Building Construction Flashcards
When should collapse zones be established?
During and after a fire
A buildings life span can range from what to what?
Months to full centuries
Building design and construction process requires what steps?
Legal expertise
Technical knowledge
Financial resources
Managment skills
Creative talent in
When an owner contracts a single firm to undertake both design and construction it is called ?
Design-Build project
What is a building code?
A law adopted by a governmental body to regulate requirements for construction and maintenance of a building
Engineering specialties required during building construction are?
Civil engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical engineering
Electrical engineering
Fire protection engineering
What specific aspects of civil engineering is required during a project ?
Water supply
Sanitary sewer
Surveying
Roadways
Site prep and excavation
Storm water drainage
The aspects of structural engineering are?
Determination of load
Foundation design
Structural behavior
Structural members
Structural erection
What are the different aspects of mechanical engineering?
HVAC
Pumping system
Elevators
Plumbing systems
What are the different aspects of electrical engineering ?
Lighting
Power
Communication
What are the different aspects of fire protection engineering?
Auto sprinklers
Standpipes
Fire alarm
Smoke control
Building code compliance
What is the final consideration in the building construction process?
Landscaping
Lending institutions for financing will require what?
Land survey
Preliminary budgets
Soil test reports
Before a building is constructed it’s required a what? From the city, county, province or state.
Building permit
If a building official rejects a proposed building design an architect may appeal the decision to???
Board of appeals
What are two strategies used to reduce the overall time for completion of a project during construction?
Fast-tracking construction
Merging the design and construction phases
The most Widely used model building code in the US is?
IBC- international Building Code
Buildings include many features the influence fire behavior such as?
Structural fire resistance
Flammability of interior finishes
Adequacy of means of egress
Enclosure of utility openings
Exposure protection
Electrical systems
Natural gas
Occupancy separation
What things are included in Life safety codes ?
Design of stairs-walking surfaces
Balcony railings
Overhead obstacles
Elevator operations
Electrical systems
Fire and smoke resistive features
The 5 construction types are?
Type I - fire resistive
Type II- protected non combustible
Type III- exterior protected (masonry) ordinary
Type IV- heavy timber
Type V-wood frame
P1: when was the (ADA) Americans with disabilities act signed into law?
P2: what are different aspects of the ADA when it comes to building features?
P1: 1990
P2: building entrance , parking , elevators, alarms visual and audible , means of egress
What are some natural and developed terrain feature that may complicate access by emergency responders?
Steep slope
Rivers
Landscaping
Setbacks
Security barriers
Building site factors that influence the overall building height and the practicality of below grade spaces include?
Level of water table
Frost line
Presence or absence of a solid bedrock layer
Some older buildings offer advantages to firefighters because they were built with what?
Greater structural mass than was absolutely necessary
Modern Designs are used with lighter structural members which will result in what?
A more quicker collapse under fire conditions
P1: after WW2 significant change in building construction started Building official and code administration (BOCA) started in what year?
P2: the sudden need for housing included ?
P1: 1950
P2: baby boom increase , veterans returning, and increase in the middle class
Efforts to increase the energy efficiency of structures and their component materials is called what?
Green design
What is a building called when it is designed and constructed without a known occupant?
*example office plazas, shopping malls, condos
Spec building
Earliest fire regulations adopted in colonial Boston prohibited what type of roofs?
Thatched Roofs
Fire spread is often expressed in terms of heat transfer through two methods which are ?
Convection
Thermal radiation
P1: what is convection?
P2: what is thermal radiation?
P1: transfer of heat energy through the movement of hot smoke and fire gases
P2: transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic waves
What is conflagration?
Large uncontrollable fire covering a considerable area crossing barriers such as street and waterways
Building to building fire spread has been reduced due to code requirements such as?
Building setbacks
Building sizes in relation to lot sizes
Off- street parking and loading
NFPA80 describes 3 levels of exposures based on potential severity of the exposing fire which are ?
Light
Moderate
Severe
Fire protection features required in building codes provide minimum standards which are ?
Fire detection and suppression systems
-sprinklers
Passive barriers
-parapets on exterior masonry walls
Active barriers
-automatic fire doors and door openings
Structural failures can be caused by what 3 things?
Unplanned loads
Design flaws
Working on building without permit to cut cost during renovations
P1: what is combustion?
