy used to harden a structure against expected loads.

Answer 80

Structural stiffening

Question 81

A ___ is a structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its longitudinal dimension.

Answer 81

Beam

Question 82

Materials used in beams can include:(3)

Answer 82

Steel
Wood
Reinforced concrete

Question 83

_____beam-supported beneath both ends and free to rotate. A wood joist resting on a masonry wall is an example of a ———.

Answer 83

Simply supported beam

Question 84

_____beams-rigidly supported at each end.

Answer 84

Restrained beams

Question 85

____ beams-supported at one end; must be able to support a vertical load in addition to resisting bending stresses. Often support balconies

Answer 85

Cantilever beams

Question 86

_____ beams- similar to cantilever beams but with additional support.

Answer 86

Overhanging beams

Question 87

_____ beams- may span several vertical supports.

Answer 87

Continuous beams

Question 88

The ____ flange of the beam carries compressive stresses and the ____ flange of the beam carries tensile stresses. The center horizontal line of the web is known as the _____ because the tension and compression stresses are zero, but the ———- is the maximum point of shear stress.

Answer 88

Top
Bottom
Neutral axis

Question 89

The _______ of the beam carry(s) most of the load resisting the bending stress.

Answer 89

Top and bottom flanges

Question 90

The stresses are a function of the ___ area of the flanges and the ___ dimension of the beam. ___ beams are capable of supporting greater loads than __ beams, even if they have the same ——- area

Answer 90

Cross-sectional area
Vertical dimension
Tall
Short

Question 91

Columns are structural members designed to support a _____ load. The stresses created within a column are primarily _____.

Answer 91

Axial LOAD
Compressive STRESSES

Question 92

Materials used in columns can include:(5)

Answer 92

Wood
Steel
Cast iron
Concrete
Masonry

Question 93

Tall, thin columns fail by _____
Short, squat columns fail by ____

Answer 93

Buckling
Crushing

Question 94

____ is a curved structural member with primarily compressive interior stresses. —— produce ______ forces at their end supports, which the supports must resist.

Answer 94

Arch
Inclined forces

Question 95

_____ are used to carry loads across a distance.

Answer 95

Arches

Question 96

Materials used in arches can include:(4)

Answer 96

Masonry
Steel
Concrete
Laminated wood

Question 97

If the supports at the end of arches shift because of settling soil or thermal expansion, ____ stresses may develop in the arch. To provide for minor adjustments, arches are sometimes designed with ____. If the end supports cannot maintain the arch, _____ can be used to prevent the arch from spreading.

Answer 97

Bending stresses
Hinges
Horizontal tie rods

Question 98

Although _____ are essentially straight, a —— used to support loads over a distance will assume a curved shape.

Answer 98

Cables

Question 99

The stresses in a cable are ___ stresses. Cables are usually made of ___ strands, although ___ may be used where weight is a critical factor.

Answer 99

Tension stresses
Steel strands
Aluminum

Question 100

______ are framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in one plane. A ____ is made only of straight members.

Answer 100

Trusses
True truss

Question 101

The top and bottom members of a truss are called _____. The middle section of a truss is called the ____ or ____.

Answer 101

Chords
Web or diagonals

Question 102

Typical truss shapes span distances of ____ to ____ feet, but truss spans in modern construction may exceed ______ feet.

Answer 102

22 to 70 feet
MAY EXCEED 100 feet

Question 103

Some types of roof trusses, such as the ____ truss, have a curved top chord. These curved members are unavoidably subjected to _____ stresses.

Answer 103

Bowstring truss
Bending stresses

Question 104

Lightweight wood or metal trusses, known as _____, have become common in floor construction, taking the place of solid joists.

Answer 104

Truss joists

Question 105

Lightweight steel trusses, known as _____, are also used for floor and roof construction in fire-resistive and non-combustible construction.

Answer 105

Bar joists

Question 106

When loads are applied only at the point of intersection of the truss members, only ____ or ______ stresses will affect the members of the truss. In addition, loads applied to the truss between the intersection points of the members will also create _______ stresses.

Answer 106

Compressive or tensile stresses
Bending stresses

Question 107

_____ are three-dimensional truss structures. —— are well-suited to support _______ loads.

Answer 107

Space frames
Uniformly distributed

Question 108

______ walls are commonly placed at the exterior of a structure, but they may also include internal walls.

Answer 108

Load bearing walls

Question 109

Load bearing walls carry ____ loads and provide ___ support to the structure along the length of the wall.

Answer 109

Compressive LOADS
Lateral SUPPORT

Question 110

Common materials in bearing walls include:(5)

Answer 110

Concrete blocks
Brick
Stone
Solid wood
Concrete panels

Question 111

_______structures use walls to support spanning elements including:(3)

Answer 111

Bearing wall structures
Beams
Trusses
Precast concrete slabs

Question 112

A ____ structure uses structural supports in a manner similar to the way the skeleton supports the human body. The walls may also provide lateral stiffness but provide ___ structural support.

Answer 112

Frame structure
No structural support

Question 113

In the fire service, the term ____ construction often refers to a wood-frame building, but ___ structural systems are also built using other materials.

Answer 113

Frame construction
Frame structural systems

Question 114

Components of a frame may be constructed using a series of _____.

Answer 114

Trusses

Question 115

______ construction includes frames built from relatively closely spaced vertical steel studs connected by top and bottom horizontal members. Studs are placed ___ to ___ inches apart.

Answer 115

Steel stud wall construction
12 to 16 inches apart

Question 116

A steel stud wall is frequently provided with ____ for stability.

Answer 116

Diagonal bracing

Question 117

____ construction framing uses a series of vertical elements to support horizontal elements that carry ____ loads.

Answer 117

Post and beam construction
Transverse

Question 118

Materials that can be used in post and beam construction include _____ for the posts and ___ and ____ for the posts and beams.

Answer 118

Masonry for the posts and steel and precast concrete for the posts and beams

Question 119

The distinctive characteristic of post and beam framing is the _____ of the vertical posts and the ____ dimension of the members. Posts may be ___x____ inches when supporting roofs only.

Answer 119

Spacing
Cross-sectional dimension
6 x 8 inches

Question 120

A ____ structural system is characterized by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the bending stress through the joints.

Answer 120

Rigid frame structural system

Question 121

Rigid frame buildings are often ____ in height with a ___ roof. Materials used in rigid frames include:(3)

Answer 121

Single story
Gabled roof
Steel
Laminated wood
Reinforced concrete

Question 122

Rigid frames
The peak of the roof is usually provided with a _____ connection to allow for ____ movement between the two halves of the frame. The ___ will be the last portion of the assembly to fail under fire conditions.

Answer 122

Hinged connection
Slight movement
Joints

Question 123

Because of the high stress load at the connection, the intersection between the slab and the column is usually reinforced by additional material in the form of a ____ or a _____.

Answer 123

Capital or a drop panel

Question 124

_______ consist primarily of an enclosing, waterproof surface; the stresses resulting from the applied loads occur within the bearing wall structures.

Answer 124

Surface systems

Question 125

_____ are similar to fabric tents, but differ in that they are intended to be permanent structures.

Answer 125

Membrane structures

Question 126

Building codes typically address membrane structures with a life of ____ , while fire codes address those used for _____. Recent designs use ___ coated glass fiber for the fabric. In early permanent membrane structures, _____ -coated ____ fabric was used.

Answer 126

180 days OR MORE
LESS THAN 180 days
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated glass fiber
Polyvinyl-coated polyester fabric

Question 127

Membrane structures
Fabric cannot resist ___ forces; therefore, frameworks must support the fabrics. Types of frames include:(3)

Answer 127

Compressive FORCES
Cables and masts
Tubular
Solid

Question 128

Membrane structures posses several design advantages over traditional construction, including:
Fabrics weigh less than other roof systems: about __ pounds per square foot.

Answer 128

2 pounds per square foot

Question 129

Membrane structures
In the US and Canada, frames are usually ____ and sometimes ____. Other materials used in the frames of membrane structures include:(3)

Answer 129

Steel
Aluminum

Wood
Concrete
Steel

Question 130

____ structures are rigid, three dimensional structures having thin components, as compared to other structural material dimensions.

Answer 130

Shell structures

Question 131

Shell structures are most commonly constructed of ____, although it is possible to construct them using ____ or ____. Shell structures lend themselves to _______shapes.

Answer 131

Concrete
Plywood or fiberglass
Regular geometric

Question 132

The ____ is responsible to ensure that the necessary building systems initially provide the intended level of fire and life safety. Subsequently, the ______must maintain these systems over time.

Answer 132

Building design team
Building owner/or management

Question 133

Stairs that are NOT part of the means of egress are often referred to as ________. Typically, these stairs are open and connect only_____levels per code limitations. Buildings that are ______stories in height may be required to include one stairway that extends to the roof for access to mechanical equipment, and is identified by signage in the stairway.

Answer 133

Convenience stairs
Two
Four OR MORE STORIES

Question 134

All stair types have basic components in common. The step itself consists of the ___ and ___, commonly referred to as the ___and___.

Answer 134

Tread and riser
Run and rise

Question 135

___stairs extend in one direction for their entire length. ___ may be used between sections of vertical travel.

Answer 135

Straight-run stairs
Landings

Question 136

_____ stairs have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point.

Answer 136

Return stairs

Question 137

___stairs are two separate sets of stairs constructed in a common shaft. ——-stairs often use a pair of ____stairs for assembly occupancies that have large floor to ceiling heights.

Answer 137

Scissor stairs
Return stairs

Question 138

____stairs are often found as grand stairs or convenience stairs serving only ___ levels. The minimum width of the run is usually ____. A special requirement for —-stairs is that the small radius of the full circle is _______ the widest part of the stair tread.

Answer 138

Circular stairs
Two levels
10 inches
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO twice

Question 139

____stairs consist of a series of steps spiraling around a single column to fit in a very small space.

Answer 139

Spiral stairs

Question 140

___stairs are actually ladders used to provide access to an attic space that does not have a permanent access stair.

Answer 140

Folding stairs

Question 141

___stairs as a component of the required means of egress, must meet strict requirements to ensure safe passage during building evacuation.

Answer 141

Exit stairs

Question 142

___stairs must resist the effects of the products of combustion.

Answer 142

Protected

Question 143

____stairs are naturally ventilated on one or more sides.

Answer 143

Exterior stairs

Question 144

_____ include open metal stairs and landings attached to the outside of a building. —— have not been permitted in new construction for many ___ though many still exist.

Answer 144

Fire escapes
Many decades

Question 145

Building codes have traditionally required a minimum of one _____ for stairs serving buildings ___stories or higher. More recently, codes also require protection for stairs serving floor levels _______feet below the level of exit discharge.

Answer 145

One smokeproof stair enclosure
5 stories OR HIGHER
MORE THAN 30 feet

Question 146

______ enclosures protect the stairway enclosure and provide a means of smoke ventilation before the smoke enters a stair enclosure.

Answer 146

Passive smokeproof enclosures

Question 147

____stairways are not enclosed with fire-rated construction. Building codes typically allow the use of ——stairs in buildings only when they connect ____floors above basement level.

Answer 147

Open stairways
NO MORE THAN two adjacent floors

Question 148

A ____system is used to transport items and materials. Some——, such as ____ or _____ systems, work in enclosed compartments.

Answer 148

Conveyor system
Screw or pneumatic systems

Question 149

Incomplete ______ or ____ is a primary safety hazard at conveyor penetrations during a fire.

Answer 149

Door or shutter closure

Question 150

_____ are a conveyor transport device aligned as a stairway with electrically powered steps that move continuously in one direction.

Answer 150

Escalators

Question 151

Escalators
The driving machinery is located under an access plate at the _____ landing. Escalator speeds are standardized at ___ feet per minute. Older escalators usually operate at speeds of either ___ or ___ feet per minute. The steps are linked by a ____ and move around the escalator frame.

Answer 151

Upper landing
100 feet per minute
EITHER 90 or 120 feet per minute
Linked by a step chain

Question 152

Vertical penetrations for escalators serving ____floors must be protected. The most common protection for the vertical opening is to use _____ and ____ around the opening. Combined, these two features may be arranged as an ______ inch deep ———with a row of ——— on all sides outside the ———. A ____ at the top of the escalator can also provide vertical opening protection.

Answer 152

MORE THAN 2 floors
Closely spaced sprinklers and draft stops
18 inch deep draft stop with a row of automatic sprinklers on all sides
Rolling shutter

Question 153

Most elevator regulations are based on ________

Answer 153

ASME/ANSI A17.1

Question 154

____ elevators carry people

Answer 154

Passenger

Question 155

____ elevators carry resources that may be bulky or heavy

Answer 155

Freight elevators

Question 156

____elevators are passenger elevators designed to also carry freight

Answer 156

Service elevators

Question 157

The two most common types of power used in elevators are ___ and ____.

Answer 157

Hydraulic and electric

Question 158

_____ elevators do not have brakes

Answer 158

Hydraulic

Question 159

Historically, the practical upper limit for hydraulic elevators was about ___stories and the elevator shaft required a deep well for the ram to extend into the ground to reach the lowest floor.

Answer 159

About 6 stories

Question 160

______ elevators use a hoisting cable and drum, but the exact configuration of those components is different among the styles.

Answer 160

Electric

Question 161

____elevators use a hoisting cable wound on a drum located in a motor room directly over the hoistway.

Answer 161

Drum elevators

Question 162

____elevators are obsolete and found only in very old structures or in use as freight elevators

Answer 162

Drum elevators

Question 163

____ elevators are the most common type of elevator in buildings over ___stories.

Answer 163

Traction elevators
OVER 6 stories

Question 164

Hoist cables attached to the elevator run up and over the ____ at the top of the hoistway and then down the back wall of the hoistway to connect to the movable counterweights.

Answer 164

Drive sheave

Question 165

Even though counterweights reduce the amount of energy needed to raise the elevators, the operating heights may require them to have as much as a _____volt power supply. The drive motors maybe either _____ or ______ current types.

Answer 165

500 volt
Direct current or alternating current

Question 166

_____ motors have a braking system that operates during both normal operation and malfunctions.

Answer 166

Traction motors

Question 167

During normal operation, the brakes on traction elevators with ____ motors aid directly in stopping the car at the correct floor. On elevators with ___ motors, the brakes do not play any part in actually stopping the elevator car. The motor stops the car and then the brakes are applied to hold the car in place.

Answer 167

AC motors
DC motors

Question 168

_____ elevators feature controls that may be remote from the elevator system. The other components may all fit within the hoistway.

Answer 168

Machine room-less elevators

Question 169

Elevator safety features
_______-an electric switch that terminates power before the elevator reaches the upper or lower limits of the hoistway.

Answer 169

Terminal device

Question 170

Elevator safety features
____-large springs or hydraulic cylinders and pistons located at the bottom of the pit that act as shock absorbers should the terminal switch fail…only stop a car traveling at its normal rate of speed

Answer 170

Buffers

Question 171

Elevator safety features
____-also known as the speed governor. This switch slows the drive motor when the elevator starts to exceed a safe speed. If the car continues to accelerate the switch trips the over speed switch and applies the car safeties.

Answer 171

Speed-reducing switch

Question 172

Elevator safety features
_____-also connected to the speed governor. This switch is activated if the speed-reducing switch fails to slow the car sufficiently.

