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Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

What valuable factor are we losing as architects reduce mass and change chemical composition of building materials?

A

Time

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2
Q

What provides the expertise to conduct quick and accurate size up ?

A

Working Knowledge of building construction

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3
Q

Working knowledge of building construction also provides foundation for what?

A

Ladder placement
Forcible entry search and rescue
Ventilation feasibility

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4
Q

What is a size up ?

A

Mental evaluation that assist determining the course of action and methods necessary to accomplish a desired goal

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5
Q

A plan of action can be formulated based on what perceived factors ?

A

Occupancy type
Exposure
Involvement on arrival

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6
Q

What three operations does a size up consist of ?

A

Analyze the situation
Decide the plan (strategy)
Put plan on operations (tactics)

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7
Q

What will building type and construction indicate ?

A

Rate of burning

Possible avenues of fire spread

Problems that will impact efforts to confine fire

Structural integrity

Time necessary to conduct safe foreground operations

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8
Q

What’s it called when you Lee doing a size up and you look at what’s inside ?

A

Undressing a building

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9
Q

What strengths and hazards of building must we address in our size up?

A

Construction style

Roof style

Construction methods: metal concrete, masonry, frame/stucco , curtain

Age of building

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10
Q

What’s is conventionally construction ?

A

It utilizes size of structural for its strength

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11
Q

What is lightweight construction?

A

Strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension

24in OC unless steep pitched 36” OC

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12
Q

What is the strength of lightweight construction depend on?

A

The sum of the other members

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13
Q

Why is lightweight construction dangerous ?

A

If one member fails others may fail

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14
Q

A single lightweight truss may span how many feet?

A

70 ft

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15
Q

What’s the difference between lightweight and conventional roofs during attic involvement?

A

Conventional when rafters exposed to fire they may collapse on ceiling joist

Lightweight the rafters(top chord),decking, and ceiling hoist (bottom chord) collapse as a unit

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16
Q

What kind of wood is utilize for both kinds of building construction?

A

Conventional minimum 2x4s and up mill timber

Lightweight 2x3s and 2x4s

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17
Q

The ability to estimate if the structure is structurally strong is dependent on what?

A

Type of construction

How long has fire been burning

Fire intensity

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18
Q

What kind of roof categories are there

?

A 
Gable
Hip
Flat
Bridge truss
Arch 
Sawtooth
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19
Q

What is gable roof on conventional construction?

A

Ridge board with rafters crossing outside walls
2x6 or larger 16-24inches on Center

Additional support by collar beam

Usually semi flat to (steep pitch 36” rafter spacing)

1x4 or 1x6 space sheathing

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20
Q

What’s a lightweight Gable roof?

A

2x3 or 2x4 in wood trusses held together my.
Metal gusset plates 18 gauge steel with 3/8 penetration

Bottom chord replaced the ceiling joist

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21
Q

What’s an interesting point about lightweight roof construction?

A

May know be supported by outer edges

Unless used in cantilever truss

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22
Q

Roof truss clips are nailed every?

A

3-5 trusses and top plate of interior walls

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23
Q

What do roof truss clips do?

A

Provide stability for interior partition walls

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24
Q

What are strengths on conventional gable ?