P2: 2 essentials for electrical systems?
P1: A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either glow or flame
P2: fire stopping and openings , provisions for emergency power
What is AHJ? And what does it stand for?
Authority Having Jurisdiction
An organization, office , or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of code or standard or approving equipment, materials, or installation or procedure.
Pre incident plans should include what?
Occupancy type
Industrial processes conducted on site
Hazardous material in vicinity of
Building access routes
Utilities present
Location and function of fire protection systems
What are 3 strategies in a fire incident?
Offensive
Defensive
Transitional
What do the 3 digit building classifications mean?
*NFPA220
First digit-Fire resistance rating in hours of exterior bearing walls
Second digit- fire resistance rating of structural frames or columns that support loads of more than one floor
Third digit- fire resistance rating of the floor construction
What are some factors that influence fire behavior?
Basic building classification
Occupancy classification
Fire or fuel load
Fire resistance
What is Type A and B in building classification?
*type IV heavy timber is not included in either A or B classification
Type A- protected structural members
Type B-unprotected structural members
What is steel classified as when it comes to fire rating ?
Steel is non combustible but not fire resistive and must be protected to attain fire resistance
What are TYPE I buildings commonly constructed of ?
Protected steel frame and reinforced concrete
When can reinforced concrete fail?
Under an explosion or intense fire for long duration
Building code usually permit a limited use of combustible material in type I construction such as?
Roof coverings
Doors and door frame
Window sashes and frame
Interior wall finishes and trim
In type II construction a wider range of materials can be used such as_______ in addition to steel and concrete blocks
Glass and aluminum
Type II A requires that structural components have at least ______hours of fire resistance
1 hour
The speed at which unprotected members will fail depends on what factors?
Ceiling height of building
Size of the unprotected steel member
Intensity and duration of the exposing fire
What is type III construction exterior walls frequently constructed with?
Masonry
In Type III construction interior structural components that are permitted to be partially or wholly combustible are?
Walls
Columns
Beams
Floors
Roofs
Type III 2-1-1 structure components can be protected by several means which are ?
Plaster - In older buildings
Gypsum- in newer buildings
What is a fire concern with type III construction?
The combustible concealed spaces that are created between floor and ceiling joists also between studs and partition walls when they are covered with interior finishes
What nominal floor joists does type III construction use?
2x10in
What is the difference between type III and IV construction?
Type IV the beams , columns, floors , and roofs are made of solid or laminated wood with dimensions greater than type III.
Concealed spaces are not permitted between structural components in IV
For type IV floor construction what nominal dimensions are required?
6x10in
Wood frame buildings are most often constructed using what method?
*introduced in US 1830
Light frame construction
Type IV buildings built in the 19th and 20th centuries have been converted to residential use from original applications which are ?
Factories
Mills
Warehouses
What are Hazards of type IV construction ?
Large amount of fuel present in structural supports
Interior of the building may have traces of oils and residue from previous use
Type V wood frame construction is required to have ______ hrs fire resistance for structural components
1 hour
What did light frame construction eliminate?
*made use of smaller studs joists and rafters
Heavy post and beams
What are the 10 major occupancy classifications!
Group A-assembly
Group B- business
Group E- educational
Group F-factories
Group H-high hazards
Group I- institutional
Group M- mercantile
Group R -residential
Group S- storage
Group U- utility and misc
Mixed occupancies may require____hrs of separation range.
*building code may permit reduction if sprinkled
1-4 hrs
Most commonly used method to determine fire resistance is?
Lab testing
The forces within a structural support system that resist applied loads are referred to as what?
Reaction
Fire resistance describes 4 properties of a material including what?
Combustibly
Thermal conductivity
Density
Dimension
When a structural system can support a load equal to or greater than the applied loads what occurs ?
*reaction must equal or surpass the applied loads to achieve structural equilibrium or it will collapse
Equilibrium
Gravity related loads that can cause a bending moment within a horizontal structural component that is loaded vertically are?
Snow load
Roof (dead load)
Brick wall
Live load (equipment)
Floor and ceiling (dead load)
Foundation
Footing
Additional forces that will increase load on a structure are?
Vibration
Temperature
Shrinkage
Stress forces in materials are?
Tension- pulls materials apart
Compression- squeezes the material
Shear- slides one pane of material past another
It is important to know material properties because they have unique tolerances such as concrete which has ?