Answer 172

Over speed switch

Question 173

Elevator safety features
_____-tapered pairs of steel jaws that wedge against the guide rails and bring the elevator to a stop elevator safeties are designed to stop a free falling car.

Answer 173

Car safeties

Question 174

Elevator hoistway enclosures usually are required to be a fire-rated assembly with a ___ or ___ hour rating depending on the height of the building.

Answer 174

1 or 2 hour rating

Question 175

Elevator and stair shafts are built early in the construction process, and often use ____ walls.

Answer 175

Shear walls

Question 176

When used as a means of egress, an elevators shaft must be equipped with ____ and ____ suitable to the height of the structure.

Answer 176

Safety lights and fire ratings

Question 177

A building with _______elevators may contain all ——- in a single hoistway. ______ elevators must have a minimum of two separate hoistways. Where more than one hoistway is provided, up to ___elevators may be located in one hoistway.

Answer 177

Three OR FEWER
All three
Four OR MORE
UP TO Four

Question 178

In very tall buildings, express elevators are divided into zones, with each set serving a separate zone. A zone often includes ___consecutive floors.

Answer 178

15-20 consecutive floors

Question 179

____ hoistways are used for express elevators that serve the upper elevator zones in tall buildings. if a single car hoistway is used, access doors will be provided for rescue purposes. Generally, these are placed every _____ floors

Answer 179

Blind hoistways
Every three floors

Question 180

Elevator doors are designed to open and close automatically when the car stops at the floor where it has been summoned. The operations are sequenced in the following order.
-when the elevator stops at the correct level…
-as the car door opens…
-the car doors then…
-when the controller signals the doors to close…

Answer 180

-when the elevator stops at the correct level, the driving vane attached to the car door holds the door open.

-as the car door opens, the vane strikes a roller that releases the hoistway door lock

-the car doors then punch the hoistway doors completely open

-when the controller signals the doors to close, a weight forces the hoistway doors closed, the driving vane moves away from the roller and the hoistway doors are relocked.

Question 181

A top exit is provided on all _______ elevators

Answer 181

Electric traction elevators

Question 182

On hydraulic elevators, a top exit may be provided depending on whether the system is equipped with a _____.

Answer 182

Manual lowering valve

Question 183

___ exits are required to have electrical interlocks to prevent car movement when the panels are open.

Answer 183

Side exits

Question 184

The primary purpose of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems is to create and maintain a ____ for occupants

Answer 184

Comfortable environment

Question 185

Historically, early forced-air systems provided only ____ through a ducted system. Buildings included features like openable windows and rooftop ____ to permit airflow through a building for ventilation and cooling.

Answer 185

Heat
Cupolas

Question 186

Duct detectors are typically provided for fans with capacities exceeding _____ cubic feet per minute.

Answer 186

EXCEEDING 2000 cubic feet per minute

Question 187

Air can be cleaned with ____, ___, or _____.

Answer 187

Filters, electrostatic equipment, or both

Question 188

Building, mechanical, and fire codes contain many requirements for ducts, including allowable materials and the requirement for ___ and ____ to maintain the integrity of fire-rated assemblies.

Answer 188

Smoke and fire dampers

Question 189

Heated and/or cool air may be provided without the use of ducted systems. In some cases, ___ spaces are used as a _________.

Answer 189

Interstitial spaces are used as a return-air plenum

Question 190

The widely used NFPA___ contains requirements affecting horizontal and vertical HVAC ducts that penetrate a fire rated assembly or a smoke barrier.

Answer 190

NFPA 90A

Question 191

With a few minor exceptions, the codes require that HVAC ducts be enclosed in a fire rated shaft enclosure. For example, NFPA __ requires that the enclosure be 1-hour rated for buildings ____ stories in height and 2 hour fire rated for buildings _________.

Answer 191

NFPA 90A
LESS THAN four stories
Four stories OR GREATER

Question 192

The ___ are used to vary the airflow depending on the building needs.

Answer 192

Control dampers

Question 193

The design of many modern buildings can make _____ methods difficult or impossible, especially in high rise construction. For example, some newer glazing types such as ____ glazing, may be very difficult to remove or ventilate.

Answer 193

Traditional ventilation
Hurricane glazing

Question 194

To prevent the recirculating of smoke through the HVAC system and to facilitate removal of the smoke, some types of HVAC systems can be switched from normal operating mode to ______ mode.

Answer 194

Smoke control mode

Question 195

The [manual smoke control] system can be controlled from a dedicated ____, the buildings main ___, or a ______.

Answer 195

Dedicated control panel
The buildings main control room
Firefighters smoke control station (FSCS)

Question 196

Rooftop smoke and heat vents are typically required on the roofs of _____ buildings and in buildings with few _____ including industrial, storage, and mercantile buildings. Historically, smoke and heat vents were required in theaters over stages since the early part of the _____

Answer 196

Large area buildings
Buildings with few windows
Early part of the twentieth century

Question 197

Vent types
These hatchways often open a minimum of ___ feet in either direction.

Answer 197

MINIMUM OF 4 feet in either direction

Question 198

The depth of a curtain board will vary depending on the nature of the hazards within an occupancy, but should not be less than ___ percent of the ceiling height. Curtain boards should be spaced so that they are not farther apart than ____ times the ceiling height.

Answer 198

NOT BE LESS THAN twenty percent
NOT FARTHER APART THAN eight times

Question 199

NFPA __ and the international fire code, contains the design methodology for determining the required vent area.

Answer 199

NFPA 204

Question 200

One style of smoke control for stairways is the use of a ____ separated from a building corridor by a vestibule that is open to the atmosphere.

Answer 200

Smoke tower

Question 201

A structural design that minimizes the use of space while still protecting stairways from the products of combustion is a _____

Answer 201

Pressurized stairwell

Question 202

The ___uses a fan to supply air to a stairwell at a single point.

Answer 202

Single injection system

Question 203

_______ use several discharge points along an air supply shaft running parallel to the stairwell from the supply fan.

Answer 203

Multiple injection systems

Question 204

Calibration of pressurization systems
Modulation uses ___sensors that compare the stairwell and the interior of the building.

Answer 204

Input pressure sensors

Question 205

High voltage equipment is defined as operating at ___ volts or higher; low voltage equipment operates at less than ___ volts.

Answer 205

600 volts OR HIGHER
LESS THAN 600 volts

Question 206

The electric utility supplies many buildings with _____ volt services which can carry the same amount of energy in smaller wire and conduit when compared to traditional ___ volt services. The electricity is used at ___ volts by HVAC equipment, refrigeration, and other motors; and at ___ volts by light fixture ballasts. Dry transformers are located throughout the building to step down voltage to ___ volts for use in resources.

Answer 206

480/277 volt services
120/240 volt services
480 volts
277 volts
120 volts

Question 207

When transformers are inside, codes require that the transformer rooms or vaults be enclosed in __ hour rated construction if not protected by automatic sprinklers or __ hour fire-rated construction with sprinklers.

Answer 207

3 hour
1 hour

Question 208

Codes specify the minimum required fuel storage for diesel or gasoline driven generators. The amounts are stated in terms of the expected duration of operation which may vary from ___ to ___ hours. Operational requirements for hospitals and other critical facilities, however, may be up to ___ hours or longer.

Answer 208

Two to eight hours
UP TO 48 hours OR LONGER

Question 209

Fuel storage should be located separately from the generator. An exception to the fuel storage separation is a day tank located in the same room or mounted directly on the generator. Fire codes typically limit the tank to ___ gallons for diesel fuel.

Answer 209

60 gallons

Question 210

From a firefighting standpoint, roofs of buildings can be classified into three styles:

Answer 210

Flat, pitched, and curved

Question 211

Low slope roofs have a slope of ___. Medium to high slope roofs have slopes of ___ to ___. (A slope of ____ equates to a 45 degree angle). Some structures, including churches and mansions, have roofs with slopes of ___ or greater.

Answer 211

UP TO 3/12
4/12 to 12/12
12/12
18/12 OR GREATER

Question 212

The simplest pitched roof is the ___ roof that slopes in only one direction.

Answer 212

Shed roof

Question 213

____roofs-common roof style that consists of two inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a “ridge”

Answer 213

Gable roofs

Question 214

____roof- style that slopes in four directions and has a degree of slope similar to the gable roof.

Answer 214

Hip roof

Question 215

____ roofs- slope in two directions, but there will be a break in the slope on each side. The space under —-roofs can be used as an attic or living space.

Answer 215

Gambrel roofs

Question 216

____roof-has a break in the slope of the roof on all four sides. A —-roof constructed with a flat deck is sometimes known as a ______ or _____ roof. The___ style roof forms a projection beyond the building wall that creates a concealed space through which a fire can travel.

Answer 216

Mansard roof
Modern mansard or deck roof

Question 217

____ roof-roof style that slopes in two directions-basically two shed roofs that meet at their low eaves.

Answer 217

Butterfly roof

Question 218

_____roof-style designed to provide light and ventilation. —-were once commonly used on factory buildings. A raised central section of the roof extends several feet above the surrounding roof surface. The vertical sides of this —- section, which are normally openable windows, are known as “______”

Answer 218

Monitor roof
Clerestories

Question 219

____roofs- a style also once commonly used on industrial buildings for light and ventilation. Ideally, the glass vertical sections should face north because northern light is more constant during the day and the glare of the sun can be avoided.

Answer 219

Sawtooth roofs

Question 220

Modern ventilation and lighting systems have largely eliminated the need for ___ and ___ roofs.

Answer 220

Monitor and sawtooth

Question 221

_____ roof surfaces take their form from the structural system used to support them.

Answer 221

Curved roof surfaces

Question 222

Curved roofs are most frequently supported by ___ and ____.

Answer 222

Arches and bowstring trusses

Question 223

A ____ roof can be used to cover a circular area.

Answer 223

Dome roof

Question 224

A dome can be thought of as an arch rotated 360 degrees on its top point (________)

Answer 224

Keystone

Question 225

The ____ is a special form of roof constructed from short pieces of material known as lamellas.

Answer 225

Lamella arch

Question 226

Lamellas are most commonly made of wood and vary in thickness from __x___ to ___x____ and in lengths varying from ___ to ___ feet.

Answer 226

2 x 8 inches
3 x 16 inches
8 to 14 feet

Question 227

The short lamellas are bolted together in a ___ pattern with a special plate known as a _______. The curvature of the lamella arch results from the ____ of the ends of the individual lamellas. Lamellas can form a ___ as well as a ____. If the ___ or ____ in a lamella dome are damaged to the point of failure, the entire structure will fail. Both ___ are required for this design to remain sound.

Answer 227

Diagonal pattern
Lamella washer
Beveling
Dome as well as an arch
Compression or tension rings
Both rings

Question 228

A _____ is created using spherical triangulation

Answer 228

Geodesic dome

Question 229

A ____ is frequently provided in buildings with pitched roofs to increase the available living space in an attic.

Answer 229

Dormer

Question 230

Flat roofs may be supported by ___ and ____.

The simplest system of flat roof support uses ____ supported at either end by _______. The wood joists function as beams to support the roof deck just as floor beams support a floor system. Solid or laminated beams and columns may be used to support the wood roof joists.

Answer 230

Open web steel joists and steel beams
Ordinary wood joists
Load bearing walls

Question 231

The traditional wood joisted roof uses solid ____ that tend to lose their strength _____ as they burn. This loss of strength results in the roofs becoming ___ or ___ before failure, especially with a ____ roof deck.

Answer 231

Solid wood joists
Gradually
Soft or spongy
Wood plank roof deck

Question 232

The relatively thin plywood or oriented strand board used for roof sheathing can fail quickly without _______.

Answer 232

Prior warning

Question 233

In modern practice, ____beams and ___ beams manufactured from plywood and wood truss joists are often used to support ___ roofs. Although these beams provide adequate strength, the thin __ portion of plywood I-beams renders them susceptible to early failure during a fire.

Answer 233

Box beams and I-beams
Flat roofs
Thin web portion

Question 234

In addition, the _____ design of truss joists also permits the rapid spread of fire in directions ____ to the truss joist instead of simply along the long dimension of the member.

Answer 234

Open web design
Perpendicular

Question 235

Type I
Fireproofing can be omitted from roof supports when the roof is located more than ____ feet above the floor in an____ occupancy.

Answer 235

MORE THAN 20 feet
Assembly occupancy

Question 236

Deflection or vibration under the weight of firefighters may not signal imminent failure. However the deflection and vibration are an indication of ___________construction and firefighters should view such construction cautiously.

Answer 236

Lightweight roof construction

Question 237

With the _____ roof, the main joists are located at the level of the ceiling and a framework is constructed above the main joists to support the roof deck.

Answer 237

Inverted roof

Question 238

The design of the inverted roof creates a ______ that may be several feet in height between the ceiling and the roof deck.

Answer 238

Concealed space

Question 239

____ roofs use inclined members to support some types of pitched roofs that are built on site utilizing dimensional lumber.

Answer 239

Conventionally framed roofs

Question 240

Conventional framing components include:(4)

Answer 240

Rafters
Ridge boards
Collar ties
Ceiling joists and rafter ties

Question 241

The most common roof types constructed with conventional framing include:(5)

Answer 241

Shed
Gable
Hip
Gambrel
Mansard

Question 242

The basic design of a ____ roof results in an outward thrust against the walls, similar to the action of an arch. Ceiling or attic floor joists resist the outward thrust of the ——- if the architect desires to leave the underside of the roof exposed without joists, a structural _____ beam must be used to support the rafters.

Answer 242

Raftered roof
Structural ridge beam

Question 243

Conventional roof framing is constructed using substantial materials. Fasteners common to this type of roof structure include:

___ and ___ at connection points
Heavy ____ or ____ in heavy timber construction
_______ hardware for exposed beams

Answer 243

Nails and screws at connection points
Heavy bolts or brackets in heavy timber construction
Architectural hardware for exposed beams

Question 244

Rafters are commonly made of ___, although ___ beams and ____trusses can be found in contemporary _________ structures.
Supports are often substantial, with the ridge beam typically _____ size larger than the rafter. Wood rafters vary in size from ___x___ inches to ___x____ inches. They can be spaced from ___ to ___ inches apart depending on the span and design load.

Answer 244

Wood
Steel beams and trusses
Contemporary commercial structures
One size larger
2 x 4 inches to 2 x 14 inches
Spaced from 12 to 24 inches apart

Question 245

_________ framing, also known as roof trusses, are a common roof support system. A ______ is arranged with all of the chords and diagonal members in the same plane.

Answer 245

Pre-engineered roof framing
Common truss

Question 246

Pre-engineered roof framing
The joints used in trusses often are connected using ___________. In trusses of this type, the individual members would be wooden ___x___ or ___x___ and individual trusses would be spaced ___ to ____ feet apart center to center.

Answer 246

Nail type gusset plates
2 x 4 or 2 x 6
2 to 4 feet

Question 247

____ trusses, which use a curved top chord, were once commonly used for roofs, and many remain in use. This assembly uses ___ connectors at all joints, except the ___ plates located at the ends of the truss. The top chord tries to straighten out and the bottom chord maintains the shape of the top chord through ____.

