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Buddhism > Buddhism > Flashcards

Buddhism Flashcards

1
Q

Historical development of Buddhism in Japan ?

A

Shinto was original religion

  • Korean King sent over ambassadors to spread a Buddhist scripture
  • 12th/13th century= one of social change
  • prince Shitoku made Buddhism the state religion
  • several new sects to appeal to everyone e.g Nichiren, pure land, Rinzai zen and Soto zen
  • war destroyed many temples of sects so zen and pure land became main sects
  • 17th century everyone had to follow Buddhism sect
  • 19 century Shinto became the star religion and Buddhist became secondary
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2
Q

What does zen Buddhism do ?

A

Emphasises value of meditation rather ham scriptures, rinzai and Soto

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3
Q

What does pure land Buddhism do ?

A

Enlightenment is only possible in pure land of Amidah Buddha (who provided the heavenly land for when Buddhas are enlightened
- creates Nembetsu involving going for refuge and thanking Amidah for providing pure land

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4
Q

Nichiren Buddhism ?

A

Mahayana branch
- based on Japanese teaching do the priest Nichiren (13th century monk who claimed to be reincarnated Boddhisattva) who tried to reform Buddhism by advocating lotus sutra as main scripture and conveys Buddhism as skillfukl means

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5
Q

What is rationalism ?

A

Basing opinions on knowledge rather than religious belief

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6
Q

Why Is Buddhism a religion ?

A

Clear set of texts common to all religions

  • fits in Ninian Smarts 7 dimensions of a religion and has rituals e.g taking refuge
  • has ordained way of life
  • many mythology stories, common in many religions e.g conceiving Siddhartha and parting of the Dead Sea

braziers and Bachelors reason why it is (has savific power)

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7
Q

Why is Buddhism not a religion ?

A
  • Bachelor, Siddhartha didn’t intend to divide the world this way
  • traditions revolving around the dharma have become religious not Buddhism itself, texts aren’t urged to be followed blindly and we should interpret these individually e.g Kalama sutta
  • traditions have developed apart from the original Buddha
  • based in self realisation rather than salvation, also open to science as Dalai Lama sees the value of science
  • Bachelor said Buddhism has no concern with God and its main concern is suffering in the world, it’s a framework for living in this world and doesn’t bring in any mention of God, God has been added by others
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8
Q

What is socially engaged Buddhism ?

A
  • Buddhism that argues action to alleviate suffering for everyone should be undertakes
  • roots in Vietnam and Thich Nhat Hanh has increased its popularity in the West
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9
Q

What did ken Jones say about socially engaged Buddhism ?

A

Buddhism points towards he interconnectedness of things so should all be inevitably engaged

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10
Q

What are the 4 different types of ethics according to Christopher queen in socially engaged Buddhism ?

A

Ethics of discipline - focus on individual

Ethics of virtues- engages in loving kindness

Ethics of altruism- service to others predominates

Ethics of engagement- overall concern for a better society

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11
Q

Reasons for the development of socially engaged Buddhism ?

A
  • shouldn’t eradicate individual suffering but all group suffering
  • support from high profile individuals e.g Dalai Lama used non-violent protests in Tibet “it’s not enough to be compassionate, you must act”
  • 14th Dalai Lama called for more involvement from social and political realm when trying to reclaim land after Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959
  • It receives media coverage
  • Dalai Lama identified Boddhisattva oath as the best path to help all sentient beings
  • organisations such as ‘Buddhist global relief’ are devoted to building the movement of engaged Buddhists
  • Thich Nhat Hanh forked ‘the order of intervening’ who practised and observed contemporary social concerns and creates 14 precepts with thousands now reciting them e.g
    “Awaken yourself and others to suffering in the world”
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12
Q

What happens in Kalama sutta ?

A

Used for printing logical reasoning when seeking truth be it religious or not

Buddha came up with list of criterion by which you can accept teachings as true

  • proposes constant questioning as do the truths verifiably reduce ones own Dulles
  • proper assessment of evidence rather than reliance on faith
  • shows Buddhism is consistent with a scientific method rather than traditional faith based religion
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13
Q

Three sections of the Bhavacakra ?

