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1920s 1930s Britain > Building A Better World > Flashcards

Building A Better World Flashcards

1
Q

What does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) argue that Spiritualism did no do after the Victorian and Edwardian period?

A

Die out, it lasted long after these periods and flourished particularly in between the wars

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2
Q

Who does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) argue Spiritualism gave comfort to?

A

Many people who had lost loved ones in WW1

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3
Q

What presumption do most historians have of the period between the wars?

A

That secularism was dominant during it

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4
Q

What idea does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) challenge?

A

Te idea that there was a steady decline of popular religious belief in the interwar period

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5
Q

Why does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) argue spiritualism was of great interest during the wars?

A

It was able to adopt to modern ideas, which it incorporated with traditional beliefs and superstitions

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6
Q

Due to declining birth-rates after WW1 what emphasis began to be placed on women?

A

Women as mothers, rather than wives, domestication

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7
Q

What does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) argue post-Victorian spiritualism was not?

A

A pathological response to the late nineteenth century crisis of faith

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8
Q

What does Jenny Hazelgrove in Spiritualism and British Society between the Wars (2000) argue spiritualists relationship to modernity was?

A

It was buried in, but not undone by, modernity

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9
Q

What did the British consistently believe in?

A

Banshees, guardian angels, and haunting, namely he proof of communication between spirits and humans

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10
Q

What have historians previously done with British spiritualism?

A

Ignored it

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11
Q

What classes did spiritualism usually appeal to?

A

Working classes

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12
Q

When was the Panacea Society founded? And by who?

A

1919 by Mabel Barltrop

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13
Q

Why did Mabel rename herself Octavia?

A

She believed she was the daughter of God

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14
Q

How many people did the Panacea’s healing ministry reach out to?

A

130,000

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15
Q

What was the main belief of the Panacea community? And what was its main aim?

A

Main belief was understanding God as feminine as well as masculine
Main aim was to prepare for immortal life and Jesus’ rebirth

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16
Q

What is the Panacea Society an example of?

A

A closed and inward looking community

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17
Q

What question did the Panacea face about modernity?

A

How much to conform to the modern world and modernity

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18
Q

Why does Jane Shaw in Octavia, Daughter of God (2011) argue the Panacea society represented modernity itself?

A

The opportunities they offered to women, their theology and eclectic mixture of beliefs

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19
Q

What was Mabel’s chief concern about the teachings of the CofE?

A

Taught the salvation of the soul but not of the body

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20
Q

What was Mabel diagnosed with when she went into a mental hospital before her husbands death?

A

Melancholy and domestic worry

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21
Q

What role did Southcott give women in the redemption of the world?

A

A distinctive role as the final redeemer, because Eve had been the original cause of the fall

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22
Q

What was the name of the leader of the earlier movement and the Book of Revelation that inspired the Panaceans?

A

Joanna Southcott

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23
Q

What did the war give impetus to? And why?

A

Southcottian revival - thought this was a time of national trial and tribulation

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24
Q

What was a common reason for sectioning women in late 19th century?

A

Religious reasons

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25
Q

What did Doctors argue spiritualism was causing?

A

Mental illness and hysteria

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26
Q

What happened to many women liberated by their involvement in new religions, who were frustrated by Christianity’s subjugation of women?

A

They were sectioned

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27
Q

Who was Mabel thought to be?

A

Shiloh and spiritual child of Southcott

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28
Q

Why was the popularity of the Panacean movement not surprising?

A

No NHS and many illnesses untreatable, also aftermath of flu

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29
Q

Were there many other popular spiritual healing groups around?

A

Yes, C of E had one

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30
Q

Where did the Panaceans unusually have quite a few healing patients?

A

India, but all over the Empire

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31
Q

What did the healing mission provide?

A

Hook and bait to the movement

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32
Q

What were reports in newspapers like of the Panaceans?

A

Were unfavourable but caused great interest

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33
Q

What did the water takers end up doing to the Panacean movement?

A

Diluted it

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34
Q

What was the Panacea museum an important vehicle for?

A

Publicising the healing and movement

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35
Q

How did the Panacea society feel about birth control?

A

Condemned it, cessation of intercourse was preferable

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36
Q

What did war mean for sex?