Answer 247

Bowstring trusses
Split-ring connectors
Heel plates
Through tension

Question 248

Roof trusses are fabricated from ____ as well as ___. ___ and ___ trusses are the most common types used for pitched roofs. Both — and — trusses are usually fabricated ____ and ____ to the jobsite.

Answer 248

Steel as well as wood
Fink and Pratt trusses
Elsewhere and shipped

Question 249

____ will often behave true to their construction materials in fire conditions. Materials used in —- include:(3)

Answer 249

Arches

Masonry
Laminated wood
Steel

Question 250

The _____ of a roof is the portion of roof construction to which the roof covering or roll on roofing is applied. Through the —— the loads on the roof are transmitted to the roof supporting members.

Answer 250

Deck

Question 251

The components of roof decks include:(4)

Answer 251

Sheathing
Roof planks or slabs
Purlins

Question 252

Sometimes, as in ____ deck roofs, the roof deck serves as the roof support.

Answer 252

Concrete

Question 253

_______decking is frequently used in applications where it serves as both the deck and the exterior roof covering.

Answer 253

Corrugated steel

Question 254

From a construction standpoint, the deck material should be ____ and ____ so that any insulation or roof covering can be attached.

Answer 254

Clean and smooth

Question 255

Wood panel decking may have a thickness of ____ on supports ___ inches on center.

Answer 255

1/2 inch
24 inches on center

Question 256

Wood planks will have a minimum _____ nominal thickness.

Answer 256

1 inch

Question 257

Corrugated steel used in roof decking ranges from ___gauge, the thinnest, to ___gauge, the thickest. The overall depth varies from ___ to ___. Corrugated steel decking can be used with a sheet of flat steel welded to the bottom to form _____ decking.

Answer 257

29 gauge
12 gauge
3/4 to 2 inches
Cellar decking

Question 258

Roof deck materials
Gypsum has the advantage of being ______. Precast concrete may also be made —— with the inclusion of an appropriate ______. When cast in place concrete is used as a roof deck, the roof must be attachable to the deck. This attachment may be accommodated with wood nailing strips imbedded in the concrete at intervals of ____feet.

Answer 258

Nailable
Aggregate
3 feet

Question 259

The usual practice in a multi story building with a flat roof is to use the same structural system for the ____ and ____ because it is more economical.

Answer 259

Roof and floors

Question 260

The roof ____ provides the water-resistant barrier for the roof system.

Answer 260

Covering

Question 261

The type of roof covering used depends on the ___ of the roof structure, the ____ of the roof, the local _____, and the ____ desired.

Answer 261

Form of the roof
Slope of the roof
Local climate
Appearance desired

Question 262

Examples of conditions roofing materials must resist include:
Punctures from ___
____ from fog, salt air, smoke, and other pollutants.
Expansion and contraction from roof-top temperatures that can range from over ____F in the summer and below ___F in the winter

Answer 262

Hail
Corrosion
100F and 0F

Question 263

A roof covering can consist of a single layer of material as in a ____ roof.

Answer 263

Corrugated steel roof

Question 264

The ___ ____ is designed to reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer. It is used in climates where significant _____ ______ are common.

Answer 264

Vapor barrier
Temperature fluctuations

Question 265

Vapor barriers consist of a continuous sheet of material resistant to the passage of water vapor including:(4)

Answer 265

Plastic
Aluminum foil
Kraft paper laminated with asphalt
Asphalt saturated roofing felt

Question 266

The ____ ____ reduces heat loss through the roof. The ——— should have resistance to ____ ____ such as gouging, moisture decay, and fire.

Answer 266

Thermal insulation
Mechanical damage

Question 267

Insulation can be poured or rigid. Poured insulation materials can be ______ or _____.

Answer 267

Portland cement of gypsum

Question 268

The _____ used under a roof consists of waterproof material that keeps out rain and snow from the interior of the building. The three general categories of —— used are ____, _______, and ______.

Answer 268

Membrane
Built up membranes, single-ply membranes, and fluid applied membranes

Question 269

____ membranes use several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated with a bituminous material that may be either tar or asphalt. The roofing felt is usually supplied in rolls ___feet wide. The number of layers of roofing felt used varies, but ___ layers is a common design. Built up roofs usually last for ___ years if the manufacturers specifications are followed.

Answer 269

Built up membranes
3 feet wide
4 layers
20 years

Question 270

A _____ membrane roof consists of a single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck. The membrane material comes in sheets ___ or ___ feet wide and up to ____ feet long. The membranes are thin, typically ___ to ___ inches thick.

Answer 270

Single-ply membrane roof
10 or 20 feet wide and UP TO 200 feet long
.03 to .10 inches thick

Question 271

Single-ply membranes are made from several materials. The most common is a synthetic rubber material, _________(EPDM). Other materials include ______(PVC) and ____(CPE).

Answer 271

Ethylene propylene diene monomer
Polyvinyl chloride
Chlorinated polyethylene

Question 272

_____ membranes are attached to the roof by means of adhesives, gravel ballast, or mechanical fasteners.

Answer 272

Single ply

Question 273

______ membranes are useful for buildings with curved roof surfaces such as domes that would be difficult to cover with other materials. The material is applied as a liquid and allowed to cure. Usually several coatings are applied. The materials used include: (4)

Answer 273

Fluid-applied membranes
Neoprene
Silicone
Polyurethane
Butyl rubber

Question 274

The ____ layer permits the free movement of rain water to the roof drains.

Answer 274

Drainage layer

Question 275

Depending on the ____ material used, the drainage layer can be the ___ layer in a single-ply roofing system, a drainage ____, or the ____ used in a built-up roofing system.

Answer 275

Membrane
Ballast
Drainage fabric
Aggregate

Question 276

The ______ protects the roof system from mechanical abrasion. It can consist of the ___ in a built up roof system or ____ ____.

Answer 276

Wear course
Aggregate
Gravel ballast

Question 277

Built up roofs that use gravel as the wear course are commonly known as _____ roofs. Roofs used for pedestrian traffic may use ___ ____ for the wear course

Answer 277

Tar and gravel roofs
Deck pavers

Question 278

Materials may be shaped to resemble other roof coverings such as ____ shingles. These include ____ aluminum, ___-based materials, and ___ materials. Two broad categories used on pitched roofs are ___, and ____ roof coverings.

Answer 278

Wood shingles
Porcelainized aluminum
Mineral based materials
Shingles and metal roof coverings

Question 279

Asphalt shingles are usually installed over an ____, which is a layer of roofing felt or synthetic covering.

Answer 279

Underlayment

Question 280

____ tiles have preset nail holes

Answer 280

Slate

Question 281

Modern asphalt shingles are ___ based. A mineral aggregate is embedded in the top surface to act as a wearing surface and to provide ____. Asphalt shingles are available in several sizes but the most common size is ____ x ___ inches.

Answer 281

Fiberglass
Color
12 x 36 inches

Question 282

The difference between wood shingles and shakes is their method of ________. Wood ____ are thin, tapered slabs of wood that are sawn from pieces of a tree trunk. ____ are manually or machine split from the wood and are thicker than ——- wood shingles and shakes used in North America are made from ____, ____ , or _____ because of the resistance of these woods to decay.

Answer 282

Method of production
Wood shingles
Shakes
Red cedar, white cedar, or redwood

Question 283

Wood shingles are installed with an overlap so only ____ of the surface of the shingle is actually exposed to the weather.

Answer 283

One-third

Question 284

___, ___, and ___ tiles are non combustible and produce fire resistant roof coverings that have excellent resistance to flying brands.

Answer 284

Clay, slate and cement

Question 285

____ is produced from hard rock that has a tendency to split along one plane. This characteristic permits roofing —- to be produced in smooth sheets as thin as ____ although it may be as thick as ___ inches.

Answer 285

Slate
1/16th inch
1-1/2 inch

Question 286

Slate is a durable material and can have a life expectancy of ____ years. Slate is also a heavy material weighing ___ to ___ pounds per square foot.

Answer 286

150 years
8 to 36 pounds

Question 287

___ tile is a dense, hard, and non absorbent material and can be used for flat or curved tiles. The curved —-tiles are known as ____tiles.

Answer 287

Clay
Mission tiles

Question 288

_____tiles are made from Portland cement, aggregate and water.

Answer 288

Concrete tiles

Question 289

Test procedures contained in NFPA ___ , also designated _____, evaluate the fire hazards of specific roof covering.

Answer 289

NFPA 256
ASTM E-108

Question 290

NFPA 256/ASTM E-108
In the test, samples of roof coverings are attached to a wooden deck measuring ___ feet ___ inches by ___feet ___inches.
In order to be a third party listed product, materials are subject to ___ separate test procedures including:

Answer 290

3 feet 4 inches by 4 feet 4 inches
6 separate test procedures
intermittent flame exposure test
Burning brand test
Flying brand test
Rain test
Weathering test
Spread of flame test

Question 291

NFPA 256/ ASTM E-108
The individual test procedures may be repeated from ___ to ___ times on different samples depending on the specific material being tested.

Answer 291

Two to fifteen times

Question 292

NFPA 256/ ASTM E-108
Roof coverings that pass the required test procedures are classified __, __, or ____. The three classifications are based on the _____ of the fire the material can withstand.

Answer 292

A, B, or C
Severity of fire

Question 293

NFPA 256/ ASTM E-108
Class A roof coverings are effective against a ____ fire exposure.
Class B roof coverings are effective against a ____ fire exposure.
Class C roof coverings are effective against a _____ fire exposure.

Answer 293

Severe
Moderate
Light

Question 294

Reasons rain roofs may be installed over existing roofs include:
To cover ____roofing elements
To change the ___ of a building
To update ____design/appearance
______compared to replacing the original roof
Less ____ to the operations within a building

Answer 294

Deteriorated
Profile
Architectural
Cost-effective
Less disruptive

Question 295

Green design roofs
The greatest benefit to this style of roof is the increased ___ _____ of the building

Answer 295

Increased energy efficiency

Question 296

In addition to the photovoltaic and vegetative types explained below, green design roofs may include reflective systems known as ______ roofs and intentionally enhanced biodiversity known as ____ roofs. A significant hazard that many of these systems share is the ________ from the added elements.

Answer 296

Cool roofs
Brown roofs
Increased weight

Question 297

A ____ system produces reliable clean energy that can be used in a wide range of applications, including within a buildings systems.

Answer 297

Photovoltaic

Question 298

________ are typically shaped as panels and shingles, and can be installed on top of a roof or embedded in the roof covering.

Answer 298

Photovoltaic CELLS

Question 299

Some _____ are designed as a standalone roofing system and are durable enough to be walked on. Photovoltaic ____ now include elements with a wide range of shapes, sizes, and thickness.

Answer 299

Solar shingles
Photovoltaic Systems

Question 300

The energy feed from photovoltaic cells cannot be ___ or ___. Even when electrical power to the building is shut off and the cells are isolated from the buildings electrical system, the cells continue to ____ and ____ electric power.

Answer 300

Isolated or shut off
Store and generate

Question 301

Photovoltaic roofs
One type of ______ is designed to be rolled out as a sheet on a flat membrane roof. In low light, it may look like a _______.

Answer 301

Solar panel
Maintenance walkway

Question 302

A ____ can take several forms, ranging from the use of potted plants and flower boxes to a layer of earth with growing plants covering a large area of roof.

Answer 302

Green roof

Question 303

The depth of soil required for a garden can range from ___ to ____. Depending on the depth of the soil the dead load can vary from ___pounds per square foot to ____ pounds per square foot.

Answer 303

A few inches to a few feet
20 pounds per square foot to 150 pounds per square foot

Question 304

Another primary hazard of vegetative roofs is the added _____ if the vegetation is not properly hydrated or if ____ are improperly stored.

Answer 304

Fire load
Fertilizers

Question 305

____ are small structures erected on the main roof of a building.

Answer 305

Penthouses

Question 306

The primary purpose of ___ is to provide natural lighting to the interior of a building. Building codes restrict the materials used in ——- to ___, ____, and _____.

Answer 306

Skylights
Plastic
Wired glass
Tempered glass

Question 307

Model building codes define a high rise building as being ___ feet in height. The fire protection definition:any building with ____ stories beyond the effective reach of fire equipment located at the street level.

Answer 307

MORE THAN 75 feet
Occupied

Question 308

In the early part of the ____ century, high-rise buildings existed primarily in large cities. Within ____ years, high rises began to be constructed in many medium sized communities.

Answer 308

20th century
Within 50 years

Question 309

Two developments that made high rise buildings possible and practical at the end of the ___century, were the use of ___ and ___.

Answer 309

End of the 19th century
Steel frame construction and elevators

Question 310

The most significant and obvious feature of high rise buildings is their ____. Buildings exceeding ____ stories have become commonplace.

Answer 310

Height
EXCEEDING 60 stories

Question 311

The earliest high rise buildings were rarely more than ___ or ___ stories. In the ___ and ___, several buildings were constructed exceeding ___ stories. For example, New York’s Empire State Building was constructed in ___ and has ___ stories.

Answer 311

Rarely more than 10 or 12 stories
1920s and 1930s
EXCEEDING 40 stories
1930 and has 102 stories

Question 312

Early high rise buildings were usually limited to ___ or ___ use.

Answer 312

Residential or office use

Question 313

In early high rise construction ___ systems were not a common utility.

Answer 313

HVAC systems

Question 314

The first model building codes introduced in the ___ and ____ required required stairs and elevators to be ____.

Answer 314

1920s and 1930s
Enclosed

Question 315

Often a high rise building will be constructed of a combination of ______ and a _____ frame. Tall buildings often have a _______core housing the elevator shafts with the remainder of the frame being _____.

Answer 315

Reinforced concrete and a protected steel frame
Reinforced concrete core
Steel

Question 316

Typically, model building codes require ___ or ___ hour fire resistance for the structural frame of a high rise building, depending on the number of stories and occupancy, and ___ hour fire resistance for floor construction. In _____ construction the floors will be concrete slab. In ____ buildings, the floors will be lightweight structural concrete placed over corrugated steel.

Answer 316

2 or 3 hour
2 hour
Reinforced concrete construction
Steel frame buildings

Question 317

Automatic sprinklers and communication systems were nut commonly provided until the ___quarter of the ____ century. In early high rise buildings, fire protection was usually provided only by _____.

Answer 317

Last quarter of the 20th century
Standpipe systems

Question 318

____ are a crucial aspect of fire protection in high rise buildings. In buildings up to ___ or ____ stories, it might be possible to advance hoselines manually up stairwells.

Answer 318

Standpipes
UP TO nine or ten stories

Question 319

The standpipe ___and___ are located within the stairwells to provide a protected location from which to advance a hoseline.

Answer 319

Risers and hose valves

Question 320

NFPA ___ mandates the use of pressure reducing valves that can be set according to the jurisdictions needs. ______ should verify that these devices are properly set at the time of the original installation.

Answer 320

NFPA 14
Fire inspectors

Question 321

Sprinkler and standpipe systems are typically supplied from the same ______. These systems will be supplied by ______ fire pumps located in the _____ of the building. In ____ zones a secondary on site water supply is required, usually in the form of a ______. Building codes have routinely required that high rise buildings be equipped with automatic sprinkler systems as well as standpipe systems since the mid _____.