A

12 links
6 realms of rebirth
3 poisons

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14
Q

What do the 12 links in bhavacakra symbolise ?

A

12 links of cause and effect shows how everything is interlinked and shows how karma and craving leads to rebirth

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15
Q

6 realms of rebirth ?

A

Human realm isn’t only realm

  • realms may reflect our past lives or changing moods in current life e.g happy = realm of the Gods
  • different realms we can be born into
  • no realm permanent
  • only nirvana is permanent
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16
Q

Three fires ?

A

Cockerel- greed
Snake- hatred
Pig- ignorance

Keeps the wheel of samsara turning
- ignorance is not knowing greed and hatred lead to dukkha

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17
Q

Pratityasamutpada ?

A

Idea one things causes another and things are interconnected

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18
Q

Tanha?

A

Craving

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19
Q

what are the 4 noble truths ?

A

Buddhas first sermon he taught along with middle way

1 all life is dukkha

2 samudaya

3 Nirodha

4 cessation of dukkha

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20
Q

1st noble truth ?

A

Dukkha = suffering and is description of human condition

  • suffering is cause of illness in anology
  • dukkha touches all things existing
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21
Q

3 types of Dukkha ?

A

Dukkha dukkha
- ordinary suffering e.g pain

Viparinama dukkha
- suffering causes by change and knowing life is impermanent

Sankhara dukkha
- subtle form of unhappiness with life itself

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22
Q

Samudaya ?

A

Says suffering has an inevitable cause which is craving

  • actions are dominated by 3 poisons as we seeks Tanha therefore creating dukkha
  • mamma keeps the wheel of samsara in motion
  • Buddha during nirvana saw his craving lead to rebirth
  • material desire = tanha, all attachments are tanha
  • tanha is suffering as we want everything to stay that same but it’s all subject to anicca (change)
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23
Q

Third noble truth ?

A

Nirodha (cessation fo Dukkha)

  • means to control
  • to liberate ourselves form attachments
  • results in nirvana and ending cycle
  • eliminate tanha to eliminate dukkha

2 kinda of nirvana

Residual basis
- nirvana in life

No residual basis
- nirvana after death

Release from dukkha means we no longer experience suffering associated with craving and ignorance

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24
Q

4th Nobel truth ?

A

Magga (the way)

  • AKA eightfold path
  • tells the steps to root out tanha
  • avoids 2 extreme (life of hardship and luxury)
  • outlines 8 categories in which purity of mind can be achieved
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25
Q

Eightfold path ?

A

Buddhists must attend this to attain middle way, can be sub-divided into 3 elements

Wisdom

  • understand (life is annica)
  • thought (thinking has karmic result)

Morality

  • speech (nice words)
  • action (follow panca sila in all you do)
  • livelihood (treat all fairly and avoid certain occupations e.g arms

Meditation

  • effort
  • mindfulness
  • concentration (let go of worries in mind and train to become a peaceful person

Mediation

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26
Q

Different schools role of eightfold path ?

A

Theravada
- huge attention on this and key quality is wisdom

Mahayana
- follow the 6 paramitas aswell

27
Q

6 paramitas ?

A
  • giving
  • morality
  • energy
  • patients
  • meditation
  • wisdom
28
Q

Benefits of following eightfold path ?

A
  • Gives clear guild line on what bUddha wanted people to do
  • provides path to escape wheel of samsara
  • morality helps improve how you behave
  • increases chances of better rebirth
29
Q

Disadvantages of following 8 food path ?

A
  • hard to follow without expert guidance
  • not easy to do right thing e.g here lies can save feelings sometimes
  • meditation is hard to master alone
  • hard to follow path when others around you aren’t e.g western world
30
Q

Who said it’s not enough to be compassionate you must act?

A

Dalai Lama for socially engaged Buddhism

31
Q

What is Dana ?

A

Giving, lay offering Dana to sangha e.g alms

  • any act performed with unselfish attitude
  • outlines relationship existing between laity and monastic sangha
32
Q

What is punya ?

A

‘Merit’ a store for good karma on the 3 basis of merit

  • can be transferred to one another
  • generates desirable births and allows one to access higher levels of spiritual attainment
  • can transfer to deceased
33
Q

Karma ?

