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Anatomy > BRS Thorax HY 2 > Flashcards

BRS Thorax HY 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lung cancer

A

Lung cancer has two types, small cell and non–small cell carcinomas

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2
Q

Small cell carcinoma

A

Small cell carcinoma accounts for 20% and grow aggressively,

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3
Q

Non–small cell carcinoma

A

Non–small cell carcinoma (80%) is further divided into squamous cell carcinoma (most common type), adenocarcinoma, and bronchoalveolar large cell carcinoma.

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4
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Pulmonary embolism is an obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus (air, blood clot, fat, tumor cells, or other foreign material). Its most common origin is deep leg veins (especially those in the calf ).

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5
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Phrenic nerve supplies somatic motor fibers to the diaphragm.

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6
Q

The central part of diaphragm receives sensory fibers

A

The central part of diaphragm receives sensory fibers from the phrenic nerve, whereas the peripheral part receive

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7
Q

Phrenic nerve lesion

A

Phrenic nerve lesion may not produce complete paralysis of the corresponding half of the diaphragm because the accessory phrenic nerve usually joins the phrenic nerve in the root of the neck.

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8
Q

Pain due to (pericarditis is carried by which nerve?

A

Pain from an infection of the pericardium (pericarditis) is carried in the phrenic nerve.

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9
Q

Pericarditis

A

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, and the typical sign is pericardial murmur or
pericardial friction rub. Pericarditis may result in pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade.

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10
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Pericardial effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, resulting from inflammation caused by acute pericarditis. The accumulated fluid compresses the heart, inhibiting cardiac filling.
A radiograph will reveal an enlarged cardiac silhouette with a water bottle appearance.

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11
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Cardiac tamponade is an acute compression of the heart caused by a rapid accumulation of fluid or
blood in the pericardial cavity and can be treated by pericardiocentesis.

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12
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Pericardiocentesis is a surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity for the aspiration of fluid.
A needle is inserted into the pericardial cavity through the fifth intercostal space left of the sternum.

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13
Q

The crista terminalis

A

The crista terminalis is a vertical muscular ridge running anteriorly along the right atrial wall from the opening of the SVC to the opening of the IVC, providing the origin of the pectinate muscles. It presents the junction between the primitive sinus venosus and the right atrium proper and is
indicated externally by the sulcus terminalis.

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14
Q

The left atrium

A

The left atrium is smaller with thicker walls than the right atrium and is the most posterior of the
four chambers. The left ventricle forms the heart’s apex, performs harder work, has a thicker wall,
and is more conical-shaped than the right ventricle.

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15
Q

The papillary muscles

A

The papillary muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, preventing eversion of the AV
valve cusps into the atrium, thus preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood into the atrium.

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16
Q

The septomarginal trabecula

A

The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) is an isolated band of trabeculae carneae that forms a bridge between the interventricular septum and the base of the anterior papillary muscle
of the right ventricle. It carries the right limb (Purkinje fibers) of the AV bundle.

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17
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital defect in the interatrial septum due to failure of the foramen primum or secundum to close normally, resulting in a patent foramen ovale. This defect shunts blood from the left atrium to the right atrium, thus mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood. A large ASD can cause hypertrophy of the right chambers and pulmonary trunk.

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18
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) occurs usually in the membranous part of the interventricular septum and is the most common congenital heart defect. The defect results in left-to-right shunting of blood through the IV foramen, increases blood flow to the lung, and causes pulmonary
hypertension.

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19
Q

The first (“lub”) sound

A

The first (“lub”) sound is caused by closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the onset of
ventricular systole. The second (“dub”) sound is caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonary
valves and vibration of walls of the heart and major vessels at the onset of ventricular diastole.

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20
Q

For cardiac auscultation

A

For cardiac auscultation, the stethoscope should be placed over the mitral valve area, in the left
fifth intercostal space over the apex of the heart to hear the first heart sound (“lub”).

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21
Q

The tricuspid (right AV) valve is most audible

A

The tricuspid (right AV) valve is most audible over the right or left lower part of the body of the sternum

22
Q

The bicuspid or mitral (left AV) valve is most audible

A

The bicuspid or mitral (left AV) valve is most audible over the apical region of the heart in the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.

23
Q

The pulmonary valve is most audible

A

The pulmonary valve is most audible over the left second intercostal space just lateral to the sternum

24
Q

The aortic valve is

most audible

A

The aortic valve is

most audible over the right second intercostal space just lateral to the sternum.

25
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Mitral valve stenosis is a narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve. This impedes the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing an enlargement of the left atrium and pulmonary
edema due to increased left atrial pressure.

26
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Mitral valve prolapse is a condition in which the valve everts into the left atrium when the left
ventricle contacts and may produce chest pain, shortness of breath, and cardiac arrhythmia.

27
Q

The SA node (pacemaker)

A

initiates the heartbeat.

28
Q

Heart Impulses travel:

A

Impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node to the AV bundle (of His) that divides to right and left bundle branches, then to subendocardial Purkinje fibers, and the ventricular musculature. SA node is supplied by SA nodal branch of the right coronary artery.

