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Building Construction > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

What valuable factor are we losing as architects reduce mass and change chemical composition of building materials?

A

Time

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2
Q

What provides the expertise to conduct quick and accurate size up ?

A

Working Knowledge of building construction

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3
Q

Working knowledge of building construction also provides foundation for what?

A

Ladder placement
Forcible entry search and rescue
Ventilation feasibility

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4
Q

What is a size up ?

A

Mental evaluation that assist determining the course of action and methods necessary to accomplish a desired goal

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5
Q

A plan of action can be formulated based on what perceived factors ?

A

Occupancy type
Exposure
Involvement on arrival

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6
Q

What three operations does a size up consist of ?

A

Analyze the situation
Decide the plan (strategy)
Put plan on operations (tactics)

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7
Q

What will building type and construction indicate ?

A

Rate of burning

Possible avenues of fire spread

Problems that will impact efforts to confine fire

Structural integrity

Time necessary to conduct safe foreground operations

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8
Q

What’s it called when you Lee doing a size up and you look at what’s inside ?

A

Undressing a building

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9
Q

What strengths and hazards of building must we address in our size up?

A

Construction style

Roof style

Construction methods: metal concrete, masonry, frame/stucco , curtain

Age of building

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10
Q

What’s is conventionally construction ?

A

It utilizes size of structural for its strength

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11
Q

What is lightweight construction?

A

Strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension

24in OC unless steep pitched 36” OC

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12
Q

What is the strength of lightweight construction depend on?

A

The sum of the other members

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13
Q

Why is lightweight construction dangerous ?

A

If one member fails others may fail

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14
Q

A single lightweight truss may span how many feet?

A

70 ft

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15
Q

What’s the difference between lightweight and conventional roofs during attic involvement?

A

Conventional when rafters exposed to fire they may collapse on ceiling joist

Lightweight the rafters(top chord),decking, and ceiling hoist (bottom chord) collapse as a unit

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16
Q

What kind of wood is utilize for both kinds of building construction?

A

Conventional minimum 2x4s and up mill timber

Lightweight 2x3s and 2x4s

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17
Q

The ability to estimate if the structure is structurally strong is dependent on what?

A

Type of construction

How long has fire been burning

Fire intensity

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18
Q

What kind of roof categories are there

?

A 
Gable
Hip
Flat
Bridge truss
Arch 
Sawtooth
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19
Q

What is gable roof on conventional construction?

A

Ridge board with rafters crossing outside walls
2x6 or larger 16-24inches on Center

Additional support by collar beam

Usually semi flat to (steep pitch 36” rafter spacing)

1x4 or 1x6 space sheathing

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20
Q

What’s a lightweight Gable roof?

A

2x3 or 2x4 in wood trusses held together my.
Metal gusset plates 18 gauge steel with 3/8 penetration

Bottom chord replaced the ceiling joist

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21
Q

What’s an interesting point about lightweight roof construction?

A

May know be supported by outer edges

Unless used in cantilever truss

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22
Q

Roof truss clips are nailed every?

A

3-5 trusses and top plate of interior walls

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23
Q

What do roof truss clips do?

A

Provide stability for interior partition walls

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24
Q

What are strengths on conventional gable ?

A

Ridge and where rafters cross outside walls

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25
Q

How do metal connector plates fail when exposed to fire ?

A

Pulling out of the wood

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26
Q

What replaces space sheathing in lightweight roof?

A

3/8 or 1/2 inch ply wood

Particle chip and osb are also currently used to reduce building cost

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27
Q

What is hip conventional roof

A

Ridge board
Hip rafter from ridge board across corners of outside walls

Jack rafters (short rafter)

Valley rafters (where two roof lines join together)

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28
Q

What are strengths of hip roof?

A

Hip
Valley
Ridge

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29
Q

Where are bridge truss roofs found ?

A

1930 and 1940s commercial buildings

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30
Q

What are bridge truss build out off ?

A 
2x12 lumber 
Roofing material (Comp)
Wood sheathing 1x6
Rafters 2x6
Top chord
Metal support rods or wood support 
Bottom chord
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31
Q

When was straight sheathing used?

And what replaced it?

A

Prior to 1933

Spaced or diagonal

Plywood over existing if modified for earthquake ordinance

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32
Q

What are strengths and hazards of bridge truss ?

A

Well constructed early collapse of Main members should not be a concern

Falls in sections

Hazards
Trusses with weight on bottom chord used for storage and or path and plaster attached to it can contribute to early collapse

Ventilation must be aware of plywood and metal straps and supports

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33
Q

Where can bowstring arch roofs be found?