Answer 321

Same vertical riser
One OR MORE fire pumps
Basement
Seismic zones
Storage tank
Mid 1970s

Question 322

The sprinkler system in a high rise building includes individual _____ control valves.

Answer 322

Individual floor control valves

Question 323

Taller high rise buildings may have a population of ____;the equivalent of a small ______. In a high rise building a system may include several _____(#) devices.

Answer 323

Several thousand people
Small town
Several hundred devices

Question 324

Many modern high-rise buildings have _____ alarm systems that automatically sound an alert tone followed by voice instructions upon actuation of any detector, water flow device, or manual pull station. These voice evacuation systems are often zoned by _____. Some systems are programmed to evacuate only the ___,___,and___ rather than the entire building. These systems will also include a voice___capability to broadcast further instructions on a ___ or ___ basis.

Answer 324

Voice alarm systems
Zoned by floor
Floor of origin, the floor above, and the floor below
Voice override capability
Selective or all call basis

Question 325

____devices in high rise buildings along with ___switches are monitored via the fire alarm system. Smoke detectors in ____ units are not monitored through the fire alarm system.

Answer 325

Detection devices
Water flow switches
Individual residential units

Question 326

Local or state building codes often require some form of mechanical ______ removal from each floor. All model building codes require smokeproof exit enclosures in all stairs serving floors ______feet or higher. During the _____, model codes typically permitted the use of the building mechanical air handling system to accomplish smoke removal if the building was completely protected by automatic sprinklers.

Answer 326

Mechanical smoke removal
75 feet OR HIGHER
1970s

Question 327

Model building codes require a room or area in a high-rise building to serve as a __________. The _______must approve the location. Typically, a Fire command center is located on the ____floor or level of fire department access. The room has minimal requirements, often including separation from the rest of the building where the with ____ hour fire rating. Many jurisdictions require that the room be accessed directly through an________ door.

Answer 327

Fire command center
Fire department
First floor or level of FD access
One-hour fire rating
Exterior door

Question 328

Many high rise buildings, especially office buildings and hotels, are designed with a ____ floor plan.

Answer 328

Central core floor plan

Question 329

When a structure has more than ________ dedicated elevator, they may be arranged in ______. The elevator code requires a ________ where the elevator hoistway or elevator room is protected by automatic sprinklers. This arrangement will shut down the _____ to the elevator before a sprinkler discharges water on the elevator equipment. This type of system may _____ an elevator between floors, and therefore, some jurisdictions will not allow automatic sprinklers to protect the spaces.

Answer 329

Banks
Shunt trip
Power
Stop

Question 330

Only consider using elevators if the fire is above _________ floor. Stay below the ___ floor, according to SOPs
Never take an elevator below ________.
Do not travel above the ___ in an elevator that serves all floors.
Do not use elevators for occupant evacuation until _________.
Determine the location of the nearest ______ in relation to the elevator

Answer 330

ABOVE the 5th floor
Fire floor
Below ground level
Fire floor
The fire is under control
Protected stairs

Question 331

Codes contain mandatory provisions for the recall(phase ___operation) of all passenger elevators with vertical travel greater than ___ feet in the event of a fire. ——operation can be triggered by the following:
-activation of automatic ____detectors
-activation of automatic____alarms
Activation of ____switch in the terminal floor lobby.

Answer 331

Phase I operation
GREATER THAN 25 feet
Automatic smoke detectors
Automatic sprinkler water flow alarms
Manual keyed switch

Question 332

Phase __ operation is designed to prevent the deaths of civilians who may find themselves in an elevator that is called to the fire floor, as happened in high-rise fires in the ______. Phase __operation automatically stops all the cars that serve the fire floor if they are moving away from their terminal floor (the lobby). It also causes the cars to return nonstop to the lobby, or other designated level if the alarm originated from the lobby.

Answer 332

Phase I
1970s
Phase I

Question 333

The requirement for recall does not apply to ____ elevators.

Answer 333

Freight

Question 334

The elevator control and information panel is usually located _____ to the elevator bank and can indicate whether anyone maybe trapped. Recalling elevators via Phase ___ operation opens the car doors and keep them open when the car reaches the recall floor. During Phase ___ operation, the elevator cars ____ and _______buttons are rendered inoperative so the car occupants who may be unaware of the fire or emergency cannot stop the car anywhere but at the terminal floor.

Answer 334

Adjacent to the elevator bank
Phase I x2
Emergency stop and floor selection buttons

Question 335

Phase __ operation is designed to override the recall feature to permit firefighters to use the elevators after they arrive on the scene. Model codes specify that all new elevators must be equipped for Phase __ operation. Typically to activate Phase __operation, a firefighter must insert a key in a _____position switch within a car to place that particular car in fire service.

Answer 335

Phase II
Three position switch

Question 336

The _______ safety, which prevents the doors from closing if there is a person or smoke in the doorway, is disabled during Phase___ operations to allow the doors to be closed and the car moved if it inadvertently stops at a smoke-filled floor. The _______ button that was inoperable in Phase 1 should be operable during Phase 2.

Answer 336

Electric eye safety
Phase II
Emergency stop button

Question 337

Limited or controlled access buildings
Upper floors should have emergency access openings on ____ or more sides in the upper floors. These openings must be readily ___ and ____ from both the exterior and interior ,and they must be sized for ___ and ___ operations.

Answer 337

Two OR MORE sides
Readily identifiable and operable
Rescue and ventilation operations

Question 338

Underground buildings may have occupancy areas ___ feet or more lower than their primary exit. Older underground buildings were usually accessed _____ from ground level. Some modern underground buildings are being built into the side of hills with the primary access being ______

Answer 338

30 feet OR MORE LOWER
Vertically
Horizontally

Question 339

Probably the greatest single challenge in controlling fires in underground buildings comes from the difficulty in _______ and _________.

Answer 339

Ventilating heat and smoke

Question 340

Evacuation of occupants from underground locations is ____ difficult than in high rise buildings. Smokeproof enclosures are now required for buildings with levels more than ___feet below the level of exit discharge. The maximum available fire resistant protection is typically ___hours therefore fires exceeding___hours are a serious threat.

Answer 340

More difficult
MORE THAN 30 feet below
4 hours x2

Question 341

One typical requirement is that the underground portion of the building be of __________construction. Where buildings have floor levels ___ feet below the level of exit discharge, separation of each level into ____ approximately equal sized compartments may be required. Each compartment will be provided with ____stair and access into the other compartment.

Answer 341

Fire resistive construction
MORE THAN 60 feet
Two
AT LEAST one stair and access

Question 342

A membrane structure has an exterior skin of thin waterproof fabric; often ____-coated ___ material.

Answer 342

Vinyl coated polyester material

Question 343

The most significant advantage to a membrane structure is the ability to provide a _____, ________ interior space.

Answer 343

Large, unobstructed

Question 344

Air ____ structures feature a covered space with a fully open floor plan. Air____ membrane domes may be used for seasonal pop up shops or as temporary structures used for weather protection while constructing a building inside the membrane structure.

Answer 344

Air-Inflated structures

Question 345

Air ____ buildings use a membrane that weighs only a few ounces per square foot for the building skin. Because air ___structures do not expose occupants to the supporting pressure, they may use a membrane that is heavier.

Answer 345

Air supported buildings
Air inflated structures

Question 346

______ structures are supported by external cables fastened to masts. The structural supports of this type of construction resemble the organization found in a ______.

Answer 346

Cable membrane structures
Suspension bridge

Question 347

_____structures feature a rigid frame with a tensioned membrane covering, usually with internal columns.

Answer 347

Frame membrane structures

Question 348

Covered mall buildings
Codes now require fire department hose outlets in____, at ___entrances to the mall, and at entrances from the mall to ____ and _____.

Answer 348

Stairs
Major entrances
Corridors and passageways

Question 349

Shopping malls are constructed in various sizes and configurations, and typically include ___ to ___ levels. When they contain more than ___ level(s), covered malls will have multiple openings between the levels. Building codes require that mall walkways be a minimum of ____ feet wide. Malls are usually designed with one or more large, well known, perimeter stores that are known as ____stores.

Answer 349

One to three levels
MORE THAN one level
MINIMUM OF 20 feet wide
Anchor stores

Question 350

Codes require individual stores within a shopping mall to have ____ hour fire resistive separations from each other, but they do not require that individual storefronts are separated from the mall itself.

Answer 350

1 hour

Question 351

Current codes have eliminated a requirement for smoke control systems in ___story shopping malls; however, a smoke control system may be required in covered mall buildings with ____ or more stories. Historically, most codes required a smoke control system in all covered mall buildings, regardless of number of stories.

Answer 351

One story
Three OR MORE stories

Question 352

The automatic sprinkler industry developed _____sprinklers with a low profile and tamper resistance.

Answer 352

Institutional sprinklers

Question 353

Functionally a _____ is a large vertical opening extending through _____ or more floors of a building that is not used for building services such as enclosed stairs, elevators, or building utilities.

Answer 353

Atrium
Two OR MORE

Question 354

Typically model code requirements for atriums include automatic sprinkler protection. Automatic sprinklers may only be required for those floors that the atrium connects. The building codes have a basic requirement that an atrium be enclosed with ___hour fire rated construction or a combination of ___ and ____. However, codes usually make provision for elimination of the —-hour enclosure for up to ____stories or more when certain conditions are met.

Answer 354

1 hour
Glass and automatic sprinklers
UP TO three stories OR MORE

Question 355

Some codes now waive the requirements for sprinklers where the ceilings of atriums are more than ___ feet above the floor.

Answer 355

MORE THAN 55 feet

Question 356

____ can be defined as an event that produces a rapid release of energy. This sudden release of energy produces outward pressures, often referred to as ________.

Answer 356

An explosion
Blast waves

Question 357

Structural damage from an explosion can be mitigated through ____ or ____ the forces. The maximum pressure reached during an explosion may exceed _____time the atmospheric pressure.

Answer 357

Containment or venting the forces
EXCEED ten times

Question 358

Ideally, explosion vent panels should not weigh more than ___ pounds per square foot. Several different materials such as ___ or ____, are often used for explosion vents in industrial buildings.

Answer 358

NOT WEIGH MORE THAN 3 pounds per square foot
Corrugated steel or aluminum sheets

Question 359

Types of explosion vents include (5)

Answer 359

Louvered openings
Hangar type doors
Wall panels windows
Roof vents

Question 360

The required explosion vent area varies based on the size and strength of the _____, the expected ____ of the potential explosion, and the type of ____. Determining the actual vent area therefore requires an _________

Answer 360

Structure
Forces
Vent
Engineering analysis

Question 361

An __________ for a stairway serving as an accessible means of egress can be located within the stairway on a landing, or near the stairway in an adjacent vestibule.

Answer 361

Area of refuge

Question 362

Generally, the area of refuge is designed to accommodate _____ or ___ wheelchairs, depending on the occupant ____ served.

Answer 362

One or two
Occupant load served

Question 363

Areas of refuge must be provided with some type of __________ system connected to a constantly attended location. This system must be designed to accommodate persons with any type of ___________. Also, areas of refuge must be well ___________from the exterior of the space, and provided on the interior with adequate ___________on the use of the space and the communication system.

Answer 363

Two-way communication system
Disability
Well identified adequate instructions

Question 364

Warehouses may have multiple rows of racks wider than ____ or with aisles narrower than ____.

Answer 364

WIDER THAN 12 feet
NARROWER THAN 3.5 feet

Question 365

Storage racks can range from a total height of ___feet to ______ feet

Answer 365

12 feet to AN EXCESS OF 100 feet

Question 366

Rack storage
Newer ceiling mounted sprinkler technology includes sprinklers that can operate in _____mode and ___mode.

Answer 366

Control mode and suppression mode

Question 367

A fundamental fire concern with type ____ construction is the combustible concealed spaces that are created between the floor and ceiling joists and in between studs in partition walls when they are covered with interior finish materials. Concealed spaces in type—— construction must contain appropriate ______.

Answer 367

Type III
Fire stops

Question 368

The ______ may also regulate the operation of the dampers.

Answer 368

The local mechanical code

Question 369

____ function as the primary sheltering element for the interior of a building.

Answer 369

Roofs

Question 370

A _____ is a waterproof covering for a building.

Answer 370

A roof

Question 371

Storage racks are arranged with several _____tiers.

Answer 371

Horizontal

Question 372

The use of ________ is the most common characteristic of unprotected, noncombustible construction

Answer 372

Unprotected steel

Question 373

— Ingredients or chemicals added to con- crete mix to produce concrete with specific characteristics.

— Branch of philosophy dealing with the na- ture of beauty, art, and taste.
Aftershock – A smaller earthquake that occurs in the same area and similar time frame as a larger earthquake.

— Particulate material used in construction to provide a stable bedding or reinforce a composition ma- terial. Used as an extender in concrete. Can be graded into coarse and fine grain sizes and material types in- cluding sand, gravel, stone, etc.

— Membrane structure that uses air pressure to develop its initial shape, but may not use air pressure throughout the entire, high profile, occu- pancy: enclosed columns or tubes may be inflated to hold the shape of the structure. This type of structure is often intended to be temporary or movable.

— Membrane structure that is fully or partially held up by interior air pressure. This type of occupancy often has a wider footprint than air- inflated structures, and may be secured in place with rigid lower walls and cables. This type of structure may be maintained in place over a long duration.

Answer 373

Admixture

Aesthetics

Aggregate

Air-Inflated Structure

Air-Supported Structure

Question 374

— Substance or mixture composed of two or more metals (or a metal and nonmetallic elements) fused to- gether and dissolved into each other to enhance the properties or usefulness of the base metal.

— Electrical circuit in which the current can move through the circuit in both directions and the flow can be constantly reversing.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) — Voluntary standards-setting organization that sets guidelines on characteristics and performance of materi- als, products, systems and services; for example, the quality of concrete or the flammability of interior finishes.

• — Federal statute intended to remove barri- ers, physical and otherwise, that limit access by individuals with disabilities.

— High-temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation.

Answer 374

Alloy

Alternating Current (AC) Circuit

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

Arc

Question 375

— Curved structural member in which the interior stresses are primarily compressive. Arches develop in- clined reactions at their supports.

— (1) Space protected from fire in the nor- mal means of egress either by an approved sprinkler system, separation from other spaces within the same building by smokeproof walls, or location in an adjacent building. (2) Area where persons who are unable to use stairs can temporarily wait for instructions or assistance during an emergency building evacuation.

— Standard test used to measure the surface burning characteristics of various materials. Also known as Steiner Tunnel Test or Tunnel Test.

— (1) Upper chamber of the left or right side of the heart. (2) Open area in the center of a building, extending through two or more stories, similar to a courtyard but usually covered by a skylight, to allow natural light and ventilation to interior rooms.

— An organiza- tion, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or approving equip- ment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

— Load applied to the center of the cross-sec- tion of a member and perpendicular to that cross-section. It can be either tensile or compressive, and creates uni- form stresses across the cross-section of the material.

Answer 375

Arch

Area of Refuge

ASTM E-84

Atrium

Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)

Axial Load

Question 376

— Type of structural fram- ing used in some single-story and multistory wood frame buildings; studs are continuous from the foundation to the roof, and there may be no fire stops between the studs.

— Open web truss constructed entirely of steel, with steel bars used as the web members.