A

Sexual freedom, because of an urgency to marry and have sex people were freer, this freedom did not disappear after the war

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37
Q

What did letters to the Panacea Society in Jane Shaw’s Octavia, Daughter of God (2011) show the ideal of marrying for love and companionship was?

A

Popular, utopian ring to it, people imagining new possibilities for married life

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38
Q

Which two countries vied with one another to be known as the homeland of the industrial revolution?

A

Britain and Germany

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39
Q

What was Britain a wellspring for?

A

Modernity

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40
Q

What does Bernhard Rieger in Technology and the Culture of Modernity (2005) say debates about technologies always carried with them?

A

An undercurrent of tribulation, heralded the advent of a new age but also threatened new dangers

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41
Q

What did Germany and Britain compete with each other to produce?

A

Fastest ships, highest flying planes, most popular films

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42
Q

Why did the British support technological advancement?

A

Because they thought it would ensure the status quo of imperial dominance and head off decline and disintergration

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43
Q

What received a crippling below in WW1 according to Kees Gispen?

A

Nineteenth century belief in progress

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44
Q

What remained exempt from the loss of belief in progress and pessimism?

A

Technology

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45
Q

How does Kees Gispen describe the mixed tensions between technological optimism and fears of decline and cultural pessimism?

A

He says they formed ‘a witch’s brew of positive and neative energies’

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46
Q

If technological innovation was the underlying cause of most fears about modernity, what does Bernhard Rieger in Technology and the Culture of Modernity (2005) wonder?

A

How technology escaped criticism and remained the idol of European civilization

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47
Q

What aura does Bernhard Rieger in Technology and the Culture of Modernity (2005) argue surrounded new technologies and why?

A

An aura of “modern wonders” mysterious by definition, creating both excitement and insecurity - people did not fully understand how technology worked

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48
Q

What were anxieties about technological innovation encouraged by?

A

Spectacular calamities such as the titanic in 1912 and The Hindenburg in 1937

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49
Q

When did fear of technology really become dominant?

A

1945

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50
Q

What three conditions does Bernhard Rieger in Technology and the Culture of Modernity (2005) say caused public support for technology?

A

1 - cacophonous chorus - public debated pros and cons of modern technology producing a basic “social consensus” about its importance
2 - powerful social fantasies about heroism of pilots and glamour and luxury of ocean liners
3 - Belief that new technology was the key to national strength

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51
Q

What were the Panaceans an example of?

A

Seekers in society, seeking a better future

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52
Q

What characteristic figure of modernity in 20s 30s seemed to encapsulate the spirit of the age?

A

The flyer

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53
Q

What were the two contrasting feelings towards flying in the period?

A

Excitement and fear, freedom vs safety

54
Q

What kind of welcome was Amy Johnson given when she landed?

A

A hero’s welcome

55
Q

What does Amy Johnson become a figure that mobilises?

A

National pride

56
Q

What does Amy Johnson ask to be called?

A

Johnie

57
Q

What is Amy Johnson singled out as?

A

One woman who achieved something amazing, do not want other women to follow suit

58
Q

What were female firsts to newspapers?

A

Newsworthy stories

59
Q

What could flying be used to bring together?

A

The Empire, people could go to visit other countries in the Empire

60
Q

Could anyone travel by plane in the 1930s?

A

No it was a privilege and was expensive

61
Q

What kind of image did the airways have, particularly encouraged by their marketing campaigns?

A

A glamorous image

62
Q

Who gave ‘The Bomber Will Always Get Through’, speech to the House of Commons in 1932?

A

Stanley Baldwin

63
Q

What does Britain use airplanes to do in terms of Empire and war?

A

To bomb and to bring landscapes under control, for aerial photography and spying

64
Q

What does there become an obsession with, related to flying?

A

Obsession with seeing Britain from above - seeing your town from above

65
Q

What did most popular flying shows give the opportunity for people to do?

A

To go up in a plane and see your home town from the air

66
Q

What did lots of women do in the 1920s at flying shows for fun?

A

Parachute jumps

67
Q

What is the name of the woman Matt talks about in ‘A very 1920s demise’ who jumped out the plane and her parachute didn’t open?

A

Dorothy Cain

68
Q

How many people witnessed Dorothy Cain’s ‘parachute tragedy’ according to Matt’s ‘A Very 1920s Demise’?

