bsci 1509: final study for information flow

Question 1

tumorigensis

Answer 1

the process of developing a tumor.

• tumors contain a diverse population of cells and can undergo many doublings before they are diagnosed
• tumors invade other tissues and organs before they become cancerous

Question 2

metastasis

Answer 2

the process of a tumor invading tissues and organs and through blood

Question 3

cancer

Answer 3

a result from alterations in genes that regulate cell growth, cell division, and cell survival processes
* alterations give them an advantage over normal cells
* Cancer incidences increase with age because there is an increased chance of mutations.

• there is a loss of function in tumor suppressor genes. TUMER SUPPRESSOR GENES are genes that regulate cell division and replication to prevent cancer. they act recessively and lead to cancer development when the genes are mutated and stop functioning properly. when mutated they lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
• Proto oncogenes are dominant and lead to an increase in gene activity by promoting cell growth. They activate cell divisions. The mutations are called oncogenes and can cause cancer if there’s an excessive amount of them.

Question 4

interphase

Answer 4

has three phases G1, S, G2

Question 5

interphase

Answer 5

where the cell grows and this is where the DNA replicates

Question 6

G1 phase: CELL CYCLE - INTERPHASE

Answer 6

*where the cell spends most of its time
* there is where the cell prepares for DNA replication
* checking for DNA damage and if the cell should move on to replication

Question 7

S phase: CELL CYCLE - INTERPHASE

Answer 7

• replication of the DNA
• creates exact copy and are attached with a centromere. remain together til separated during anaphase in mitosis

Question 8

G2 phase: CELL CYCLE - INTERPHASE

Answer 8

checks for any damage so the material can move into the mitosis phase

Question 9

MITOSIS

Answer 9

divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 10

Cytokinesis

Answer 10

splitting into two new daughter cells - happens in mitosis towards the end in telophase

Question 11

CENTRAL DOGMA

Answer 11

the theory that shows how genetic flows from DNA –> RNA –> Protein.

Question 12

2 hit hypothesis

Answer 12

a theory in cancer that states that two separate mutations or genetic alterations are usually required for a cell to become cancerous.

ties in with tumor suppressor genes. it means that both copies of the tumor suppressor gene needs to be mutated for it to stop working. it loses it cancer- preventing functions.

Question 13

cancer cells

Answer 13

they go through unchecked mitosis, thats why they have a mutation because they did not get checked.