— A system of structural elements that create a joint between a building and its base to minimize seismic force effects on the main structure. The type of system may be customized to the type of seismic forces expected in an area.

— Structural component loaded perpendicular to its length. Primarily resists bending stress characterized by compression in the top portion and tension in the bot- tom portion.

— Common type of structure that uses the walls of a building to support spanning ele- ments such as beams, trusses, and pre-cast concrete slabs.

Answer 376

Balloon Frame construction

Bar joist

Base Isolation

Beam

Bearing Wall Structures

Question 377

— A reaction within a structural com- ponent that opposes a vertical load. When the bending moment is exceeded, the component will fail. Bending stress can be calculated from the bending moment.

— Compressive and tensile stresses in a beam. When the stresses are not held in equilibrium, the beam will bend and ultimately fail. Bending stresses are calculated from the Bending Moment.

— Used for express elevators that serve only upper floors of tall buildings. There are no entrances to the shaft on floors between the main entrance and the lowest floor served.

— Group of people, usually five to seven, with experience in fire prevention, building con- struction, and/or code enforcement, who are legally constituted to arbitrate differences of opinion between fire inspectors and building officials, property owners, occupants or builders.

— Lightweight truss design noted by the bow shape, or curve, of the top chord.

Answer 377

Bending Moment

Bending Stress

Blind Hoistway

Board of Appeals

Bowstring Truss

Question 378

— Amount of heat energy re- quired to raise the temperature of 1lb (0.5 kg) of water 1°F (.55 °C). 1 Btu = 1.055 kilo joules (kJ).

— A set of rules developed by a standards organization and adopted as law by a governmental body to regulate the minimum requirements for construction, renovation, and maintenance of buildings.

— Authorization issued from the appro- priate authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) before any new construction, addition, renovation, alteration, or demoli- tion of buildings or structures occurs.

— Connection between two parts made by simply securing ends surfaces together without addi- tional shaping at the ends; a simple but weak joint.

— Structure projecting from a wall, designed to receive lateral pressure action at a particular point.

Answer 378

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

Building Code

Building Permit

Butt Joint

Buttress

Question 379

— Freestanding structure that uses suspension cables for support. Also known as Cable Covered Structure.

— Flexible structural members designed to with- stand tension stresses. Commonly used to support roofs, brace tents, and restrain pneumatic structures.

— Protective sleeve used to keep water out of an excavation for a pier.

— Process of driving free and chemically bound water out of gypsum; also describes chemical and physical changes to the gypsum component itself.

Answer 379

Cable Membrane Structure

Cables

Caisson

Calcination

Question 380

— Process that heats a substance to a high tem- perature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture, reduction or oxidation, and decomposi- tion of carbonates and other compounds.

— Projecting beam or slab supported at one end.

— Broad top surface of a column or pilaster, de- signed to spread the load held by a column.

— Common type of concrete construction. Refers to concrete that is poured into forms as a liquid and assumes the shape of the form in the posi- tion and location it will be used.

— Any adhesive material or variety of materials which can be made into a paste with adhesive and cohe- sive properties to bond inert aggregate materials into a solid mass by chemical hardening. For example, portland cement is combined with sand and/or other aggregates and water to produce mortar or concrete.

Answer 380

Calcined

Cantilever

Capital

Cast-in-Place Concrete

Cement

Question 381

— Top or bottom longitudinal member of a truss; main members of trusses, as distinguished from diagonals.

— Exterior finish or skin.

— Energy sources that meet the needs of current consumers without compromising future re- sources. Also known as Sustainable Energy.

— Commercial and drawing steels; shaped after cooling below its recrystallization temperature by being passed through a series of rollers to reduce the thickness incrementally.

— Horizontal roof framing member in the top third of the framing system; braces the roof framing against the uplift of wind.

Answer 381

Chord

Cladding

Clean Energy

Cold Rolled Steel (CRS)

Collar Tie

Question 382

— Vertical member designed to support an axial load and compressive stresses.

— Square pad of concrete that supports a column. Footings of decorative columns are often above the bearing surface.

— Truss structure with the chords and diagonal members arranged in parallel planes. Also known as Monoplane Truss.

— Any enclosed space without internal fire barriers.

— Series of barriers designed to keep flames, smoke, and heat from spreading between spaces.

Answer 382

Column

Column Footing

Common Truss

Compartment

Compartmentation

Question 383

— Stairwell pressurization system that can modulate the pressure in the stairwell in relation to the interior of the building, or vent excess pressure.

— Produced with parallel external face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted fibers. Also known as Sandwich Panel

— Vertical and/or horizontal forces that push the mass of a material together; for example,
the force exerted on the top chord of a truss.

— Load that is applied at one point or over a small area.

— Strong, hard building material produced from a mixture of portland cement and an aggregate filler/binder to which water is added to form a slurry that sets into a rigid building material.

Answer 383

Compensated System

Composite Panels

Compression

Concentrated Load

Concrete

Question 384

— Large rectangular brick used in con- struction; the most common type is the hollow concrete block. Also known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU).

— Wall construc- tion system that includes one wythe of concrete blocks with a brick wythe attached to the outside.

— Large, uncontrollable fire covering a considerable area and crossing fire barriers such as streets and waterways; usually involves buildings in more than one block and causes a substantial fire loss. Forest fires can also be considered conflagrations.

— Deliberate demoli- tion process that uses large machinery and equipment to reduce an entire structure to ground level.

— Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases, usually in an upward direction.

Answer 384

Concrete Block

Concrete Block Brick Faced (CBBF)

Conflagration

Controlled Collapse Demolition

Convection

Question 385

— Stair that usually connects two floors in a multistory building.

— Roofing system con- structed on site; often uses dimensional lumber and nails/screws but can also use preengineered components.

— Rooftop or independent unit that ejects waste heat into the atmosphere to lower the temperature in a system. Commonly used in HVAC systems.

— Bracket or ledge made of stone, wood, brick, or other building material projecting from the face of a wall or column used to support a beam, cornice, or arch.

— Use of a corbel to provide additional sup- port for an arch.

Answer 385

Convenience Stair

Conventionally Framed Roofs

Cooling Tower

Corbel

Corbelling

Question 386

— Concealed space near the eave of a building; usually overhanging the area adjacent to exterior walls.

— Formed into ridges or grooves; serrated.

— Horizontal layer of individual masonry units.

— Measurement of one component’s tested performance against a set stan- dard or criteria, not against similar components or assemblies. Similar to Criterion-Referenced Assessment.

— Theoretical slice of a 3-dimensional structural component to enable area and stress calculations.

Answer 386

Cornice

Corrugated

Course

Criterion-Referenced Testing (CRT)

Cross-Section

Question 387

— A type of rooftop projection historically used for ventilation and lighting, and modernly added for aesthetics.

— Nonload-bearing exterior wall attached to the outside of a building with a rigid steel frame. Usually the front exterior wall of a building intended to provide a certain appearance.

— Structural element designed to control vibration from resonance.

— Weight of the structure, structural mem- bers, building components, and any other features permanently attached to the building that are constant and immobile.

— Guidelines applied to basic units of a project that cause the items to work together as a uni- fied, completely finished item that serves a purpose within established parameters. Units can include the ma- terials, concepts, and setting.

Answer 387

Cupola

Curtain Wall

Damping Mechanism

Dead Load

Design Principles

Question 388

— The use of a single organization to both design and build a facility to minimize risks for the proj- ect owner. May also refer to a firm specializing in design-build.

— Process of removing water from a vessel or building.

— Material that is a poor conductor of electric- ity, usually applied to tools that are used to handle energized electrical wires or equipment.

— Lumber with standard, nomi- nal measurements for use in building construction. —— lumber is also available in rough, green components with actual dimensions that match the nominal dimensions.

— Electrical circuit in which the current moves through the circuit in only one direction.

Answer 388

Design-Build

Dewatering

Dielectric

Dimensional Lumber

Question 389

— Mechanical device that closes a door. Also known as Self-Closing Door.

— Mechanical device that holds a door open and releases it upon a signal. Mechanism may be a fusible link that releases under fire conditions, or an electromagnet connected to a smoke detector. Also known as Door Holder.

— Noncombustible barriers or dividers hung from the ceiling in large open areas that are de- signed to minimize the mushrooming effect of heat and smoke and impede the flow of heat. Also known as Curtain Boards and Draft Stops.

— Type of concrete floor construction in which the portion of the floor above each column is dropped below the bottom level of the rest of the slab, in- creasing the floor thickness at the column.

— A measure of a metal’s ability to be drawn, hammered thin, or rolled into shapes without breaking. The high ductility of steel makes it very versatile for use in constructing buildings.

Answer 389

Door Closer

Door Hold-Open Device

Draft Curtains

Drop Panel

Ductility

Question 390

— Small freight elevators that carry items, not people, and generally have a small weight and size capacity.

— Loads that involve motion, including impact from wind, falling objects, and vibration. Also known as Shock Loading.

— A sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic forces that shake and some- times disrupt the ground. Earthquakes are associated with volcanic activity, landslides, and tsunamis.

— Load perpendicular to the cross-sec- tion of the structural member, but which does not pass through the center of the cross-section. An eccentric load creates stresses that vary across the cross-section and may be both tensile and compressive.

— Generic term for rubber-like materials in- cluding natural rubber, butyl rubber, neoprene, and silicone rubber used in facepiece seals, low-pressure hoses, and similar SCBA components.

Answer 390

Dumbwaiter

Dynamic Load

Earthquake

Eccentric Load

Elastomer

Question 391

— Mechanical system that travels vertically and is used to transport people and items in a multistory building.

— Depression at the base of an elevator hoistway that contains equipment and maintenance access.

— A material manufactured by bond- ing pieces of wood with glue or resin to form finished shapes.

— Condition of balance that exists when a structural system is capable of supporting the applied load.

— Belt-driven moving stairs that move in one direction at a fixed rate of speed.

Answer 391

Elevator

Elevator Pit

Engineered Wood

Equilibrium

Escalator

Question 392

— Ventilation system designed to re- move stale air, smoke, vapors, or other airborne contaminants from an area.

— Closed-cell foam used for a growing number of purposes including building in- sulation. Properties include rigidity, low weight, and formability.

— Flexible joint in concrete used to pre- vent cracking or breaking because of expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

— Structure surfaces or separate parts of the fireground to which a fire or products of combustion could spread.

— Exterior cladding or covering systems composed of an adhesively or mechanically fastened foam insulation board, reinforcing mesh, a base coat, and an outer finish coat. Also known as Synthetic Stucco.

— Stairs separated from the interior of a building by walls.

Answer 392

Exhaust System

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)

Expansion Joint

Exposure

Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)

Exterior Stairs

Question 393

— Fascia added to some buildings with flat roofs to create the appearance of a mansard roof. Also known as False Roof or Fascia.

— Ratio of the failure point of a material to the maximum design stress; indicates the strength of a structure beyond the expected or actual loads.

— Point at which material ceases to per- form satisfactorily; depending on the application, this can involve breaking, permanent deformation, excessive deflection, or vibration.

— (1) Flat horizontal or vertical board located at the outer face of a cornice. (2) Broad flat surface over a storefront or below a cornice.

— Strategy to reduce the over- all time for completion of a project by merging the design and construction phases. Often used in conjunction with design-build.

Answer 393

Facade

Factor of Safety

Failure Point

Fascia

Fast-Track Construction

Question 394

— Area of discontinuity in the Earth’s crust associ- ated with movement by tectonic plates.

— Agency within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that is responsible for emergency preparedness, mitigation, and response activities for events including natural, technological, and attack-related emergencies.

— Connection between two parts made by cutting complementary mating parts, and then securing the joint with glue.

— One of a set of sections in a building sepa- rated from each other by fire-resistant partitions.

— Angled cut made at the end of a wood joist or wood beam that rests in a masonry wall to allow the beam to fall away freely from the wall in case of failure of the beam. This helps prevent the beam from acting as a lever to push against the masonry.

Answer 394

Fault

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Finger Joint

Fire Area

Fire Cut

Question 395

— Device that automatically restricts the flow of air through all or part of an air-handling system; usually activated by the building’s fire alarm signaling system.

— Point at which the fire department can connect into a sprinkler or stand- pipe system to boost the water pressure and flow in the system. This connection consists of a clappered siamese with two or more 21⁄2-inch (65 mm) intakes or one large- diameter (4-inch [100 mm] or larger) intake. Also known as Fire Department Sprinkler Connection.

— Specially constructed, tested, and approved fire-rated assembly designed and installed to prevent fire spread by automatically sealing an opening in a fire wall to block the spread of fire.

— Means of escaping from a building in case of fire; usually an interior or exterior stairway or slide, in- dependently supported and made of fire-resistive material.

— The amount of water required to extinguish a fire in a timely manner.

Answer 395

Fire Damper

Fire Department Connection (FDC)

Fire Door

Fire Escape

Fire Flow

Question 396

— Maximum amount of heat that can be re- leased if all fuel in a given area is consumed; expressed in pounds per square foot and obtained by dividing the amount of fuel present by the floor area. Used as a mea- sure of the potential heat release of a fire within a compartment. Similar to Fuel Load and Heat of Combustion.

— Fire barrier that extends from one floor to the bottom of the floor above or to the underside of a fire-rated ceiling assembly; provides a lower level of pro- tection than a fire wall. An example is a one-hour rated corridor wall.

— The ability of a structural assembly or material to maintain its load-bearing ability under fire conditions.

— Rating assigned to a material or assembly after standardized testing by an independent testing organization; identifies the amount of time a ma- terial or assembly will resist a typical fire, as measured on a standard time-temperature curve.

— Any substance, except plain water, that when applied to another material or substance will re- duce the flammability of fuels or slow their rate of combustion by chemical or physical action.

— The movement of fire from one material (source) to another (exposure). May occur within a com- partment or across a break.

Answer 396

Fire Load

Fire Partition

Fire Resistance

Fire Resistance Rating

Fire Retardant

Fire Spread

Question 397

— Solid materials, such as wood blocks, used to prevent or limit the vertical and horizontal spread of fire and the products of combustion; installed in hollow walls or floors, above false ceilings, in penetrations for plumb- ing or electrical installations, in penetrations of a fire-rated assembly, or in cocklofts and crawl spaces.

— Fire rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, built of fire-resistive materials and usually ex- tending from the foundation up to and through the roof of a building that is designed to limit the spread of a fire within a structure or between adjacent structures.

— Interface between the smoke management system and the fire re- sponse forces.

— Movement of a flame away from the ig- nition source.

— (1) Numerical rating assigned to a material based on the speed and extent to which flame travels over its surface. (2) Measurement of the propaga- tion of flame on the surface of materials or their assemblies as determined by recognized standard tests.

— Single or paired external ridges or rims on a beam that do most of the work of supporting a load.

Answer 397

Fire Stop

Fire Wall

Firefighter’s Smoke Control Station (FSCS)

Flame Spread

Flame Spread Rating

Flange

Question 398

— Plain floor slab about 8 inches (200 mm) thick that rests on columns spaced up to 22 feet (6.5 m) apart and depends on diagonal and orthogonal patterns of reinforcing bars for structural support because the slab lacks beams; simplest and most economical floor system.

— Construction technique using concrete slabs supported by concrete columns.