A

1930s-1950s small and large commercial buildings

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34
Q

What are arch truss made out of?

A

2x12 or 2x14 trusses
2x6 rafters or larger
1x6 sheathing and or
Plywood ordinance dependent

35
Q

What are strengths and hazards of bowstring and arc roofs ?

A

Strength early collapse should not be a concern

Falls in sections

Hazards

Storage on bottom chord or path and planter attached to it

Ventilation team must be aware or plywood or metal straps and support

36
Q

What is a lamella arch roof ?

A

Egg crate pattern roof 2x12 wood framing with steel plates and and bolts at junction of framing

Decking 1x6 and Comp

Supported by exterior buttresses and internal tie rods with turnbuckles

37
Q

Where can lamella roof be found?

A

Gymnasiums
Large buildings recreational activities
Large supermarkets

38
Q

What are strengths and hazards of lamella roof ?

A

Solid built roof

Hazard
Total roof collapse if fire removes more than 20% of roof structures

Domino effect

39
Q

What is a tied truss roof?

A

Arch roof that uses metal tie rods as support for walls of building

Tie rods usually 5/8 in diameter with turnbuckles to ensure arches don’t push exterior walls outward

Top chords 2x12s or larger
Rafters 2x10 or larger
1x6 ordinance appropriate sheathing and or plywood

40
Q

What are strengths and hazards of tied truss roof ?

A

Strengths large lumber

Hazard
Metal tie rods and turnbuckles

Roof may collapse in sections however may be susceptible to total failure depending on fire

41
Q

Where can we find saw tooth roofs ?

A

Commercial buildings to yield light and ventilation for manufacturing occupancies

42
Q

What is a saw tooth roof ?

A

Rafters 2x8
Wood and metal support for bracing
Slope is 1x6 sheathing ordinance dependent and or plywood 1/2 inch

Found today and 1930s and 1940s

43
Q

What are strengths and hazards of of saw tooth roof ?

A

Strengths
Well constructed large lumber
Easy to ventilate utilize hinge window panes

Hazards
Plywood and metal straps
Underside can be exposed or open

44
Q

What is a conventional flat roof ?

A

Rafters 2x6 or larger

1x6 ordinance dependent sheathing

45
Q

What is a lightweight flat roof?

A

Rafters are replaced with lightweight construction

Wooden joist 
Wooden i beam 
Meatball gusset plate truss
Open web 
Corrugated metal

4x8 plywood
Comp

46
Q

What’s are strength and hazards on flat roof ?

A

Strengths
Corners

Hazards
Plywood metal straps
Multiple layers of plywood

47
Q

What is wooden i beam roof ?

A

2x3 or 2x4 chords top secured to metal hanger to bearing wall
Bottom chord unsupported

3/8 glued edge plywood or osb

24” OC spacing

Nailing blocks perpendicular to top chords 4ft apart
For additional nailing surface

48
Q

How is plywood nailed to structural members?

A

Diaphragm nailing placing 8ft section crossing structural members and 4ft parallel to them . Then the joints are staggered 4 ft

49
Q

Strengths and hazards of wooden i beam ?

A

Strengths
Corners

Hazards
The removing of i beam portion to run ac heat ducting thru

Small lumber and horizontal spread of fire

50
Q

What is open web roof ?

A

2x3 and 2x4 Top chord supported
Bottom unsupported

24” OC

4x8 plywood and nailing blocks

1-2” cold rolled steel to press flat into chords with up to 1” steel pin driven thru cord member and flattened on ends

Spans 70ft are possible 2x4

51
Q

How can a single 2x4 span 70ft?

A

Joining two different lengths in glued Mitered “finger joints”

52
Q

What are strength and hazard of open web ?

A

Strengths
Corners of building

Hazards
Small lumber
Lack of fire stops
Rapid failure when exposed to fire

53
Q

Metal gusset plate roof is ?

A

Truss supported by webbing held together by metal gusset plates

2x4s chords
18g 3/8 penetration on gusset plate
Can span 80 ft on flat roof
3/8 r 1/2” plywood decking

54
Q

Strengths and hazards of metal gusset plate roof ?

A

Strengths
Corners of buildings

Hazards the gusset plate
Total failure if one member fails

55
Q

Where can panelized roofs be found?

A

Wood , mason art or concrete tilt ups buildings

56
Q

What is a panelized roof ?

A

6x36 beams wooden or metal spaces 12-40ft may be bolted together in excess of 100ft

4x12 purlins spaces 8ft OC with length dependent on beam spacing
(Are being replaced by MGP)

Rafters 2x4 24” OC

Plywood 1/2 inch

57
Q

What are strengths and hazards of panelized roof ?

