BS42023 L2 Flashcards
what is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
somatic and autonomic
what is the somatic nervous system?
all the sensory nerves which come into the spinal cord though the dorsal horn
what is the autonomic nervous system?
axons that innervate glands and smooth muscle as opposed to skeletal muscle
what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
sympathetic and para-sympathetic
what are the major subdivisions of the CNS? (5)
- cerebral cortex
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
- brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
- cerebellum
- spinal cord
what are the principle neuroanatomical axes and what do they refer to? (6)
dorsal (superior)= towards back (up) ventral (inferior)= towards front (down) rostral= towards snout caudal= towards tail medial= towards middle lateral= towards edge
what are the principle neuroanatomical planes? (3)
horizontal
coronal (through ears)
sagittal (through nose)
what are the principle sulci and gyri of the neocortex? (5)
central sulcus
longitudinal central fissure
lateral (sylvian) fissure
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
superior temporal gyrus
what cortices are located on the superior temporal gyrus and postcentral gyrus respectively?
auditory cortex
primary somatosensory cortex (motor cortex is anterior to this)
name examples of medial brain structures
cingulate gyrus
fornix
corpus callosum
name examples of deep brain structures
hypothalamus thalamus pineal gland pituitary gland basal ganglia limbic system
what is the main role of the thalamus?
relay station- it relays information from all sensory structures onto the right structures in the brain ie. receives input from the ear and sends it to the auditory cortex
what type of information doesn’t pass through the thalamus?
olfactory
what layer in the neocortex do sensory inputs from the thalamus go into?
layer 4
what layer in the neocortex do outputs to the brain and spinal cord go from?
layer 5
generally, what is the front/back of the brain concerned with?
motor/sensory
what does the dorsal visual system represent?
spatial perception
what does the ventral visual system represent?
object recognition
what does the infero-temporal cortex represent?
semantic memory (objects, people, words, facts)
what is the lateral prefrontal cortex involved in?
executive function, planning and working memory
what is the ventromedial/orbitofrontal cortex involved in?
social cognition/decision making
what is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in?
reward-based learning and social cognition
what structures make up the medial temporal lobe?
entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex
what is the general signalling pathway in the hippocampus?
entorhinal cortex --> dentate gyrus via perforant pathway dentate gyrus --> CA3 CA3 --> CA1 CA1 --> subiculum subiculum --> deep entorhinal cortex
which layer of the entorhinal cortex provides the main input to the dentate gyrus and CA3?
layer 2
what are the first kinds of cells normally affected during alzheimer’s?
medial entorhinal cortex cells (may explain memory loss as first symptom)
why is the CA3 auto associative network useful?
may be useful in storing and retrieving information
What are the synapses that make up the trisynaptic circuit. And where does the information come from and go to?
EC –> DG –> CA3 –> CA1 –> EC
what is the papez circuit?
subcortical projections of the hippocampus. This goes from hippocampus to other cortical structures back to the hippocampus