— Foundation for which the vol- ume of earth excavated will approximately equal the weight of the building supported. Thus, the total weight supported by the soil beneath the foundation remains about the same, and settlement is minimized because of the weight of the building.

— Part of the building in contact with the bear- ing soil. Footings are thicker (deeper) than the column or foundation wall and are often embedded below the sur- face of the soil to rest on bedrock.

— 1) Simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds (kilograms). 2) In physics: Any interaction that may change the motion of an object.

— A building heating and cooling system that uses air as the heat transfer medium.

— Vertical element of a foundation; rests on the foundation footers. May be full-story height as in a basement, or partial height. Materials often in- clude poured concrete, or mortar elements such as block, brick, or stone.

Answer 398

Flat Plate

Flat-Slab Concrete Frame

Floating Foundation

Footing

Force

Forced–Air System

Foundation Wall

Question 399

— Internal system of structural supports within a building.

— Structure supported pri- marily by a frame or skeleton rather than by load-bearing walls. Also known as Frame Covered Structure.

— Self-supporting fire walls inde- pendent of the structure’s frame. Must resist a lateral load of 5 pounds per square foot (.25 kPa per square meter).

— Common depth at which ground water in soil will freeze. Influential variables include climate, soil properties, and nearby heat sources.

— Total quantity of fuel (combustible material) in a compartment; can include structural elements, inte- rior finish, and trim. Expressed in heat units of the equivalent weight in wood. Also known as Fuel Loading.

— Connecting link device that fuses or melts when exposed to fire temperatures; used to activate individual elements in active and passive fire suppres- sion systems. Benefits include: inexpensive, rugged, easy to maintain. Disadvantages include: slower to activate than automated systems.

Answer 399

Frame

Frame Membrane Structure

Freestanding Walls

Frost Line

Fuel Load

Fusible Link

Question 400

— Portable device for generating auxiliary electrical power; generators are powered by gasoline or diesel engines and typically have 110- and/or 220-volt ca- pacity outlets.

— Process of restoring rundown or dete- riorated properties by more affluent people, often displacing poorer residents.

— Computer software application that relates physical features on the earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. The system captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that refers to or is linked to a location.

— Glass or thermoplastic panel in a wall or other barrier that allows light to pass through.

— (1) Wooden structural mem- ber composed of many relatively short pieces of lumber glued and laminated together under pressure to form a long, extremely strong beam. (2) Term used to describe wood members produced by joining small, flat strips of wood together with glue. Also known as Glued-Laminated Beam or Glulam Beam.

— Direction of growth of a tree. Loads aligned per- pendicular to the grain are more sturdily supported; lumber will split more easily when cut parallel to the grain.

— Force acting to draw an object toward the earth’s center; force is equal to the object’s weight.

Answer 400

Generator

Gentrification

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Glazing

Glue-Laminated Beam

Grain

Gravity (G)

Question 401

— Incorporation of environmental princi- ples including energy efficiency and environmentally friendly building materials into design and construction.

— Roof of a building that is partially or com- pletely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over waterproof roofing elements. Term can also indicate the presence of green design technology includ- ing photovoltaic systems and reflective surfaces.

— Footing consisting of layers of beams placed at right angles to each other and usually encased in concrete.

— A mixture of cement, aggregate, and water that hardens over time; used to embed reinforcement materi- als in masonry walls. Similar to mortar.

— Metal or wooden plates used to connect and strengthen the joints of two or more separate compo- nents (such as metal or wooden truss components or roof or floor components) into a load-bearing unit.

Answer 401

Green Design

Green Roof

Grillage Footing

Grout

Gusset Plates

Question 402

— General term for small pieces of equipment made of metal, including ancillary equipment affixed to another medium to aid the use of the primary tool. Fire door hardware includes: door knobs, hinges, and door closure devices.

— Total amount of thermal energy (heat) that could be generated by the combustion (oxida- tion) reaction if a fuel were completely burned. The heat of combustion is measured in British Thermal Units (Btu) per pound, kilojoules per gram, or Megajoules per kilogram.

— During the hardening of concrete, heat is given off by the chemical process.

— Total amount of heat re- leased per unit time. The heat release rate is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or Megawatts(MW) of output.

— Flow of heat from a hot substance to a cold substance; may be accomplished by convection, conduction, or radiation.

Answer 402

Hardware

Heat of Combustion

Heat of Hydration

Heat Release Rate (HRR)

Heat Transfer

Question 403

— Mechanical system used to provide environ- mental control within a structure, and the equipment necessary to make it function; usually a single, integrated unit with a complex system of ducts throughout the building. Also known as Air-Handling System.

— Upward deformation of a building’s struc- tural elements

— Building that requires fire fight- ing on levels above the reach of the department’s equipment. Also known as High-Rise.

— The vertical shaft in which the elevator car travels; includes the elevator pit.

— Side-to-side, swaying motion.

— Any operation that requires the use of tools
or machines that may produce a source of ignition.

— Protective treatment for exterior windows designed to withstand hurricane conditions in- cluding high wind and impact.

— A building heating and cooling sys- tem that uses water as the heat-transfer medium.

— Ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the air.

Answer 403

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System

Heaving

High-Rise Building

Hoistway

Horizontal Motion

Hot Work

Hurricane Glazing

Hydronic System

Hygroscopic

Question 404

— Mechanism or initial energy source employed to initiate combustion, such as a spark that provides a means for the initiation of self-sustained combustion.

— Engineered wood joists with an “I” shaped cross section. Commonly used in modern roof and floor construction.

— Low profile sprinkler system and pendant used with concealed piping in correctional facilities and institutions where tampering of the system must be discouraged or prevented.

— Construction technique that uses hollow foam blocks with predetermined sizes and shapes. The blocks lock to- gether and are filled with concrete to form structural supports.

— Code that is dedicated to providing safety regulations for life safety, structural, and fire protection issues that occur through- out the life of a building.

Answer 404

Ignition Source

I-Joist

Institutional Sprinklers

Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) Construction

International Building Code® (IBC®)

Question 405

— Organization that develops the International Building Code® (IBC®) and the International Fire Code® (IFC®), for city and state adoption. Was formed by the merger of the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) International, Inc., the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). See Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), International Building Code®(IBC®), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), International Fire Code® (IFC®), and Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI).

— Coating or paintlike product that expands when exposed to the heat of a fire; creates an insulating barrier that protects the material underneath.

— Truss support system that is con- structed with a deep triangular portion projecting down instead of up, and the portions of a standard truss are un- der compression instead of tension.

— Horizontal structural members used to support a ceiling or floor. Drywall materials are nailed or screwed to the ceiling joists, and the subfloor is nailed or screwed to the floor joists.

— Energy possessed by a moving object because of its motion.

Answer 405

International Code Council (ICC)

Intumescent Coating

Inverted Truss

Joists

Kinetic Energy

Question 406

— Special type of arch constructed of short pieces of wood called lamellas.

— Material made of wood strips and resin, shaped, and bonded with heat and/or pressure.

— Horizontal platform where a flight of stairs begins or ends.

— Sideways deformation of a building’s structural elements.

— Load that exerts a horizontal force against a structure. Calculated as a live load; includes seismic activity and soil pressure against vertical re- straints such as retaining walls and foundations.

— Horizontal framework member, espe- cially one attached to a beam side that supports the joists. Also known as Ribbon Board.

— Support for masonry over an opening; usually made of steel angles or other rolled shapes, singularly or in combination.

Answer 406

Lamella Arch

Laminated Wood

Landing

Lateral Displacement

Lateral Load

Ledger Board

Lintel

Question 407

— Any of several petro- leum products, such as propane or butane, stored under pressure as a liquid.

— Refers to a device or material that has been tested by any of several testing laboratories (including the Underwriters’ Laboratories Factory Mutual System) and certified as having met minimum criteria.

— (1) Items within a building that are movable but are not included as a permanent part of the structure. (2) Force placed upon a structure by the addition of peo- ple, objects, or weather.

— Any effect that a structure must be designed to resist, including the forces of gravity, wind, earthquakes, or soil pressure.

Answer 407

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Listed

Live Load

Load

Question 408

— Wall that supports itself, the weight of the roof, and/or other internal structural fram- ing components, such as the floor beams and trusses above it; used for structural support. Also known as Bearing Wall.

— A series of horizontal slats that are angled to permit easy ventilation in one direction of flow and re- stricted ventilation in the opposite direction. Louvers are commonly used in applications where the restrictive side blocks sunshine, rain, or products of combustion.

— Lengths of wood prepared for use in construc- tion; items are graded for strength and appearance.

— Elevator hoistway that in- cludes all components, including motors, mounted within the hoistway itself to eliminate the need for a machine room at the top of the hoistway. The elevator controls may be located remotely from the elevator system.

— Structural elements con- structed in a factory and shipped to the construction site.

Answer 408

Load-Bearing Wall

Louvers

Lumber

Machine Room-Less (MRL)

Manufactured Components

Question 409

— Bricks, blocks, stones, and unreinforced and reinforced concrete products.

— Heat resistant construction adhesive that bonds with most materials; can be used as a fire retardant coating.

— Thick slab beneath the entire area of a building; thicker and more reinforced than a simple slab-on-grade foundation.

— Continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way; consists of three separate and distinct parts: exit access, exit, and exit discharge. (Source: NFPA 101, Life Safety Code®).

— Usually refers to a suspended, in- sulating ceiling tile system.

Answer 409

Masonry

Mastics

Mat Slab Foundation

Means of Egress

Membrane Ceiling

Question 410

— (1) Structure with an enclosing surface of a thin stretched flexible material. (2) Weather- resistant, flexible or semiflexible covering consisting of layers of materials over a supporting framework.

— Wood core door protected with gal- vanized sheet metal steel or other heavy metal exterior. Also known as Kalamein Door.

— Cement-like material that hardens over time. Used to bond individual masonry units together into a solid mass and transmit compressive forces between ma- sonry units.

— Stairwell pressurization system that uses an air supply shaft that discharges sup- ply air at a uniform rate along several points within the stairwell.

— Tendency of heat, smoke, and other products of combustion to rise until they encounter a horizontal obstruction; at this point they will spread lat- erally until they encounter vertical obstructions and begin to bank downward.

Answer 410

Membrane Structure

Metal-Clad Door

Mortar

Multiple-Injection System

Mushrooming

Question 411

— Property of a material that allows it to ac- cept a fastener, such as a nail. Nailable materials include wood, gypsum, and some thin metals.

— Air pressure less than that of the surrounding atmosphere; a partial vacuum.

— Large scale test used to evaluate the perfor- mance of textile wall coverings under fire conditions. Older test, succeeded by NFPA 286. Similar to ASTM E-84.

— Large scale test used to evaluate the perfor- mance of textile wall coverings under fire conditions. Designed to accommodate materials that may not remain in place during ASTM E-84 testing. Also includes the ca- pacity of attaching materials to the ceiling. Newer test, preceded by NFPA 265. Similar to ASTM E-84.

— Actual dimensions of processed lumber do not match the nominal dimensions, within defined parameters. Historically, the two sets of dimensions were identical.

— Incapable of supporting combustion under normal circumstances.

— Wall, usually interior, that sup- ports only its own weight. These walls can be breached or removed without compromising the structural integrity of the building. Also known as Nonbearing Wall.

— Lightweight wood construction panel manufactured from wood chips, strands, wafers, or sawdust and a bonding agent such as glue or resin. Used as sheathing, reinforcement of structural elements, and sub-flooring. Includes OSB, particleboard, waferboard.

Answer 411

Nailability

Negative Pressure

NFPA 265

NFPA 286

Nominal Dimension of Lumber

Noncombustible

Nonload-Bearing Wall

Nonveneered Panel

Question 412

— Building code classification based on the use to which owners or tenants put buildings or portions of buildings. Regulated by the various building and fire codes. Also known as Occupancy Classification.

— Wooden structural panel formed by gluing and compressing wood strands together under pressure. This material has largely re- placed plywood and planking in applications including roof decks, walls, and subfloors.

— Door that opens and closes above a large opening, such as in a warehouse or garage, and is usually of the rolling, hinged-panel, or slab type. Also known as Rolling (Overhead) Door.

— Air pressure above normal or atmo- spheric pressure.

Answer 412

Occupancy

Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

Overhead Door

Overpressure

Question 413

— Portion of the exterior walls of a building that extends above the roof. A low wall at the edge of a roof.

— Wooden structural panel formed from wood particles and synthetic resins. Also known as Flakeboard, Chipboard, or Shavings board.

— Smoke control strategies that incorporate fixed components that provide protection against the spread of smoke and fire. Passive smoke con- trol components include fire doors, fire walls, fire stopping of barrier penetrations, and stair and elevator vestibules.

— Emergency operating mode for el- evators. Recalls the car to the terminal floor lobby or another floor as specified, and opens the doors.

— Emergency operating mode for el- evators. Allows emergency use of the elevator with certain safeguards and special functions.

Answer 413

Parapet Wall

Particleboard

Passive Smoke Control

Phase I Operation

Phase II Operation

Question 414

— An arrangement of compo- nents that convey electrical power to an energy system by converting solar energy into direct current (DC) electricity.

— Demolition process that uses hand tools and machines to gradually decrease the height of the structure.

— Deep foundation type that uses beams mounted on concrete wedges/blocks to support loads. Similar to Caissons and Belled Piers.

— Rectangular masonry pillar that extends from the face of a wall to provide additional support for the wall. Decorative pilasters may not provide any support.

— Deep foundation type that uses beams used to support loads. Develop load-carrying ability either through friction with the surrounding soil or by being driven into contact with rock or a load-bearing soil layer.

Answer 414

Photovoltaic (PV) System

Piecemeal Demolition

Pier

Pilaster

Piles

Question 415

— Concealed vertical channel in which pipes and other utility conduits are housed. Pipe chases that are not properly protected can be major contributors to the vertical spread of smoke and fire in a building. Also known as Chase.

— (1) Type of framing in which each floor is built as a separate platform, and the studs are not continuous beyond each floor. Also known as Western Frame Construction. (2) A construction method in which a floor assembly creates an individual platform that rest on the foundation. Wall assemblies the height of one story are placed on this platform and a sec-ond platform rests on top of the wall unit. Each platform creates fire stops at each floor level restricting the spread of fire within the wall cavity.

— Wood sheet product made from several thin veneer layers that are sliced from logs and glued together.

— Toxic compound found in some older oil-filled electric transformers.

— A polymer formed by reacting an iso- cyanate with a polyol; used in many applications including floating insulating foams and floating ropes.

Answer 415

Pipe Chase

Platform Frame Construction

Plywood

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Polyurethane

Question 416

— Synthetic chemical used in the manufacture of plastics and single-ply membrane roofs.

— Most commonly used cement, con- sisting chiefly of calcium and aluminum silicate. It is mixed with water to form mortar, a paste that hardens, and is therefore known as a hydraulic cement.

— Construction style using vertical elements to support horizontal elements. Associated with heavy beams and columns; historically constructed of wood.

— Concrete reinforcement method. Reinforcing steel strands placed in protective sleeves in the concrete are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.

— Method of building construction where the concrete building member is poured and set according to specification in a controlled environment and is then shipped to the construction site for use.