High compressive strength but low tensile strength
What are load stresses on a beam?
Top of beam- compression stress
Bottom on beam- tension stress
Verticals cross section - shear stress
Stresses from external forces are?
Aial load - along center of cross section
Eccentric load- applied to one side of cross section
Torsional load - at angle to cross section which may cause twisting
What is a dead load ?
Fixed in location and quantifiable
What is a live load ?
Not fixed or permanent
What is a static load?
*example people on elevator
Steady or applied gradually
What is a dynamic load?
*example wind, earthquakes, vibration
Involving motion
P1: What is concentrated load?
P2: What is distributed load?
P1: concentrated load is a static load in a small area
P2: distributed load is a load in a larger area which is uniform
Common support for beams include?
Simply supported beams- supported beneath both ends
Restrained beams- rigidly supported at each end
Cantilever beams- supported at one end; must be able to support vertical load and bend stresses
Overhanging beams- similar to cantilever with extra support
Continuous beams- may span several vertical supports
What is liquefaction?
When sandy soil near water is entrapped with water which prevents the sand partials from moving close together; prevents the soil from supporting a structure
P1: What is a beam?
P2: What materials are used in beams ?
P1: structural members that carries loads perpendicular to it longitudinal dimension.
P2: steel, wood, reinforced concrete
P1: What is active soil pressure ?
P2: What is passive soil pressure?
P1: force of soil against foundation
P2: force of foundation against soil
Redundant structural members support the what?
The entire system, making collapse less likely to occur
What are the two types of structural stiffening ?
*effective against ground motions with a relatively long (slow) vibrational period
Shear walls and cross bracing
Structural support redundancy
What is structural stiffening ?
A strategy used to harden a structure against expected loads
Engineers must account for complex factors including what 3 things?
Building height
Surrounding terrain
Adjacent urban development
Wind forces are dangerous against walls with insufficient support 3 common locations are?
Construction sites
Demolition sites
Fire damaged buildings
Two methods of base isolation are ?
Shear system - elastomeric bearings placed in a layer between building and foundation
Sliding systems - special plates that slide on each other to isolate the building from horizontal shear forces
What is expansion joints?
In building with height variations or large floor plans added to increase flexibility of connection
What is damping mechanisms ?
Absorb resonant energy as the structure begins to move. Installed at the connection between columns and beams
What is base isolation?
Isolates the building from horizontal movement of the earth surface
3 Directional movements on a building during an earthquake are?
Lateral- creates horizontal motion (the most significant force)
Torsional- twisted structural members by seismic motion
Resonant - natural frequency at which a building vibrates back and forth
Accommodations to seismic forces are?
Expansion joints
Damping mechanisms
Base isolation
What is the typical expected life span of a building?
50 years
Are larger buildings more affected by wind and why?
Yes; wind contacts more surface area
Why is dewatering operations important?
Water at a depth of 3 inches adds a static load of 21 pounds per sq foot
What are 6 affects of wind on a structure?
Direct pressure
Drag
Negative pressure
Rocking and buffeting
Vibration
Clean off effect
In high rise buildings where will accumulated water drain from?
Elevators shafts and stairwells
What are the 3 I beam cross sections called?
Flange (top) carries compressive stresses
Web(center)- carries shear stresses
Flange(bottom)-carries tensile stresses
Why are beams shaped like capital matter “I”?
This construction is effective because the top and bottom flanges of the beam carry most of the load of resisting the bending stress
P1:What is a column?
P2:What are they usually made out of?
P1:Structural member designed to support an axial load
P2:wood, steel, cast iron, concrete, masonry
P1:What is an arch ?
P2:What materials are used for arches?
P1: arch is a curved structural member used to support roofs and entrances in masonry building. Compressive stresses
P2: masonry, steel, concrete, laminated wood
P1: What are cables used for?
P2: What are trusses? Name of parts
P1: cables are used to support loads over a distance; will assume a curved shape which has tension stresses . Cables usually made of steel strands
P2: framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in one plane. Bottom chord top chord and web which is in the middle
What are some connectors used in steel trusses ?
Steel gusset plates
Rivets
Welds
Adhesives
Brackets
Metal straps
Pins and bolts
What are materials used in trusses ?
Wood and steel or combination of both
What are lightweight steel trusses known as ?and what are they used for?
