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Hematology (F&F) > Buffy Coat Component of Blood > Flashcards

Buffy Coat Component of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Components of buffy coat

A
  • Makes up less than 1% of blood
  • Contains leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets
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2
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
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3
Q

CBC part of buffy coat

A
  1. Total WBC count
  2. Corrected WBC
  3. Differentials
    - Granulocytes
    - Agranulocytes
  4. Other
    - Looks at morphological abnormalities
    - Unidentifiable/identifiable cells that are not normally there
  5. Platelets
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4
Q

WBCs vs. corrected WBCs

A
  • WBCs have a nucleus whereas RBCs do not
  • Corrected WBCs is the count of WBCs when removing the defected nucleated RBCs
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5
Q

How do neutrophils appear on a CBC?

A
  • Appear as either segs (segmented/more mature) or bands (more immature)
    Granulopoiesis
  • Production of granulocytes from the bone marrow
  • Includes making neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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6
Q

Steps of granulopoiesis

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor
  2. GM progenitor
  3. Myeloblast
  4. Promyelocyte- makes lysosomal hydrolases called azurophilic granules which are in all three types of granulocytes
  5. Myelocyte- make molecules specific for the each granulocyte type (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  6. Metamyelocyte- finished production. Lysosomal hydrolases and molecules specific for the granulocytes
  7. Band nucleus of granulocytes
  8. Segmented nucleus of granulocytes
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7
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most common WBC type in circulation of dogs and cats
  • Good at phagocytosis of bacteria
  • Very rapid response to inflammation/infection
  • Left shift indicated inflammation
    –> Bone marrow will want to produce more RBCs so there will be a higher level of immature neutrophils in the blood
  • Granules don’t pick up much stain
  • Lifespan 1-4 days
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8
Q

What does a left shift indicate/mean?

A
  • Indicates inflammation
  • There will be more immature band cell neutrophils
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9
Q

Eosinophils

A

~2%
- Secretory granules. Important for invaders that are too big to phagocytose. Granules are released outside and attack pathogens.
- Specialized for worms/parasitic infection
- Play a role in Allergic reaction and moderate local inflammation
- Life span = 1-2 weeks

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10
Q

Basophils

A
  • Rarest, less than 1%
  • Protect against ticks and round worms
  • Play a role in allergic reaction and some inflammatory response
  • 1-3 days life span
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11
Q

Monopoiesis

A

Production of agranulocytes from the bone marrow
- No distinguishable features during development
- Will leave bone marrow after a few hours. There is no storage pool.

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12
Q

Steps of monopoiesis

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor
  2. GM progenitor
  3. Monoblast
  4. Promonocyte
  5. Monocyte
  6. Macrophage
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13
Q

Monocytes

A

~5-10%

Enter tissue and then mature into macrophages
- Macrophage precursor

Can have any shaped nucleus but not segmented

Hours to years lifespan

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14
Q

Macrophages

A

Play a critical role in initiation, maintenance, and resolution of inflammation

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15
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

Production of lymphocytes

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16
Q

Lymphocyte life span outside blood

A

Hours to years

17
Q

Steps of lymphopoiesis

A
  1. Common lymphoid progenitor
  2. T-lymphoblast OR B-lymphoblast
  3. T-cells OR B-cells
  4. T-cells become NK cells OR B-cells become Plasma cells
18
Q

B-cells

A

Differentiation to mature B-cells occur in peripheral lymphoid tissues

19
Q

T-cells

A

Development in thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen

20
Q

What immune system are T and B-cells involved in?

A

Adaptive Immunity!
- T-cell involved in cell-mediated immunity
- B-cell involved in humoral immunity

21
Q

What WBCs are the main defense in innate immunity?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Tissue macrophages
22
Q

What WBCs are the main defense for adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

23
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Most common agranulocytes
  • Spherical nuclei
  • Smallest leukocytes
  • Very little cytoplasm
24
Q

Platelets

A
  • Small minute discs, no nuclei
  • Have contractile proteins (actin and myosin) to help seal off wounds
  • ER and golgi apparatus present to make enzymes and store calcium ions
  • Mitochondria to make ATP
  • Surface also contains glycoproteins that will stick to injury sight and can trigger wound healing
  • Half life ~8-12 days then eliminated by macrophage tissue system (mostly spleen)
  • Produced when parts of megakaryocytes get cleaved off and released into the circulation
25
Q

Types of macrophages

A
  • Tissue macrophages
  • Inflammatory macrophages
26
Q

Tissue macrophages

A

Macrophages that reside in the tissues
- CNS (microglia)
- Connective tissue (histiocytes)
- Liver (alveolar macrophages)
- Lung
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bone marrow
- Serous fluid
- Skin

27
Q

Inflammatory macrophages

A
  • Arise from monocytes, and are attracted to areas of inflammation via chemotaxis
  • Characterized by specific markers
28
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Contain more than 100 different substances that can deactivate and denature cellular components engulfed by phagocytosis. Will destroy:
- Damaged RBCs (mainly destroyed in spleen)
- Foreign particles
- Intracellular parasitic bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and worms

Defence against tumours

Function with lymphocytes to activate immune system by presenting antigens and regulate inflammatory response

29
Q

Can intracellular parasitic organisms continue replication after phagocytosis by macrophages?

A

No

30
Q

How does the macrophage phagocytose invaders?

A
  1. Takes up antigen by phagocytosis
  2. Breaks down the antigen into fragments in the lysosome
  3. A class II MCH protein binds an antigen fragment
  4. MHC protein presents the antigen to a T cell
31
Q

Normal species differences in WBCs

A
  • Total number of WBCs varies, but overlaps among species
  • Neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most abundant for all species

Hematology (F&F) (11 decks)

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