A

Ridge and where rafters cross outside walls

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25
How do metal connector plates fail when exposed to fire ?
Pulling out of the wood
26
What replaces space sheathing in lightweight roof?
3/8 or 1/2 inch ply wood Particle chip and osb are also currently used to reduce building cost
27
What is hip conventional roof
Ridge board Hip rafter from ridge board across corners of outside walls Jack rafters (short rafter) Valley rafters (where two roof lines join together)
28
What are strengths of hip roof?
Hip Valley Ridge
29
Where are bridge truss roofs found ?
1930 and 1940s commercial buildings
30
What are bridge truss build out off ?
``` 2x12 lumber Roofing material (Comp) Wood sheathing 1x6 Rafters 2x6 Top chord Metal support rods or wood support Bottom chord ```
31
When was straight sheathing used? | And what replaced it?
Prior to 1933 Spaced or diagonal Plywood over existing if modified for earthquake ordinance
32
What are strengths and hazards of bridge truss ?
Well constructed early collapse of Main members should not be a concern Falls in sections Hazards Trusses with weight on bottom chord used for storage and or path and plaster attached to it can contribute to early collapse Ventilation must be aware of plywood and metal straps and supports
33
Where can bowstring arch roofs be found?
1930s-1950s small and large commercial buildings
34
What are arch truss made out of?
2x12 or 2x14 trusses 2x6 rafters or larger 1x6 sheathing and or Plywood ordinance dependent
35
What are strengths and hazards of bowstring and arc roofs ?
Strength early collapse should not be a concern Falls in sections Hazards Storage on bottom chord or path and planter attached to it Ventilation team must be aware or plywood or metal straps and support
36
What is a lamella arch roof ?
Egg crate pattern roof 2x12 wood framing with steel plates and and bolts at junction of framing Decking 1x6 and Comp Supported by exterior buttresses and internal tie rods with turnbuckles
37
Where can lamella roof be found?
Gymnasiums Large buildings recreational activities Large supermarkets
38
What are strengths and hazards of lamella roof ?
Solid built roof Hazard Total roof collapse if fire removes more than 20% of roof structures Domino effect
39
What is a tied truss roof?
Arch roof that uses metal tie rods as support for walls of building Tie rods usually 5/8 in diameter with turnbuckles to ensure arches don’t push exterior walls outward Top chords 2x12s or larger Rafters 2x10 or larger 1x6 ordinance appropriate sheathing and or plywood
40
What are strengths and hazards of tied truss roof ?
Strengths large lumber Hazard Metal tie rods and turnbuckles Roof may collapse in sections however may be susceptible to total failure depending on fire
41
Where can we find saw tooth roofs ?
Commercial buildings to yield light and ventilation for manufacturing occupancies
42
What is a saw tooth roof ?
Rafters 2x8 Wood and metal support for bracing Slope is 1x6 sheathing ordinance dependent and or plywood 1/2 inch Found today and 1930s and 1940s
43
What are strengths and hazards of of saw tooth roof ?
Strengths Well constructed large lumber Easy to ventilate utilize hinge window panes Hazards Plywood and metal straps Underside can be exposed or open
44
What is a conventional flat roof ?
Rafters 2x6 or larger | 1x6 ordinance dependent sheathing
45
What is a lightweight flat roof?
Rafters are replaced with lightweight construction ``` Wooden joist Wooden i beam Meatball gusset plate truss Open web Corrugated metal ``` 4x8 plywood Comp
46
What’s are strength and hazards on flat roof ?
Strengths Corners Hazards Plywood metal straps Multiple layers of plywood
47
What is wooden i beam roof ?
2x3 or 2x4 chords top secured to metal hanger to bearing wall Bottom chord unsupported 3/8 glued edge plywood or osb 24” OC spacing Nailing blocks perpendicular to top chords 4ft apart For additional nailing surface
48
How is plywood nailed to structural members?
Diaphragm nailing placing 8ft section crossing structural members and 4ft parallel to them . Then the joints are staggered 4 ft
49
Strengths and hazards of wooden i beam ?
Strengths Corners Hazards The removing of i beam portion to run ac heat ducting thru Small lumber and horizontal spread of fire
50
What is open web roof ?
2x3 and 2x4 Top chord supported Bottom unsupported 24” OC 4x8 plywood and nailing blocks 1-2” cold rolled steel to press flat into chords with up to 1” steel pin driven thru cord member and flattened on ends Spans 70ft are possible 2x4
51
How can a single 2x4 span 70ft?
Joining two different lengths in glued Mitered “finger joints”
52
What are strength and hazard of open web ?
Strengths Corners of building Hazards Small lumber Lack of fire stops Rapid failure when exposed to fire
53
Metal gusset plate roof is ?
Truss supported by webbing held together by metal gusset plates 2x4s chords 18g 3/8 penetration on gusset plate Can span 80 ft on flat roof 3/8 r 1/2” plywood decking