Answer 416

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Portland Cement

Post and Beam Construction

Posttensioned Reinforcement (Concrete)

Precast Concrete

Question 417

— Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or a particular type of in- cident before an incident occurs. Also known as Prefire Inspection, Prefire Planning, Preincident Inspection, Preincident Survey, or Preplanning.

— Assessment of a facility or location made before an emergency occurs, in order to prepare for an appropriate emergency response. Also known as Preplan.

— Valve installed at standpipe connection that is designed to reduce the amount of wa- ter pressure at that discharge to a specific pressure, usually 100 psi (700 kPa).

— Stress introduced to the concrete before the load is applied; accomplished by applying tension to reinforcing bars before the concrete is poured.

— Concrete re- inforcement method. Steel strands are stretched, producing a tensile force in the steel. Concrete is then placed around the steel strands and allowed to harden.

— Materials produced and re- leased during burning.

Answer 417

Preincident Planning

Preincident Survey

Pressure-Reducing Valve

Prestressing

Pretensioned Reinforcement (Concrete)

Products of Combustion

Question 418

— Horizontal member between trusses that sup- port the roof.

— The chemical decomposition of a solid mate- rial by heating. Pyrolysis precedes combustion of a solid fuel.

— Inclined beam that supports a roof, runs paral- lel to the slope of the roof, and to which the roof decking is attached.

— Horizontal roof framing member at the bot- tom of the roof framing system; helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof.

— Assemblies of building components such as doors, walls, roofs, and other structural features that may be, because of the occupancy, required by code to have a minimum fire-resistance rating from an inde- pendent testing agency. Also known as Labeled Assembly and Fire-Rated.

Answer 418

Purlin

Pyrolysis

Rafter

Rafter Tie

Rated Assembly

Question 419

— Door, frame, and hardware assembly that has a fire-resistive rating from an indepen- dent testing agency.

— Movement of air back into a ventilation system after being ejected.

— Vertical shaft with a self-closing access door on every floor; usually extending from the basement or ground floor to the top floor of multistory buildings.

— Concrete that is internally forti- fied with steel reinforcement bars or mesh placed within the concrete before it hardens. Reinforcement allows the concrete to resist tensile forces.

— Steel bars placed in con- crete forms before the cement is poured. When the concrete sets (hardens), the rebar within it adds consider- able strength and reinforcement.

Answer 419

Rated Fire Door Assembly

Recirculation

Refuse Chute

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforcing Bars (Rebar)

Question 420

— Restructuring of a building’s spaces and oc- cupancy features.

— Restoring or updating a building’s features including finishing materials, furnishing, and overall appearance.

– Movements of relatively large amplitude re- sulting from a small force applied at the natural frequency of a structure.

— Unoccupied space within a build- ing through which air flows back to the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system; nor- mally immediately above a ceiling and below an insulated roof or the floor above.

— Highest horizontal member in a pitched roof to which the upper ends of the rafters attach. Also known as Ridge Board or Ridgepole.

Answer 420

Remodel

Renovate

Resonance

Return-Air Plenum

Ridge Beam

Question 421

— Load bearing system constructed with a skeletal frame and reinforcement between a column and beam.

— Vertical distance between the treads of a stairway, or the height of the entire stairway.

— Vertical part of a stair step.

— Roof covering made of flexible material that may be applied to the roof deck as a continuous sheet. Commonly used on shallow pitch roofs.

— Process of forming metal stock into shapes in- cluding sheets by passing thick bars of metal through a pair of rollers. Cold rolling occurs at temperatures above recrystallization temperature.

Run —The horizontal measurement of a stair tread or the distance of the entire stair length.

R-Value — A measure of the ability of a material to insu- late. Used in structural engineering and construction. Insulators with higher R-values are more effective.

Answer 421

Rigid Frame

Rise

Riser

Roll Roofing

Rolling

Question 422

— Connection between two parts made by the cutting of overlapping mating parts and securing them by glue or fasteners so that the joint is not enlarged and the patterns are complementary.

— Movement of a shock wave through the ground or structure after a large detonation; may cause additional damage to surrounding structures.

— Forces produced by earthquakes travel in waves. These are the most complex forces that can be exerted on a building.

— Application of forces caused by earthquakes.

— Door equipped with a door closer.

Answer 422

Scarf Joint

Seismic Effect

Seismic Forces

Seismic Load

Self-Closing Door

Question 423

— Distance from the street line to the front of a
building.

— Downward deformation of a building’s
structural elements. Also known as Settling.

— Stress resulting when two forces act on a
body in opposite directions in parallel adjacent planes.

— Wall panels that are braced against lateral loads. May be load-bearing or nonload-bearing.

— Rigid, three-dimensional structure with an outer “skin” thickness that is small compared to other dimensions.

— Having occupants remain in a struc- ture or vehicle in order to provide protection from a rapidly approaching hazard, such as a fire or hazardous gas cloud. Opposite of Evacuation. Also known as Protection-in-Place, Defending-in-Place, Sheltering, and Taking Refuge.

Answer 423

Setback

Settlement

Shear Stress

Shear Wall

Shell Structure

Shelter in Place

Question 424

— General term used for lengths of timber, screw jacks, hydraulic and pneumatic jacks, and other devices that can be used as temporary support for formwork or structural components or used to hold sheeting against trench walls. Individual supports are called shores, cross braces, and struts. Commonly used in conjunction with cribbing.

— A circuit breaker used as a safety device in an elevator system. When electrical current surges, the device disconnects the power source.

– Stairwell pressurization sys- tem that uses one point of supply air; pressurization can be lost if the system becomes unsealed through the use of doors.

— Construction technique using concrete slabs supported by concrete beams.

— Comparison of the height or length of a structural component and the width/thickness of the component. Used to determine the load that can be sup- ported by the component; lower ratios indicate components are more stable.

Answer 424

Shoring

Shunt Trip

Single-Injection System

Slab and Beam Frame

Slenderness Ratio

Question 425

— Door that opens and closes by sliding across its opening, usually on rollers.

— Method of evaluating the moisture content of wet concrete by measuring the amount that a small, cone-shaped sample of the concrete slumps after it is re- moved from a standard-sized test mold.

— Strategic use of passive and active de- vices and systems to direct or stop the movement of smoke and other products of combustion.

— Setting on an HVAC system or Fire Alarm Control Unit system that can be activated au- tomatically or manually to initiate a programmed smoke control procedure.

— Device that automatically restricts the flow of smoke through all or part of an air-handling sys- tem; usually activated by the building’s fire alarm signaling system.

— The measure of the relative visual obscurity created during the testing process by a known material.

— Fully enclosed escape stairway that ex- its directly onto a public way; these enclosures are either mechanically pressurized or they require the user to exit the building onto an outside balcony before entering the stairway. Also known as Smokeproof Enclosure or Smokeproof Stairway.

— Stairways that are de- signed to limit the penetration of products of combustion into a stairway enclosure that serves as part of a means of egress.

Answer 425

Sliding Door

Slump Test

Smoke Control

Smoke Control Mode

Smoke Damper

Smoke Developed Rating

Smoke Tower

Smokeproof Stair Enclosures

Question 426

— Physical qualities of the materials at the surface of the earth. Affects a building’s foundation and size. Influential variables include texture, structure, den- sity, porosity, and consistency.

— Aluminum skeleton upon which an alu- minum, plastic, or composite skin is attached. The internal structure provides structural support, while the skin provides styling and protection from the elements.

— Expansion of excess moisture within ma- sonry materials due to exposure to the heat of a fire, resulting in tensile forces within the material, and caus- ing it to break apart. The expansion causes sections of the material’s surface to violently disintegrate, resulting in explosive pitting or chipping of the material’s surface.

— Building built before securing a tenant or occupant. Spec is short for speculation.

— Mass (weight) of a substance com- pared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. A specific gravity less than 1 indicates a substance lighter than water; a specific gravity greater than 1 indicates a substance heavier than water.

Answer 426

Soil Property

Space Frame

Spalling

Spec Building

Specific Gravity

Question 427

— Coating used to increase the fire resistance rating of structural components. Materials commonly include mineral fiber or aggregates such as vermiculite and perlite.

— Wet or dry system of pipes in a large single-story or multistory building, with fire hose outlets installed in different areas or on different levels of a build- ing to be used by firefighters and/or building occupants. This system is used to provide for the quick deployment of hoselines during fire fighting operations.

— Load that is steady, motionless, constant, or applied gradually.

— A system includ- ing a battery, a charger, and electrical equipment for a particular application. This type of system can include a lead-acid battery or a safer type of battery.

— An alloy of iron and carbon; proportions and ad- ditional elements affect the characteristics of the finished material. Used widely in the construction of buildings and other infrastructure.

— Test apparatus used in the determina- tion of flame spread ratings; consists of a horizontal test furnace 25 feet (7.5 m) long, 171⁄2 inches (440 mm) wide, and 12 inches (300 mm) high that is used to observe flame travel. A 5,000 Btu (5 000 kJ) flame is produced in the tun- nel, and the extent of flame travel across the surface of the test material is observed through ports in the side of the furnace. Used with ASTM E-84, also known as the “Tunnel Test.”

Answer 427

Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Material (SRFM)

Standpipe System

Static Load

Stationary Storage Battery System

Steel

Steiner Tunnel

Question 428

— Sheet-like layer of rock or earth; numerous other layers, each with different characteristics, are typi- cally found above and below. Plural: Strata.

— Factors that work against the strength of any piece of apparatus, equipment, or structural support. Measurement of intensity is calculated as force divided by area.

— A composite panel used in structural applications; made of plastic foam be- tween two outer wood panels, often oriented strand board (OSB).

— The use or addition of structural supports to improve the ability of a structure to withstand forces imposed by loads. Often indicates supplemental reinforcement to accommodate specific types of loads, such as earthquake forces. Also known as Stiffening.

— Vertical structural member within a wall in frame buildings; most are made of wood, but some are made of light-gauge metal.

Answer 428

Stratum

Stress

Structural Insulated Panel (SIP)

Structural Stiffness

Stud

Question 429

— Admixture used with concrete or mortar mix to make it workable, pliable, and soft while using relatively little water.

— System of construction in which the building consists primarily of an enclosing surface, and in which the stresses resulting from the applied loads oc- cur within the bearing wall structures.

— Speed at which flame will spread over the surface of a material.

— Relationship between the available surface area of the fuel and the mass of the fuel; used to predict the rate of fire consumption of combusti- ble material.

— Door that opens and closes by swing- ing from one side of its opening, usually on hinges. Also known as Hinged Door.

Answer 429

Superplasticizer

Surface Systems

Surface-Burning Characteristic

Surface-To-Mass Ratio

Swinging Door

Question 430

— Stress in a structural member that tends to stretch the member or pull it apart; often used to de- note the greatest amount of force a component can withstand without failure.

— Vertical or horizontal force that pulls material apart; for example, the force exerted on the bottom chord of a truss.

— Transmission or transfer of heat energy, from one body to another body at a lower temper- ature, through intervening space by electromagnetic waves similar to radio waves or X-rays.

— Plastic that softens with an increase of temperature and hardens with a decrease of temperature but does not undergo any chemical change. Synthetic material made from the polymerization of organic com- pounds that become soft when heated and hard when cooled.

— Fire walls connected to a line of columns or steel structural supports with the same degree of fire re- sistance. Must resist lateral collapse on either side of the structure.

Answer 430

Tensile Stress

Tension

Thermal Radiation

Thermoplastic

Question 431

— Type of construction in which concrete wall sections (slabs) are cast on the concrete floor of the building, then tilted up into the vertical posi- tion. Also known as Tilt-Slab Construction.

— Similar to a metal-clad door, except covered with a lighter-gauge metal, often an alloy of tin and lead.

— Load aligned off-center from the cross- section of the structural component and at an angle to or in the same plane as the cross-section; produces a twist- ing effect that creates shear stresses in a material.

— Device that uses coils and magnetic fields to increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) in- coming voltages.

— Structural load that exerts a force perpendicular to structural members.

— Horizontal face of a step.

— Structural member used to support a roof or floor with triangles or combinations of triangles to pro- vide maximum load-bearing capacity with a minimum amount of material. Connections are likely to fail in in- tense heat.

— Concrete construction framework type that uses reinforcing steel placed on the bottom of the framework that provides reinforcement in two directions. Also known as Waffle Construction.

Answer 431

Tilt-Up Construction

Tin-Clad Door

Torsional Load

Transformer

Transverse Load

Tread

Truss

Two-Way Slab Construction

Question 432

— The use of permanent supports to strengthening an existing foundation.

— Steel structural members that are not protected against exposure to heat.

— Vertical pathway (shaft) in a building that contains utility services such as laundry or refuse chutes, and grease ducts.

— Walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of a common material.

— Communication services that utilize an Internet connection to transmit telephone signals.

Answer 432

Underpinning

Unprotected Steel

Utility Chase

Veneered Walls

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Question 433

— Type of shallow foundation that includes a wide, thick area to distribute the weight of a wall on the bearing soil. Also known as Strip Footing.

— The highest level of ground water satura- tion of subsurface materials. Influential variables include the season, soil properties, and topography.

— (1) Wide vertical part of a beam between thick horizontal flanges at the top and bottom of the beam. (2) Secondary member of a truss contained between the chords. Also known as Diagonals.

— Line, area, or zone where an undeveloped wildland area meets a human develop- ment area. Also known as Urban/Wildland Interface.

— Horizontal movement of air relative to the sur- face of the earth.

— Flat sheet of glass or fire glazing contain- ing an embedded wire mesh that increases its resistance to breakage and penetration; installed to increase inte- rior illumination without compromising fire resistance and security. May be transparent or translucent.

— Single vertical row of a series of rows of ma- sonry units in a wall; usually brick or concrete block.

Answer 433

Wall Footing

Water Table

Web

Wildland/Urban Interface

Wind

Wired Glass

Wythe

Question 434

There are only three primary strategies in a fire incident:

Question 435

______________usually involves the transfer of heat energy through the movement of hot smoke and fire gases.

Answer 435

Convection

Question 436

The final consideration in the building design process is _______

Answer 436

Landscaping

Question 437

A primary hazard of _______________is the tendency of components to increase the combustibility of the overall building.

Answer 437

Green design

Question 438

_________construction elements are often engineered to be more energy- and material-efficient, so they may have smaller dimensions and be more likely to fail under fire and fire suppression conditions.

Answer 438

Green

Question 439

When buildings are constructed without a known occupant, they are referred to as _______. This type of construction is often developed primarily as an investment rather than to meet specific needs.

Answer 439

Spec buildings

Question 440

Fire spread is often expressed in terms of heat transfer through two methods: _____________, and ________.

Answer 440

Convection and thermal radiation

Question 441

Unwillingness to spend additional money may entice a building owner to con- tinue work without the necessary permits at any phase of work, but primarily during_________.

Answer 441

Renovation

Question 442

The ________ of a building refers to its general shape or layout.

Answer 442

Configuration

Question 443

Examples of factors that may require maintenance and upgrading over time include:

•_________ systems such as the electrical wiring and heating plant
•_________ protection from the weather, such as roofs
• Settling__________

Answer 443

Physical
Exterior
Foundations

Question 444

Water availability is an essential consideration in the design of fire protec- tion systems. The primary concern is the ________________needed for the fire protection system’s flow rate.