29
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A 
Myocardial infarction (MI) is necrosis of the myocardium due to local ischemia. Causes of ischemia include vasospasm or obstruction of the blood supply, most commonly by a thrombus or embolus in the coronary arteries. Major causes of MI include coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis, and the left anterior descending is the most common site (40%–50%). 
MI symptoms range from none (silent MI) to severe chest pain or pressure for a prolonged period.
30
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain originating in the heart and felt beneath the sternum, in many cases radiating to the left shoulder and down the arm. It is caused by an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. It can be treated with nitroglycerin.

31
Q

Endocarditis

A

Endocarditis is an infection of the endocardium of the heart, most commonly involving the heart valves and is caused by a cluster of bacteria on the valves. The valves have reduced defense mechanisms because they do not receive dedicated blood supply, thus immune cells cannot enter. Valve infections can cause cardiac murmur, which is a characteristic sound generated by turbulence of blood flow through an orifice of the heart.

32
Q

Damage to the conducting system

A

Damage to the conducting system interferes with the spread of electrical signals through the heart (heart block). A delay or disruption of the electrical signals produces an irregular and slower heartbeat, reducing the heart’s efficiency in maintaining adequate circulation. Severe heart block requires implantation of a pacemaker.

33
Q

Atrial or ventricular fibrillation

A

Atrial or ventricular fibrillation is a cardiac arrhythmia resulting from rapid irregular uncoordinated contractions of the atrial or ventricular muscle. Fibrillation causes palpitations, shortness of breath, angina, fatigue, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

34
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis

A

Coronary atherosclerosis is characterized by presence of sclerotic plagues containing cholesterol and lipid material that impairs myocardial blood flow, leading to ischemia and myocardial infarction.

35
Q

Coronary angioplasty

A

Coronary angioplasty is an angiographic reconstruction of a blood vessel made by enlarging a narrowed coronary arterial lumen. It is performed by peripheral introduction of a balloon-tip catheter and dilation of the arterial lumen on withdrawal of the inflated catheter tip.

36
Q

Coronary bypass

A

Coronary bypass is connection of a healthy section of vessel (usually the saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery) between the aorta and a coronary artery distal to an obstruction. Alternatively, the internal thoracic artery is connected to the coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. Bypass creates a new pathway for blood flow to the heart muscle.

37
Q

Aortic aneurysm

A

Aortic aneurysm is a local dilation of the aorta that can lead to dissection or rupture. If located in the aortic arch, compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve may occur, leading to coughing, hoarseness, and paralysis of the ipsilateral vocal cord. Pressure on the esophagus may cause dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), while dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) results from pressure on the trachea, root of the lung, or phrenic nerve.

38
Q

dysphagia

A

dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)

39
Q

dyspnea

A

dyspnea (difficulty in breathing)

40
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Marfan syndrome is an inheritable disorder of connective tissue. It most often affects the heart and blood vessels (aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm, aortic regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse), the skeleton (long limbs), eye (dislocated lens), and lungs (spontaneous pneumothorax).

41
Q

The coronary arteries

A

The coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta. Systolic compression of the arterial branches in the myocardium reduces coronary blood flow. Therefore, maximal blood flow occurs during diastole.

42
Q

The right coronary artery

A

The right coronary artery has the SA nodal, marginal, posterior IV, and AV nodal branches. The left coronary artery is shorter than the right one and divides into the anterior IV and circumflex
arteries.

43
Q

cardiac veins

A

Include the great, middle, small, and oblique cardiac veins, anterior cardiac vein,

44
Q

All cardiac veins drain into the

coronary sinus except

A

the anterior cardiac vein, which drains into the right atrium.

45
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot includes

A

Tetralogy of Fallot includes (1) pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of right ventricular outflow), (2) large overriding aorta (drains both ventricles), (3) VSD, and (4) right ventricular hypertrophy. It
is characterized by right-to-left shunting of blood and cyanosis.

46
Q

Overriding aorta

A 
Overriding aorta (dextraposition of aorta) is that the aorta (its outlet) lies over both ventricles
(instead of just the left ventricle), directly above the VSD, causing the aorta to arise from both ventricles.
47
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

Transposition of the great vessels occurs when the AP septum fails to develop in a spiral fashion, causing the aorta to arise from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk to arise from the left ventricle.

48
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Patent ductus arteriosus results from failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, and is common in premature infants.

49
Q

The ductus arteriosus

A

The ductus arteriosus takes origin from the left sixth aortic arch.

50
Q

The fourth aortic arches

A

The fourth aortic arches contribute to the right subclavian artery on the right side and the aortic
arch on the left.

51
Q

The mediastinum

A

The mediastinum is an interpleural space and consists of the superior mediastinum and inferior
mediastinum. The inferior mediastinum further divides into the anterior, middle, and posterior
mediastina.

52
Q

The middle mediastinum contains

A

Heart

Anatomy (9 decks)

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