A

= action

  • causative nature, good deeds have a favourable Harmon result and opposite for malicious deeds
  • karma can take lifetimes to take action
34
Q

3 basis of merit ?

A
  • dana
  • ethical conduct (sila)
  • cultivation/ meditation (bhavavna)
35
Q

Importance of sila ?

A

Acting in ethical manner
- reiterated throughout all Buddhism e.g eightfold path

  • rules such as panca sila for lay to follow and dasa sila for ordained to follow
  • rules of patimokkha
36
Q

Bhavana ?

A

= cultivating and development of individual

Laity gain punya by;
Listening to dharma sermons and worship

Sangha

  • preservation of texts and scriptures
  • meditation (most recognised)
  • giving merit to deceased or God’s makes them rejoice and create more merit for themselves and you
37
Q

Role of Buddhist community ? Supporting those inside and outside the community

A
  • Dana = given to laity from sangha
  • laity provide material support e.g Alms and 8 requesites
  • giving to sangha creates field of merit
  • serves to make monks increase spiritual attainment and increasing their field of merit
  • sangha return favour through spiritual support by teaching dharma to lay of attent and chant at funerals
38
Q

Key Mahayana and Theravada differences ?

A

Arhat vs Boddhisattva

Theravada

  • sangha supported by lay
  • sangha help back

Mahayana

  • becoming monk doesn’t give unique access to become enlightened, all those living and working have equal access
  • monks don’t cut themselves off from all attachments, some have wives and families
  • relationship with Lay is still of mutual dependence
39
Q

What is tha panca sila ?

A

5 precepts making up right action in the 8fold path

  • sex,killing, drugs, speech, stealing

(Rules interpreted in different ways e.g some Buddhist countries drink alcohol in moderation and some believe no killing refers to only humans and some things it means be a vegetarian)

40
Q

What is the extra rules in dasa sila ?

A

Followed by monastic sangha to be freed from all sensual entanglements

Flowers and garlands/ perfumes 
Eating after noon 
Music and dancing 
Money (can’t handle money)
Sleep (no comfortable sleeping)
41
Q

What do the ambitious lay community follow ?

A

Dasa sila - handling money and flowers

42
Q

Duties of monks ?

A
  • mainly, follow the teachings
  • Buddha indicates survival of teachings was dependent on the monastic community
  • use their learnt wisdom to help society (sermons and funeral chants and education + free orphanages + has for the sick)
43
Q

Purpose of meditation ?

A

Reduces stress and depression but is only antidote for personal sorrows for Buddhists

  • 1 of three fold trainings of eightfold path
  • substitute for bhavana and helps realise ultimate truth, Nirvana
  • to see life clearly
44
Q

Pure land Buddhist view on meditation ?

A

Meditation is bad as reinforces sense of self and we should rely on the merit of Amidah Buddha and achieve enlightenment through his efforts

45
Q

4 types of meditation ?

A

1) vipissana (insight)
- seeing things clearly with insight into 3 Lakshanas

2 Samatha (clamness)
- based on mindfulness of the breath and awake of the current stake of the 5 skandas

3 meta bhavana (loving kindness)
- universal love, wishing everyone happiness

4 zazen (just sitting)
- seated meditation staring a wall with eyes open, zen teaches too much attention ends up
Confusing the mind

46
Q

What is the purpose and what is going for refuge ?

A

Place mind can go to be purified and strengthened

3 refuges

  • Buddha
  • Dharma
  • Sangha

Chanting is a practise of going for refuge

47
Q

How do u take refuge ?

A

3 remedied from the poisons
- Buddha (only follow Buddhas spiritual guides

  • dharma (study and practise the texts of the dharma
  • sangha (don’t be negatively influenced by extremists and respect everyone)
48
Q

Benefits of belonging to sangha ?

A
  • people with similar aspirations live together
  • monks benefit from peace of monastery and being away from noisy lay community
  • advanced meditators to help others reach better meditation
  • sangha is depended on lay, it’s play where becoming renounced ensures your safety
  • rules in Vinaya forces dependence on lay
  • sangha can’t exist without lay
49
Q

What does the Kalama sutta 9&10 day ?