Answer 444

water quantity

Question 445

_________frequently clash with fire safety concerns.

Answer 445

Aesthetics

Question 446

The earli- est_______________ were developed to prevent future conflagrations from destroying whole neighborhoods or large sections of a city.

Answer 446

building codes

Question 447

Depending on the wind direction, convective plumes are also significant when the exposed build- ing is_________ than the exposing building.

Answer 447

higher

Question 448

Some known ways that fires spread to an exposed building include:

•Ventilation pulls in flames, hot brands, or superheated_________
• Openings, such as doors, allow_________ to enter the structure
• Roof materials ignite readily from_________
• Siding materials ignite readily from_______or___________
• Windows and window dressings allow__________ to start fire directly inside
• Structures or other fire loads placed in close proximity to each other
• Lack of organized fire protection and/or systems to limit fire size

Answer 448

convective currents
convection currents
convection
convection or radiant heat
radiant heat

Question 449

NFPA 80®A, Recommended Practice for Protection from Exterior Fire Expo- sure, describes three levels of exposure based on the potential severity of the exposing fire:_______,______, or__________. The levels are based on the_______ and the_________rating of the wall and ceiling finishes of the burning building.

Answer 449

light, moderate, or severe

fire load and the flame spread rating

Question 450

______________refer to any failure to provide a level of fire safety appropri- ate to the ultimate use of the building, regardless of the reason but including:
• Oversight • Incorrect assumption • Oversimplification • Underestimation

Answer 450

Design deficiencies

Question 451

The_________ process is a resource that can be used by firefighters to develop knowledge of building construction in their jurisdiction.

Answer 451

building permit

Question 452

Movable partitions, such as those often used to subdivide a ballroom or banquet facility, are treated as__________.

Answer 452

interior finish

Question 453

Flame______ over a specific material can be measured and predicted in degrees known as the_____________ characteristics of the material when evaluating the following:
•__________,_________, and_________ of the material (Figure 5.1)
• Ventilation
• _____ and _______ of a compartment
• ________ material on the ceiling or wall

Answer 453

Flame spread
Surface-burning characteristics
Composition, orientation, and thickness
Shape and size
Finish material

Question 454

The first efforts at evaluating and controlling the combustibility of interior finish materials began after several disastrous_______ fires in the_______.

Answer 454

Hotel fires in the 1940s

Question 455

___________have increasingly developed as a factor in the development of fires, especially with the introduction of various deep-pile__________.

Answer 455

Floor coverings
Floor carpets

Question 456

The flame spread rating of some interior finishes, most notably_______ materials, can be reduced through the use of properly applied__________ coatings.

Answer 456

Wood materials
Fire-retardant coatings

Question 457

Fire retardant coatings cannot be substituted for_____________________.

Answer 457

Structural fire protection

Question 458

_________________procedures include standardized meth- odologies that are intended to control as many variables as possible and yield meaningful results.

Answer 458

Criterion-referenced testing (CRT)

Question 459

According to the test protocol, the flame will travel along the ___ flooring ___ feet in ____ minutes. The flame spread of other materials during the test is compared to that of ______. The higher the flame spread rating, the more rapidly flame will spread (Table 5.1). Flame spread ratings over ______ are not permitted in occupancies, per Code.

Answer 459

Oak flooring
24 feet (7 m) in 51⁄2 minutes
Red oak
Over 200

Question 460

Flame Spread Ratings of Common Materials

Example Material
Asbestos Cement Board _____
Gypsum Wallboard ______
Mineral Acoustic Tile _____
Treated Douglas Fir ________
Plywood __________
Red Oak Flooring ________
Walnut-Faced Plywood ________
Veneered Woods_________

Answer 460

0
10-15
15-25
15-60
100
171-260
515 (approx.)

Question 461

Considerable effort has been made over the years to develop test procedures that incorporate the ____ and ______ of rooms in a building. These methods are collectively known as _________ ________.

Answer 461

size and shape

corner tests

Question 462

The International Building Code® (IBC) allows interior finish materials to be tested in accordance with NFPA® 286 instead of ASTM E-84. However, the code then establishes specific acceptance criteria including:
• Flame spread to the _______ of the test chamber must be noted
• The flame cannot spread to the ________ ________ of the sample
• __________ cannot occur
• Limitation of the peak rate of heat release below _______ kW
• Limitation of the maximum amount of ________ released

Answer 462

ceiling

outer extremity

Flashover

800kW

smoke

Question 463

NFPA interior finish tests

These tests do not provide a ____________ test result such as the flame spread rating derived from ASTM E-84. Instead, the test material is judged either __________ or ________ depending on the extent of fire growth that occurs within the test room upon exposure to _____ different-size ______ flames.

Answer 463

Numerical
Satisfactory or unsatisfactory
Two different size gas flames

Question 464

Limitations of Test Findings

Test results should be used as _______, not __________ outcomes.

Answer 464

benchmarks

guaranteed

Question 465

Walls and Partitions
The degree of fire resistance required of a wall or partition will depend on the______ of the component.

Answer 465

purpose

Question 466

The International Building Code® (IBC) also permits_______ structural members to be framed into a masonry or concrete fire wall from opposite sides provided there is a _______separation between the ends of the structural members

Answer 466

combustible

4-inch (100 mm)

Question 467

In structures as close as___________ apart,_____________ may take the place of the clearance space to prevent fire- spread from one structure to an adjacent exposure.

Answer 467

18 inches (450 mm)

rated construction

Question 468

___________are interior walls that do not qualify as fire walls but are used to subdivide a floor or area of a building. ————- are not required to extend__________ through a building.

Answer 468

Fire partitions
continuously

Question 469

The purpose of____________ is to block the vertical spread of fire through a building’s openings including:

Answer 469

enclosure walls

Question 470

Enclosure walls are required to have a fire resistance rating of__or___ hours depending on the_______ of the building.

Answer 470

one or two hours

height

Question 471

The development of the steel-framed high-rise building led to the existence of the__________

Answer 471

curtain wall,

Question 472

Curtain walls are often________. Some curtain wall assemblies are_________ but have no fire________, such as those made of aluminum and glass. Building codes may require that______ walls have some degree of fire resistance to reduce the communication of fire between buildings. The required fire resistance depends on the________________and the building _____________
Curtain walls are supported at the _____ of each ______ of the building and may have a ____ between the edge of the floor and the curtain wall (Figure 5.13). This opening may be _________ inches wide and can provide a path for fire spread up the inside of the curtain wall.________ can be added to the edge of the floor to maintain the continuity of the fire-resistive barrier.
Nonfire-resistive curtain walls frequently extend from the floor to the ceil- ing of ______ level.

Answer 472

nonload-bearing
noncombustible
Fire resistance
exterior
separation distance between build- ings and the building occupancy.
edge of each floor
Gap
Several inches wide
Fire stops
One level

Question 473

____________should be carefully noted during preincident surveys because they may be installed in unexpected areas

Answer 473

Fire doors

Question 474

Fire doors are rated in increments of time from ___ minutes to ___ hours. The ____-hour and ___-hour doors are primarily used in smoke barriers and openings to corridors.
A fire door may also have a combination classification using a ______ rating and a _____ indicating the type of opening.

Answer 474

20 minutes to 4 hours
1/2 hour and 1/3 hour
Time rating and a letter

Question 475

When firefighters withdraw, fire doors must be_________.

Answer 475

closed

Question 476

Fire Door Classifications

The letter designations are as follows:

• Class A – Openings in________

• Class B– Openings in_________ and openings in ___- hour rated partitions

• Class C – Openings between _____ and ________ having a fire resistance of ___-hour(s) or less

• Class D – Openings in exterior walls subject to ________ fire exposure from the outside of a building

• Class E – Openings in exterior walls subject to _______ or _______ exposure from the outside

Answer 476

fire walls

vertical shafts

2 hour

rooms and corridors

1

exterior walls

Severe

Exterior

Moderate or light

Question 477

To effectively block the spread of fire, the entire rated fire door__________ must have a degree of fire resistance similar to fire-rated walls.

Answer 477

assembly

Question 478

Fire Door Requirements

Codes typically require __- or __-hour rated doors in fire walls of greater than a ___-hour rating. Doors rated at ____ hours are normally required for _____-hour rated vertical enclosures. ___-hour doors are used for ___-hour vertical shaft enclosures and exit enclosures.

Answer 478

3- or 4-hour

greater than a 2-hour

11⁄2 hours

2-hour

1-hour

1-hour

Question 479

Rolling (overhead) doors are often installed in the following locations:

• Along _________to protect_________ openings

• To protect an opening in a fire wall in an__________ occupancy

• On one or_______ sides of a wall opening

• At an opening in a wall that separates_________

Rolling (overhead) doors are constructed of interlocking steel slats with other operating components including:

•___________ device

• Speed_________

•___________ mechanism

• Wall_______

Answer 479

corridors
convenience
industrial
both
buildings
Releasing
governor
Counterbalance
guides

Question 480

Horizontal sliding fire doors are often found in older________ buildings. These doors are usually held open with a___________. When the link is activated, the door slides into position along a track either by__________ or by the force of a_________.

Most horizontal sliding doors are______-clad or_____-clad doors with a_____ core that provides insulation, covered in sheet metal that protects the wood from the fire. Because wood undergoes thermal decomposition when exposed to heat, a______ is usually provided in the sheet metal to vent the gases of decomposition

Metals used often include:

• Steel
• Galvanized sheet metal
• Terneplate

Answer 480

industrial
fusible link
gravity
counterweight
metal
tin
wood
hole

Question 481

Other types of special-purpose fire doors include horizontally sliding________ or folding doors. Both types of doors are______ driven and require__________ power for operation. A signal from a smoke detector or fire alarm system initiates the door_________. A________ powers the motor when the regular power supply is interrupted.

Answer 481

accordion
motor
electrical
closing
battery

Question 482

Wood swinging fire doors include hardware that can also be referred to as “_________hardware” or “fire door hardware.”

Answer 482

builder’s

Question 483

_________can be used in partitions and fire doors where visibility is desired and a fire rating is required

Answer 483

Glazing

Question 484

_______doors are the most common application of fire-
rated glazing.

Answer 484

Fire

Question 485

Fire doors with ratings of ____hour can have a total glass area consistent with their listing, below a stated maximum ______. Fire doors with ratings of ____or ____hour can have fire-rated glass up to the maximum area to which they were_____.

Answer 485

3⁄4 hour
Area
1⁄2 or 1⁄3 hour
tested

Question 486

_______may be installed in a fire door to permit ventilation while the door is closed under normal conditions, such as in the case of a furnace room enclo- sure. The ——— in a fire door must automatically_____ under fire conditions. Usually, the mechanism of closing ———— is the release of a______.
——— cannot be arbitrarily installed in fire doors. Only fire doors that are listed for the installation of ——— can have ——— installed. For example,________ fire doors with ratings up to _____hours can be equipped with ———-.

Answer 486

Louvers
close
fusible link
swinging
up to 11⁄2 hours

Question 487

Proper fire door operation requires that the doors be properly_________.

Answer 487

maintained

Question 488

Failure of fire doors to______ properly is a common occurrence in fire conditions. A door will be likely to fail when the following components are damaged:

• The door______

• The door_______

• Door_______

______fire doors are especially subject to damage. The closing mechanisms on ———— doors are more complicated and typically more inconspicuous than those on swinging doors

Answer 488

close
closer
itself
guides
Overhead

Question 489

For fire doors, the primary criterion for acceptability is that the fire door must remain _______ in its ______ during the flame test. Parameters include:

• Some_________ of the door is permitted.

•___________ passage of flames is permitted after the
first____ minutes of the test (Figure 5.32).

• Surface____________ rise is not regulated on the un- exposed side of the door for most of the doors tested. In fact, metal doors may glow red from the heat of the test fire.

The second criterion for acceptability is that the fire door assembly must remain in place when subjected to a___________ immediately following the fire test

Answer 489

securely in its frame
warping
Intermittent
30
temperature
hose stream

Question 490

Fire doors that pass a testing process are marked with a _____ or ______ on the ___ or on the _____ side of the door that indicates information including (Fig- ure 5.34):

• Door_____

•______ rating

• Identifying_______ of the testing laboratory

Although the door’s rating information can help building and fire inspectors while determining the opening’s protection, the information cannot protect against limitations including:

• The presence of a rated door and frame assembly does NOT indicate that the________________ is also rated.

Answer 490

label or plate on the top or on the hinge side
type
Hourly
symbol
surrounding wall

Question 491

The function of a___________ is to transfer a building’s weight to the ground.

Answer 491

foundation

Question 492

_______________are used when a test pit may not reach deep enough.

Answer 492

Test borings

Question 493

The number of_________ required to reach a given distance will provide information about the soil strata

Answer 493

impacts

Question 494

The________ of the structure will influence the required depth of the foundation.

Answer 494

size

Question 495

– Continuous strip of concrete that supports a wall.

Answer 495

Wall footing

Question 496

When the load-bearing capacity of the soil is not able to bear a heavy weight, the_______ must be large enough to spread out the weight of the building. Simple slabs may be only________ thick. Other types of slab foundations that serve specific purposes include:

•__________ foundation – A thick slab beneath the entire area of a building. A mat may be _______feet thick and heavily___________.

Answer 496

footing
one foot
Mat slab
several
reinforced

Question 497

Deep foundations take the form of _______ or ________ that penetrate the layers of soil directly under a building to reach soil or rock that can support the weight of the building

Answer 497

piles or piers

Question 498

When the ground slope angle is severe, piles or piers are placed in the more dense lower soils. These deep elements act as_____________ to resist the_________ force of the building (Figure 6.7). The vertical elements are connected with a___________

Answer 498

vertical cantilevers
lateral
tie beam

Question 499

Construction of_______ begins with drilling or digging a shaft, and then filling it with concrete.

Answer 499

piers

Question 500

_______and__________ secured with_______ are the materials most commonly used for foundation walls

Answer 500

Concrete and masonry
mortar

Question 501

Wood may be used in foundation walls in ________ construction or where the walls must be highly ____________. The wood must be treated with ___________ to resist decay.

Answer 501

Light frame
Insulated
Preservatives

Question 502

___________(EPS) can be used as a component of foundation walls. It may be placed on the_______ of below-grade walls for_________. Depend- ing on its chemical composition, EPS may add to the________ of a building. EPS must also be protected from________ because sunlight will damage it. To protect EPS from fire and UV light, products such as _______or________can easily be affixed to the outside surface of EPS

Answer 502

Expanded polystyrene
outside
insulation
fire load
UV light
stucco or drywall

Question 503

After buildings are constructed, they will often______ to some degree.________ of foundations is the most frequent type of building movement, and all buildings are subject to some degree of__________.

Answer 503

shift
Settlement
settlement

Question 504

Settlement of a foundation can be either __________ or ___________. _________ settlement results in parts of a foundation settling at the same rate and ________ misalignment between structural members. __________ settlement can result in ___________ misalignment of structural members. Causes of ————- settlement include:

• ___________ soil conditions under the foundation
• Footings of different __________
• Footings placed at different ___________
• Unequal __________ on footings

Answer 504

Uniform or differential
Uniform
Minimal
Differential
Significant
Nonuniform
Sizes
Elevations
Loads

Question 505

_________ refers to temporary supports and ___________ refers to permanent supports.

Answer 505

Shoring
Underpinning