Known as bar joists used for floor and roof construction in fire resistive and non combustible construction
P1: Loads applied at intersection of truss members will create what type of stress?
P2: loads applied between intersection points will create what type of stress?
P1: compressive and tensile stress
P2: bending stress
What are space frames ?
3 dimensional truss structures
What is a load bearing wall? And what materials are used in them?
Load bearing walls carry compressive loads and provide lateral support to the structure along the length of the wall. Material used are usually concrete blocks , bricks , stone , solid wood, concrete panels
Bearing wall structures use walls to support spanning elements such as?
Beams
Trusses
Pre cast concrete slabs
What are 4 frame structural systems ?
Steel stud walls
Post and beam
Rigid frame
Slab and column
What is steel stud walls?
Frames built from relatively closely spaced vertical steel studs connected by top and bottom horizontal members. Studs placed 12-16in apart
What is post and beam construction?
Uses a series of vertical elements (posts) to support horizontal elements (beams) that carry transverse loads
What is rigid frame construction?
Characterized by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the bending stress through joints. Usually single story with a gable roof. Maybe constructed of steel frames.
What is slab and column frame?
Used concrete floor slabs supported by concrete columns .reinforced by addition of a capital and drop panel
What are membrane structures?
*building code with life 180 days or more
Membrane structures are similar to fabric tents which uses polyester, coated glass fiber , and more which is supported by its framework
What is a shell structure?
Usually made of concrete and is 3 dimensional in a geometric shape of cone, domes, barrel vaults , and folded plates
What is Surface systems?
Consists of primarily of an enclosing , waterproof surface
What do building systems address for occupants?
Convenience
Access
Comfort
Efficiency
Life safety
Building systems include :?
Stairs
Elevators
Mechanical conveyor systems
Air handling systems
Electrical equipment
Vertical shafts and utility chases
What are stairs called that are not part of the means for egress?
*stairs are open and connect only two levels per code
Convenience stairs
What are six common types of stairs ?
Straight run- extend in one direction for entire length
Return - have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point (modern construction)
Scissor-two separate sets of stairs constructed in common shaft
Circular -often grand stairs serving only two levels
Folding-ladders used to provide access to attic space
Spiral- a series of steps spiraling around a single column to fit a very small space
Smoke proof stair enclosure must be added to what buildings per code?
Five stories or higher or floor levels more than 30 feet
Protected stairs must include what?
Limited penetration form light ,fire protection, and environmental control
Self or auto closing fire rated doors
Separation from rest of building
Stairway vestibule
What does code require high-rise stairs to be?
Pressurized
Passive smoke proof enclosures in stairs include?
Vestibules or exterior balconies
Building allows for open stairways only if what?
When they connect no more than two adjacent floors above basement level
Conveyor systems have fire protection features such as:
Fire doors
Shutters
Water spray fixed fire suppression system
Escalators move at what speed?
100 feet per minute
(Older ones 90 or 120)
What fire protection does vertical escalators have ?
18in draft stops and row of sprinkler systems on all sides
Upper limit for hydraulic elevators?
Six stories
4 common styles of elevators are?
Drum
Traction
Machine room less (MRL)
Dumbwaiters
How many volts power supply should traction elevators have?
*maybe be direct current or alternating current types
500 volts
Passenger safety features that maybe found on elevators are?
Terminal device - switch that terminates power
Buffers-cylinders or pistons that act as shock absorbers
Speed reducing switch(speed governor) - when elevators exceeds safe speeds this feature kicks on
Over speed switch-this feature kicks on if the speed reducing switch fails
Car safeties -tapered pairs of steel jaws that wedge against the guide rails to stop elevators
What are elevator hoist way enclosures required to be fire rated at?
1 or 2 hr rating
1)A building with three or fewer elevators must have how many hoist ways?
2)A building with four or more elevators must have how many hoist ways?
1) can be in 1 single hoistway
2) minimum of 2 separate hoist ways
Express elevators have zones which includes how many floors?
15-20
What are blind hoist ways ?
Used for express elevators that serve upper zones in tall buildings . No entrances to hoistways on floors only access doors
What is the function of driving vane on elevator ?
The driving vane attached to the car door holds the door open
Hydraulic elevators will not have a top exit if what?
If the elevator has a Manuel lowering valve
Refuse chutes are required to be what per code?