A

20,000 people

69
Q

When Did Dorothy Cain have her parachute tragedy?

A

1926

70
Q

What can 1920s 30s people’s visions of the future tell us about their present?

A

In what they want to change in the future, can see the fears of the current world

71
Q

What does Housing Problems show differently to the documentary films like Coalface?

A

Shows a solution to the problems working class people are facing

72
Q

What exit strategy does Orwell offer in The Road to Wigan Pier?

A

Socialism

73
Q

What is the difference between Housing problems solution and Orwell’s solution?

A

Housing problems is less revolutionary and therefore more probable and immediate

74
Q

What is an in built assumption shown in Housing Problems about working class people?

A

That if they get new houses they will become more clean

75
Q

What dystopian concerns could be shown about the state getting involved in housing?

A

The state have more control over the poor and the poor become more reliant on them for a better future

76
Q

In what ways is Housing Problems more radical than Orwell’s Road to Wigan Pier?

A

Gives the working classes an actual voice, first time they’ve been in front of camera.

77
Q

What does Housing Problems do to the working classes?

A

Politicises them, shows them they have a political voice, man asks the council to make change ‘ get going with the flats’

78
Q

What do the houses in Housing Problems contrast to?

A

The modern image of Britain, primitive, lacking water in the houses, lack of basic amenities ALSO the suburbs

79
Q

What can rats and cockroaches in the house be linked to?

A

The trenches

80
Q

What were working classes worried about in terms of rapidly changing modern society?

A

Being left behind, want to be on the modernity ‘airship’ material inequalities can disenfranchise them

81
Q

Does it matter that Housing Problems is scripted?

A

No, we can see its true by its surrounding, scripting gives them voices and allows them to know what to say, makes them more comfortable, documentary a new form

82
Q

Which moment in Housing Problems do the edges begin to fray and we see a more realistic picture of the working classes?

A

When the wife talks about the rat and gets really into it, her husband looks at her and laughs

83
Q

What solution does Housing Problems offer to slum conditions?

A

New phase of architecture and slum clearance

84
Q

How were houses built in 1930s?

A

Built out of steel, easy to put up and fast to replicate

85
Q

What is the irony in that houses were built really quickly?

A

This was what caused the slums in the first place, repetition of old solutions and not really that modern

86
Q

What was there a big emphasis on that came with the new houses in housing Problems?

A

Emphasis on health and hygeine

87
Q

What was there a mass of unease about in English culture in terms of housing?

A

High rise living - associated with americanisation and sexual immorality

88
Q

In what ways is Kendall House similar to suburban housing?

A

Both focus on clean air, amenities, own space, communal living, building little communities, things to entertain people

89
Q

Were all social housing projects flats?

A

No were some cottage estates

90
Q

What did the new kitchen and indoor amenities bring back a sense of in the working classes in Housing Problems?

A

A sense of pride

91
Q

Does it matter that Housing Problems was sponsored by the gas companies?

A

No, nowadays we approach advertising with cynicism but we shouldn’t, not obvious marketing only very vague mentions

92
Q

Who has the power to define what new Britain looked like?

A

Future is defined by elites, modernist architects hearing their voices but not building new world for themselves

93
Q

Which individual bodies developed social housing in their regional areas?

A

Local authorities

94
Q

What is this new kind of municipal housing symbolic of?

A

The sate taking control/responsibility for the social situation and providing welfare for people, plays into the script of social democracy

95
Q

What does Elizabeth Darling in Reforming Britain (2007) say is often forgotten in considerations of architectural modernisation?

A

The role of the clients in demanding new forms of architecture

96
Q

What does Elizabeth Darling in Reforming Britain (2007) argue architectural modernism must be considered within?

A

A wider context of social political economic and technological implications

97
Q

What revisionist argument does Elizabeth Darling take in Reforming Britain (2007)?

A

Says that by 1939 modernism well established in Britain and its principles and practice were linked with some of the most significant social problems of the day

98
Q

What did Elizabeth Darling in Reforming Britain (2007) argue made the needs of the working classes harder to ignore?

A

Mass democratisation

99
Q

What was the DIA?

A

Design and Industries Association

100
Q

What did the DIA quarterly journal provide for its readers?