A

V 9 - teachings are bad and blameable abandon them

V10- teachings are good then abide by them

50
Q

If you find truth in any religion, accept the truth ?

A

Buddha

51
Q

What did Dalai Lama say about pluralism ?

A

Having one truth/religion is very important because more than one is contradictory

52
Q

Upalis conversion to Buddhism ?

A
  • was a chief follower of the Jain master
  • v intelligent so represented Jains at public debates
  • became impressed with Buddhas debate so asked to follow him
  • Buddha said ur at the height of ur emotions, go home and reconsider
  • Upali wanted to join even more
  • Buddha finally accepted him on the conditions he would still pay alms to Jain monks
  • Upali joined and compiled the Vinaya (roles for monks)
53
Q

What did king Ashoka do ?

A
  • Indian empower who rules most of Indian Sub-continent and supported the spread of Buddhism after Buddha died
  • one of Maine people for Buddhism becoming a world religion
  • had religious conversion and gave up war to become Buddhist
  • rules empire according to Buddhist teaching
  • engaged edicts describing Ashokas views on the dharma in iron pillars through this realm to inspire others
  • sent monks out to cover other kingdoms
54
Q

What is religious pluralism ?

A

Recognition of plural faiths existing (all religions can be simultaneously correct)

55
Q

Who talks about robust religious pluralists and what does he say about them ?

A

Hayes,

- someone who’s enhanced by the presence of other apparently antagonistic traditions

56
Q

Buddhism’s response to pluralism ?

A

Kalama sutta

  • individuals testing through rationalism
  • Mahayana Buddhism teachings considered sometimes only provisional with different skilful means (upaya) to suit different listeners this no teaching is absolute
57
Q

Importance and value of Parimokkha ?

A
  • sangha needs rules to function peacefully
  • rules evolved with sangha
  • Buddha called religion Dhamma- Vinaya expressing importance of the rules
  • Ananda explained unity Of sangha is required through recitation of patimokkha
  • Mahayana Buddhists, less importance in patimokkha, more on skilful means
  • has temporal validity but is now outdated
  • not important for lay Buddhists
58
Q

Importance of Buddhists biography today ?

A

Important from hagiogroahical perspective, demonstrates significant impacts of Siddhartha

  • not essential to faith ‘I can do but point the way’, not integral to faith like Jesus, he was just a guide
  • teachings important, not him
  • names the reigning dhamma Vinaya rather than himself, so his background isn’t important
  • having historical context and foundations validates dharma for some
  • important symbolism explains important teachings through skillfull means e.g 4 sights
  • huge time period between writing down Buddhas teachings and when he was alive= long time for oral elaboration
  • Theravada Buddhists place great emphasis on both story
  • Williams said story is completely hagiographical for all enlightened
59
Q

Importance of the Vinaya pitakka

A

Buddha called it the dhamma Vinaya so based the name of the religion around the peace keeping rules

60
Q

Buddhas views on ritual religions ?

A

Pali canon dialogues ask Buddha why some religions believe in performing sacrifices lead to better after life

  • Buddha replied people who believe in rituals are holding on to their past life and can never get beyond the realm of birth and death (belief in rituals impedes the attainment of nibbana so is harmful
  • Buddha also said people (men) created these beliefs to surround themselves in livestock and money, they wrote hymns to convince the wealthy to invest in their sacrifices all for the greed of the creator of these religions so religious beliefs of this kind are harmful
61
Q

Destroying Japanese Christianity ?

A
  • 16th century Catholic missions were undertaken in hope of spreading Christianity throughout Japan’s
  • it worked until rulers started penalising these and killing these missionaries, eradicating Christianity from Japan, showing the non accepting ness and exclusivity of only one religion in Japan
62
Q

Why is Buddhism so popular ?

Cush

A

Cush
- universal application and not restricted by tribe or culture

  • stresses importance of individual and making own mind up
  • attractive to travellers detached from traditional beliefs
  • kings supported its spread (Ashoka)
  • based on wisdom and love was attractive
  • Chinese invasion of Tibet spreading more teachers into the UK
63
Q

Non Cush reasons ?

A
  • Buddhism offers refreshing change from Britain’s preoccupation with material goods
  • declining influence of Christianity in the West

Buddhism (1 decks)

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