54
Strengths and hazards of metal gusset plate roof ?
Strengths Corners of buildings Hazards the gusset plate Total failure if one member fails
55
Where can panelized roofs be found?
Wood , mason art or concrete tilt ups buildings
56
What is a panelized roof ?
6x36 beams wooden or metal spaces 12-40ft may be bolted together in excess of 100ft 4x12 purlins spaces 8ft OC with length dependent on beam spacing (Are being replaced by MGP) Rafters 2x4 24” OC Plywood 1/2 inch
57
What are strengths and hazards of panelized roof ?
Strengths Beams Purlins Building perimeter Hazards Beam span supports 4inch hollow steel pipe Failure of these supports large portions of roof collapse Kraft paper insulation
58
What is open web bar joist roof ?
Metal chords Top and bottom 1/8 inch steel Web supports 5/8 inch steel Large buildings may have bar joist as girders spaced 45ft apart Joist are spaced 8ft apart Corrugated metal decking covered by alternating tar and tar paper layers May also include Comp and other materials for insulation 4x8 plywood 1/2 inch with 2x4 joist This roof may have Comp covered by decking
59
What are strength and hazards of open web bar joist roof?
Strengths Perimeter of building Hazard Roof may have Comp covered by decking Steel loses strength at 1000 f degrees can expand twist and fail
60
What is lightweight concrete roof ? Bonus * Where are her found ?
Robertson’s decking Air entrained mix of sand cement and occasions pea gravel over corrugated metal decking with 4x4 or 6x6 wire mesh 3-4” thick Comp final layer Bonus Found next to airports and freeways
61
What are strengths and hazards of concrete roof?
Strengths Strong hard surface roof Hazards Difficult to penetrate with chainsaw or mask art blade Diamond tip or carbide wood tipped work best
62
Corrugated buildings are hazards because ?
Steel loses tensile strength at 1000 degrees F little resistance to fire Roof ventilation is extremely dangerous !
63
Metal beam can expand how much per how many ft ?
9” per 100ft which can push out walls
64
What height can a concrete tilt up building be ?
5 stories and have lightweight roof
65
What are pre 33 building identifiers ?
``` Concrete cap Rafters tie plates Bond beam Straight or curved lintels Kong’s row 4-7 rows 13” thick exterior walls Parapaet walls scan be 3ft above roof line and 5ft if used as facade Mortar consist of sand and lime Floor joist are let inside exterior walls Roof and floor joist fire cut ```
66
What does fire cut mean?
Roof and floor joist will pull loose and collapse without pulling down exterior walls
67
What earthquake ordinance was post 33 and what changed did that bring ?
``` Long Beach Exterior walls 9” thick Masonry walls reinforced with steel Ledger board for attaching joist Cement as mortar Diagonal roof sheathing ```
68
What earthquake ordinance was post 1959 and what changes did it bring ?
Tehachapi 4-6” concrete bond beam cap Parapaet walls not higher than 16” including beam cap Exterior walls drilled at roof rafter level and steel anchor bar/rod installed every 4 ft (Rafter tie plate)
69
What earthquake happened in 1971 and what ordinance changes did it have ?
Anchoring floors to walls and roof systems | Strengthening roof construction plywood and metal straps
70
What’s the length of metals straps attaching opposing walls?
1/3 the length of building back from front and rear walls
71
With earthquake ordinance and roof stability which roofs can increase the potential for front and rear collapse?
Bowstring Tied truss Lamella Especially first two
72
Apparatus placement should be what on arch roof buildings?
At least the distance of the wall
73
Metal straps are how far from the walls
3-4 feet
74
A facade is dangerous because ?
It can be scanned on collapse hazard | Hide spread of fire
75
What four area should be considered when dealing with facade?
Overhang Facade height Supported unsupported Height from the roof
76
What do roofs that are lower than facades use for drainiange ?
Scuppers
77
What’s a hazard of bungalow construction?
Termites Multiple layers of roofs Remodels
78
What is ballon construction ?
Does not use horizon fire blow king in the walls and plates between multiple floors to sellers the attic and vertical walls
79
What kind of construction uses fire stops?
Platform construction
80
What is the new type of wiring?
Conduit and Romex
81
What are wires suspended on ceramic insulators passed thru ceramic tubes called?
Knob and tube wiring
82
How much faster is curtain construction vs conventional?
60%
83
To ensure effective and safe fire ground operations what 4 areas must be addressed ?
Identification presence of lightweight construction Communication flow of information they chain of command Time determine how much time is left to ensure safety of members Operations the appropriate implementation of interior exterior offensive or defensive operations

Building Construction (4 decks)

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