A

Lessons to be derived from exemplary buildings and ideas in Europe

101
Q

What did the DIA want to stop and prevent?

A

Wanted to preserve the English landscape against untrammeled suburban development

102
Q

What was formed in 1920s to campaign for the resolution of a slum problem overlooked by central government?

A

The Voluntary Housing Association

103
Q

What did the Voluntary Housing Associations each architects like Fry and Coates?

A

Understandings of the moral purpose of reform

104
Q

Why did the government take partial responsibility for the provision of working class housing?

A

Realization of politicians that soldiers were returning from the war to slums

105
Q

What was the programme of house building for rental by working classes supposed to be, what did it become?

A

A one off subsidy and a stop gap measure but became a permanent part of successive inter war government policy

106
Q

What began to decline according to Elizabeth Darling in Reforming Britain (2007) due to the new interventionist approach of the state?

A

Philanthropic voluntary organisations

107
Q

What two fold approach to reform did Elizabeth Denby have?

A

Wanted material reform ie well built houses, and social environments to facilitate citizenship ie social clubs and shops

108
Q

What began to marry together according to Elizabeth Darling in ‘The star in the profession she invented for herself’ (2005)

A

Holistic philosophy of housing and planning of the voluntary sector, and the emerging modernist movement and its progressive approach to design

109
Q

What link can be made with the Sassoon House, the first modernist dwelling for workers in Britain, designed by Fry and Denby?

A

Can be linked to famous shell shock victim and war writer, Siegfried Sassoon, idea of housing for war veterans

110
Q

What did Denby describe Kensal House as?

A

An “urban village”

111
Q

What were the 3 main themes in Denby’s approach to housing?

A

1) The need for research and planning, 2) adopting low cost production with new tech, 3) need to develop new types of flattened accomodation

112
Q

What did Elizabeth Denby advocate instead of sprawling suburbs?

A

Pro-urban space, wanted families to be close to where the work was

113
Q

How many films did Bermondsy Borough Council’s public health department make in 1923-1948?

A

30

114
Q

Why did Bermondsy LA show its films about public health?

A

Part of a campaign of public health and personal hygeine and an advert for its municipal achievements and services

115
Q

In 1933 how many of Bermondsy’s population watched the films?

A

over a third

116
Q

What does Elisabeth Lebas in “When Every Street Became a Cinema” (1995) say the films were an original example of?

A

Collective re-appropriation of urban space, cleansing, opening it up and also places of entertainment and political engagement

117
Q

What does Elisabeth Lebas in “When Every Street Became a Cinema” (1995) say the project was part of?

A

An attempt to formalise working class life

118
Q

Were the Bermondsy public health LA taking responsibility for public health there?

A

Not exactly trying to educate people to be able to know the symptoms themselves and better be able to cure themselves

119
Q

What kind of exhibition did Bermondsy hold in 1929? How many attended?

A

Health Week exhibition, 51,000 attended

120
Q

What was the beautification committee in Bermondsy?

A

Major attempt to give the borough a suburban appearance by planting several thousand trees and turning churchyards into children’s playgrounds

121
Q

What does Elisabeth Lebas in “When Every Street Became a Cinema” (1995) see Bermondsy’s public health as part of?

A

An attempt at a kind of socialism for the twentieth century

122
Q

When was Housing Problems produced?

A

1935

123
Q

What did a concrete firm organise a competition for?

A

The designing of new flats in Housing Problems

124
Q

What does the BFI call Housing problems?

A

“A document of optimism”

125
Q

Where is the good example shown in Housing Problems?

A

Stepney

126
Q

What did Berthold Lubetskin say when he opened Finsbury Health Centre in 1938?

A

“Nothing was too good for the ordinary people”

127
Q

What was Finsbury when Finsbury Health Centre was opened?

A

A dire place to live

128
Q

What did labour politics attempt to make Finsbury?

A

A model of social progress

129
Q

What was different about Finsbury Health Centre to other health centres?

A

It was free, it located all services in one building and i looked very nice, full of light and modern

130
Q

Who were the Kensal House Flats financed by?

A

Gas Light and Coke Company

131
Q

What was Kensal House hailed as in 1937?

A

A prototype for modern living

1920s 1930s Britain (8 decks)

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