A

Strengths
Beams
Purlins
Building perimeter

Hazards
Beam span supports 4inch hollow steel pipe
Failure of these supports large portions of roof collapse

Kraft paper insulation

58
Q

What is open web bar joist roof ?

A

Metal chords
Top and bottom 1/8 inch steel
Web supports 5/8 inch steel

Large buildings may have bar joist as girders spaced 45ft apart

Joist are spaced 8ft apart
Corrugated metal decking covered by alternating tar and tar paper layers
May also include Comp and other materials for insulation

4x8 plywood 1/2 inch with 2x4 joist

This roof may have Comp covered by decking

59
Q

What are strength and hazards of open web bar joist roof?

A

Strengths
Perimeter of building

Hazard
Roof may have Comp covered by decking
Steel loses strength at 1000 f degrees can expand twist and fail

60
Q

What is lightweight concrete roof ?

Bonus *
Where are her found ?

A

Robertson’s decking
Air entrained mix of sand cement and occasions pea gravel over corrugated metal decking with
4x4 or 6x6 wire mesh 3-4” thick
Comp final layer

Bonus
Found next to airports and freeways

61
Q

What are strengths and hazards of concrete roof?

A

Strengths
Strong hard surface roof

Hazards
Difficult to penetrate with chainsaw or mask art blade

Diamond tip or carbide wood tipped work best

62
Q

Corrugated buildings are hazards because ?

A

Steel loses tensile strength at 1000 degrees F little resistance to fire

Roof ventilation is extremely dangerous !

63
Q

Metal beam can expand how much per how many ft ?

A

9” per 100ft which can push out walls

64
Q

What height can a concrete tilt up building be ?

A

5 stories and have lightweight roof

65
Q

What are pre 33 building identifiers ?

A 
Concrete cap
Rafters tie plates
Bond beam 
Straight or curved lintels
Kong’s row 4-7 rows 
13” thick exterior walls
Parapaet walls scan be 3ft above roof line and 5ft if used as facade 
Mortar consist of sand and lime 
Floor joist are let inside exterior walls
Roof and floor joist fire cut
66
Q

What does fire cut mean?

A

Roof and floor joist will pull loose and collapse without pulling down exterior walls

67
Q

What earthquake ordinance was post 33 and what changed did that bring ?

A 
Long Beach 
Exterior walls 9” thick 
Masonry walls reinforced with steel 
Ledger board for attaching joist
Cement as mortar 
Diagonal roof sheathing
68
Q

What earthquake ordinance was post 1959 and what changes did it bring ?

A

Tehachapi
4-6” concrete bond beam cap
Parapaet walls not higher than 16” including beam cap
Exterior walls drilled at roof rafter level and steel anchor bar/rod installed every 4 ft
(Rafter tie plate)

69
Q

What earthquake happened in 1971 and what ordinance changes did it have ?

A

Anchoring floors to walls and roof systems

Strengthening roof construction plywood and metal straps

70
Q

What’s the length of metals straps attaching opposing walls?

A

1/3 the length of building back from front and rear walls

71
Q

With earthquake ordinance and roof stability which roofs can increase the potential for front and rear collapse?

A

Bowstring
Tied truss
Lamella
Especially first two

72
Q

Apparatus placement should be what on arch roof buildings?

A

At least the distance of the wall

73
Q

Metal straps are how far from the walls

A

3-4 feet

74
Q

A facade is dangerous because ?

A

It can be scanned on collapse hazard

Hide spread of fire

75
Q

What four area should be considered when dealing with facade?

A

Overhang
Facade height
Supported unsupported
Height from the roof

76
Q

What do roofs that are lower than facades use for drainiange ?

A

Scuppers

77
Q

What’s a hazard of bungalow construction?

A

Termites
Multiple layers of roofs
Remodels

78
Q

What is ballon construction ?

A

Does not use horizon fire blow king in the walls and plates between multiple floors to sellers the attic and vertical walls

79
Q

What kind of construction uses fire stops?

A

Platform construction

80
Q

What is the new type of wiring?

A

Conduit and Romex

81
Q

What are wires suspended on ceramic insulators passed thru ceramic tubes called?

A

Knob and tube wiring

82
Q

How much faster is curtain construction vs conventional?

A

60%

83
Q

To ensure effective and safe fire ground operations what 4 areas must be addressed ?

A

Identification presence of lightweight construction

Communication flow of information they chain of command

Time determine how much time is left to ensure safety of members

Operations the appropriate implementation of interior exterior offensive or defensive operations

Building Construction (4 decks)

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