Constructed of non combustible material with fire rated doors and shaft enclosure. With sprinklers required at the top of the chute
Occasionally in some buildings if they do not have pipe chases what is used?
Mechanical equipment rooms
HVAC ducts should be fire rated at what?
1 hour rated for buildings less than 4 stories and 2 hours for buildings four stores or greater
What is a Hydronic system?
A building heating and cooling system that uses water as the heat transfer medium
What is a forced air system ?
A building heating and cooling system that uses air as heat transfer medium
Roof hatches for ventilation open a minimum of how many feet in either direction
4 feet
Curtain boards should not be less than what percentage of the ceiling height? And spaced so that they are not farther apart than how many times the ceiling height?
20 percent and eight times ceiling height
What does a compensated stairwell system do?
Monitors the airflow in a stairwell and adjusts the pressure
How many volts is considered high /low voltage
600+ high
Less 600 low
What does an air cooled “dry” transformer do?
Uses surrounding air to cool the unit through fins
What do oil cooled or filled transformers do?
Contains oil which conducts heat away from the core and also electrically insulate components from arcing
Transformers containing (PCB)polychlorinated Biphenyls are required to what?
*highly hazardous only in older transformers
Be labeled
What is the code for fire ratings when a transformer is located inside a building?
3 hour fire rating construction non sprinkled room
1 hour fire rating construction sprinkled room
How do characteristics of interior finishes influence fire behavior?
Depending on the type of material it will add to the fuel load of a fire and spread fast
What tests are used to determine surface burning characteristics of interior finishes?
(CRT) criterion referenced testing ASTME -84
The Steiner tunnel test
The tunnel test
Explain how ceilings can influence fire behavior
Ceilings contribute to the void space in a building which fire can travel
Identify characteristics of fire walls and partitions
Partitions are usually 1 hour rated materials used lath plaster , gypsum ,concrete block
Fire walls must extend beyond walls and roofs to prevent the radiant heat on one side from igniting adjacent surfaces.. height 18-36 inches usually made with masonry
Describe fire doors and how they limit fire damages
Fire doors are means for protecting openings through fire rated walls.
Fire door limits fire damage by the materials used and fire rated from 20 min-4hours
Explain how soil properties influence building foundation types
Depending on the soil test will determine what time of building is able to be built on that foundation such is frost line and water table
Identify types and components of building foundations
Types and components of building foundation include:
Shallow foundation and steel grillage foundation. Components includes wall footing , piles / piers
Describe types of foundation walls
Concrete
Stone
Concrete block brick
Explain symptoms and causes of building settlement
Symptoms include cracked walls, sloped floor, damaged building utilities and systems .distorted building frame.
Causes include footing placed at different elevations, unequal loads on footing, nonuniform soil conditions, unequal loads on footing
Describe materials used in wood construction ?
Materials used in wood construction:
Pine
Fir
Spruce
Combustion properties of wood:
All depends on the dimension
Moisture content
Air supply
Nature of heating source
Denisty
Describe ignition resistance construction:
Must have fire resistant roof coverings
Exterior walls that are noncombustible or has 1 hour fire resistant rating
Limitation on the size of attic and under floor vents and their protection with corrosion-resistant screens
Structural insurance during fire conditions:
Surface to mass ratio is a factor when it comes to fire .
Protected wood will hold longer vs unprotected wood
Describe various types of wood structural systems:
Wood structural systems include
Balloon frame construction
Light wood framing
Platform framing
Heavy timber
Post and beam framing
Identify forces that may undermine the structural integrity of wood construction:
Fire
Weather
Insects
Decay
Shrinkage
Explain shoring and underpinning
Shoring is temporary hold to support load during work before underpinning which is permanent when trying to address foundation settling
Describe properties of masonry construction components:
Masonry components are resistant to weather , fire, and insects
Drawbacks long term deterioration of mortar joints
Explain how masonry structures are classified in building codes:
Depends on the fire resistance of the joists , beams, and rafters that span the exterior load-bearing walls and interior columns. Also depends if it’s type A or B protected or unprotected
Describe features and functions of masonry structures:
Masonry can be used for a variety of purposes in architecture including primarily decorative functions such as masonry fence or stonework trim
Masonry structures can remain intact for many centuries
Identify causes of structural failure of masonry construction:
Causes of structural failure in masonry construction are:
Exposure to fire conditions of interior components
When interior floor or roof members exert horizontal forces against a wall and pushes it outwards which the mortar cannot resist
Overtime especially in older buildings shift in foundation ,erosion of mortar, freeze/thaw cycle of weather
Describe the material properties of steel?
