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B4 Clinical Application > BSSE > Flashcards

BSSE Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to PPV if disease prevalence increases?

A

PPV increases

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2
Q

What happens to NPV if disease prevalence increases?

A

NPV decreases

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3
Q

What happens to NPV if sensitivity increases?

A

NPV increases

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4
Q

What happens to NPV if sensitivity decreases?

A

NPV decreases

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5
Q

What happens to PPV if specificity increases?

A

PPV increases

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6
Q

What happens to PPV if specificity decreases?

A

PPV decreases

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7
Q

What is the equation for the false positive rate?

A

false positive / (false positive + true negative)

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8
Q

What is the equation for the false negative rate?

A

false negative / (false negative + true positive)

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9
Q

What is the equation for sensitivity?

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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10
Q

What is the equation for specificity?

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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11
Q

What is the equation for positive predictive value?

A

TP/(TP+FP)

If disease prevalence increases, PPV increases.

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12
Q

What is the equation for negative predictive value?

A

TN/(TN+FN)

Sensitive test if negative, will rule the disease out.

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13
Q

What does a specific test indicate if positive?

A

Will rule the disease in.

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14
Q

What does specific test indicate if negative

A

Rule disease out

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15
Q

PPV change with disease prevalence increase

A

PPV increases

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16
Q

What happens to standard deviation if precision increases?

A

Decreases

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17
Q

What happens to statistical power if precision increases?

A

Increases

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18
Q

What does sensitivity describe?

A

Sensitivity describes how well a test can detect a specific disease/condition in people that actually have it.

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19
Q

What does specificity describe?

A

Specificity describes the percentage of people who test negative for a specific disease among a group of people who do not have the disease.

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20
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of people with an illness at a given time

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21
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases at a given time

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22
Q

If the incidence decreases, then prevalence

A

Decreases

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23
Q

Can independent events be mutually exclusive?

A

No

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24
Q

What defines two sets as non-mutually exclusive?

A

They share common elements

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25
Q

What occurs in a type I error?

A

False positive

26
Q

What occurs in a type 2 error?

A

False negative

27
Q

What is the probability of getting Alpha level (usually 0.05)?

A

a type 1 error

28
Q

What is the probability of getting Beta level (often 0.2)?

A

a type 2 error

29
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

1 - beta

30
Q

What is the fraction of experiments in Power?

A

which you would expect to find a statistically significant result

31
Q

What is the equation for power related to positive and negative results?

A

TP / (TP + FN)

32
Q

What happens if a type 1 error is made?

A

Beta will increase

33
Q

If a type 1 error is made, power will _

A

Decrease (power=1-beta)

34
Q

When do you use a t-test?

A

When you have 2 groups and ONLY 2 groups!

35
Q

When do you use an ANOVA?

A

When you have three or more means.

36
Q

Central tendency is another term for…

A

Mean

37
Q

How are the mean, median and mode related in a normal distribution?

A

Mean=median=mode

38
Q

In a normal distribution, what is the 95% confidence interval in terms of standard deviation?

A

2 SD

39
Q

In a normal distribution, what is the 99% confidence interval in terms of standard deviation?

A

2.5 SD

40
Q

What is the equation for standard deviation?

A

sqrt of variance

41
Q

Why do we subtract 1 from the variance?

A

Lowers population, more conservative error value

42
Q

What is a positive skew?

A

More scores fall in the lower range, so the curve will have a positive skew when plotted.

43
Q

What is a negative skew?

A

More scores fall in the higher range, so the curve will have a negative skew when plotted.

44
Q

In a positive skew, how are mean, median, and mode related?

A

Mean > median > mode

45
Q

In a negative skew, how are mean, median, and mode related?

A

Mode > median > mean

46
Q

What kind of data is categorical?

A

Nominal, dichotomous, and ordinal.

47
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Examples include bungalow, condo, house.

48
Q

What is dichotomous data?

A

Examples include male/female.

49
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Examples include not very much, a lot, etc.

50
Q

What type of data is continuous?

A

Interval and ratio.

51
Q

What is an example of interval data?

A

Temperature.

52
Q

For what data is mode the best measure of central tendency?

A

Nominal.

53
Q

When is mean the best measure of central tendency?

A

When data is continuous.

54
Q

What measure of central tendency is used for ordinal data?

A

Mode and median.

55
Q

What measure of central tendency is used for interval and ratio data?

A

Mean, median, or mode.

56
Q

How do you calculate SEM?

A

SD/square root of the sample set

57
Q

A 99% confidence interval is _ than a 95%.

A

Less precise

58
Q

A 99% confidence interval is _ than a 95%.

A

More Accurate

59
Q

What test is used for categorical data?

A

Chi square

60
Q

What test is used for continuous data?

A

T-test or Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

61
Q

When do you use a Fisher’s exact test?

A

When comparing proportions of two categories

B4 Clinical Application (3 decks)

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