Btec Sport Flashcards
Structure of the skeletal system (name bones)
On photos
What does
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superior
Inferior
Anterior is the front
Posterior is behind
Medial is towards the midline
Lateral is away from the midline
Proximal is near the root or origin
Distal is away from the root or origin
Superior is above
Inferior is below
Types of bones
What are:
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Long bones - bones that r found in limbs. E.g femur
Short bones - small, light, strong, cube shaped bones, consisting of cancellous bones surrounded by a thin layer of a compact bones. E.g carpals
Flat bones - thin, flattened and slightly curved bones, with large surface area. For e.g cranium
Irregular bones - have complex shapes that fit none of the categories above. E.g vertebrae
Sesamoid bones - have specialised functions and r usually found within a tendon. Provide a smooth surface area for tendon to slide over. E.g patella
What r cancellous bones
Light and porous bones that have a honeycomb or spongy appearance
How many bones form the axial skeleton
How many bones form the appendicular skeleton
80 bones form your axial skeleton-the long axis of your body
126 bones form the appendicular skeleton- the bones attached to this axis
What axis does the axial skeleton consist of
The skull
The thoracic cage
The vertebrae column
List the parts of the skulls
(Picture on photos)
Frontal
Sphenoid
Nasal
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Mandible
List the parts of the thoracic cage
Sternum
Ribs
List parts of the vertebrae column
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacral vertebrae (5)
Coccygeal vertebrae (4)
Intervertebral discs
What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Consist of bones attached to the axial skeleton.
Upper limbs - consist of 60 bones (30 bones each arm)
Lower limbs - consist of 60 bones (30 bones each arm)
Shoulder girdle- consist of 4 bones
Pelvic girdle -
Bones in upper limbs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Bones in the lower limbs
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Shoulder girdle
2 clavicles
2 scapulas
They connect upper body limbs to thorax
Bones in the pelvic girdle. What do they do
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
They fuse together with age, are collectively known as the innominate bones.
Main function of pelvic girdle- to provide a solid base, to transmit the weight of the upper body. Provides attachment to powerful muscles (lower back, legs). Protects digestive and reproductive organs.
Postural deviations
Kyphosis- excessive outward curve of the thoracic region, - hunchback appearance.
Can be caused by poor posture or by deformities of vertebrae
Scoliosis- abnormal curvature of the spine.
Usually occurs in thoracic region, seems to be inheritable.
What’s a ligament and a tendon
Ligament- short bands of tough and fibrous flexible tissue that hold bones together
Tendons - short fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Process of bone growth
Bones are a living organ that r constantly being reshaped through process called remodeling
Ossification - is the process in which bones r formed, through this process parts of bone r reabsorbed to remove unnecessary calcium - (done by osteoclasts)
Osteoblasts - bring calcium to the bones, responsible for making bone matter
Osteoblasts activity increases when u exercise, meaning you’ll become stronger the more exercise u do. This means ur bone calcium stores increase to cope w demand of calcium - prevents osteoporosis.
What are epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal plates - at the end of long bones contain growing areas/plates which allow the bone to grow longer. Continues through childhood until full maturity. Allow bones to extend.
Once long bone has fully formed the end of each bone fuses w the main shaft to create epiphyseal line.
Functions of the skeletal system
*Support- bones give u ur body shape + support framework for soft tissues
*Protection- surround vital organs ribs protect lungs
*Attachment for skeletal muscles-