Material properties of steel are iron and carbon
Added contents to steel depending on specific purpose can increase its specific attributes such as:
Molybdenum-strength
Vanadium-strength and toughness
Manganese-resistance of steel to abrasion
Describe methods used to protect steel construction building elements during a fire:
The usual way to protect steel from heat during a fire is to add insulating material such as spray applied fire resistive materials
Explain how steel is used in the construction of structural framework:
Steel is used to support floors, roofs, and exterior walls
Steel structural shapes can be used to construct frame of columns, beams, and girders
Steel is also used in heavy or lightweight trusses to support roofs and floors
Identity common reasons for collapse of steel structures
Common reasons are roofs and floors with large surface areas will heat rapidly under fire conditions therefore unprotected light gauage steel sheeting may fail structurally.. if trusses are exposed to fire conditions failure may also occur
Describe major architectural styles of roofs
Flat roofs
Pitched roofs
Curved roofs
Describe the function of roof decks
Roof decks separate the structure from the effects of weather and supporting the weight of the materials used to weatherproof the structure
Identify materials used to construct roof decks
Plywood
Wood planks
Corrugated steel
Poured gypsum
Poured concrete
Cement planks
Distinguish types of roof coverings
Flat roof coverings include built up membrane with several overlapping layers and single -ply membrane with a single membrane laid in sheets
Fluid applied membranes are used for curved roofs
Pitched roofs use asphalt, tiles ,wood, and shakes
Types of green design roofs
Photovoltaic roof- produces reliable clean energy for a building
Vegetative roof system-increased insulation between building and environment and increase air quality
How Roof openings are used in firefighting operations
Roof openings can be used for roof access and ventilation
Characteristics of high rise buildings and there impact on firefighting tactics
High rise buildings are characterized as being 75 feet or more than 5 stories
Building can be beyond the use of fire equipment
Access to fire floor takes more time
Need more resources and personnel
Explain emergency use of elevators in high rise buildings during fire event
Elevators can be use to reach the fire usually if more than 5 stories
Can be put in phase 1 and 2 for manual control
Identify characteristics of limited or controlled access buildings
Solid walls lacking door and window openings
Obstruction on exterior walls
Obstructions between the building and the access road
Banked earth or difficult terrain
Limited access buildings constrict firefighter ability to quickly and efficiently Ventilate the building
Characteristics of atriums
Large vertical opening extending through two or more floors of a building that is not used for building services such as enclosed stairs , elevators, or building utilities
Atriums are an architectural feature that helps provide light and ventilate the interior of a building
Characteristics of explosion venting in building
Structural damage from explosion can be mitigated through containment or venting the forces
Designed to quickly relieve the pressure before it causes excessive damage
Identify the need for areas of refuge within a structure
The need for areas of refuge within a structure is import because it’s required to be smoke proof with 1 he fire rating separated from the rest of the building
Area of refuge is designed to protect occupants while awaiting rescue
Fire protection hazards that rack storage can create
Sprinklers can be obstructed by the materials being stored
Some rack storages are also part of the structural support of the building with unprotected steel members and may collapse under fire conditions
Some automated rack facilities are not designed to accommodate human access
Structural composite lumbers are
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) -uses sheet of veneer peeled from outer portion of a log
Parallel strand lumber(PSL) made from veneers that are not uniform as those used in LVL strongest of the three and can be used for heavily loaded columns
Laminated strand board (LSL) made with long strands of wood up to 12 inches used for short span beams and columns
Characteristics of Thermoplastic composite lumber
Wood like product made from wood fiber and polyethylene
Material properties of concrete
Cement and water
Difference between pre cast and cast in place construction
Pre cast is made at an off site location then shipped to the work site
Cast in place is made at the work site
Determine factors that affect the finished quality of concrete
Temperature
Hydration
Water to cement ratio
Factors that influence fire resistance in concrete
Concrete density
Concrete thickness
Concrete quality
Supported load
Describe types of concrete framing systems
Flat slab concrete frames - concrete slabs either concrete columns for support
Slab and beam framing-concrete slab supported by concrete beam
