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brs physiology cards > BRS Physio > Flashcards

BRS Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of simple diffusion

A

Not carrier mediated
down an electrochemical gradient
Passive

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2
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

down electrochemical gradient
passive no metabolic energy
Carrier mediated
Example: Glucose transport

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3
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

agasint electrochemical gradient
needs ATP and is active
carrier mediated
Example: Na-K-ATPas

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4
Q

Voltate gated channels

A

Opened or close by changes in membrane potential

Example: Na/K

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5
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

Open or close by hormones, second messengers or neurotransmitters
Example: Nicotinic receptor

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6
Q

At rest the membrane potential is far more permeable to

A

K over Na

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7
Q

Depolarization

A

Makes the membrane potential less negative

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8
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Makes the membrane potential more negative

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9
Q

Inward current

A

Flow of positive current into the cell and depolarizes the membrane

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10
Q

Outward current

A

Flow of positive current outside of the cell, hyperpolarizes the membrane

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11
Q

What happens during the upstroke of the action potential? And what drug can block this?

A

Depolarization casues rapid openeing of the activation gates of the Na channels. Lidocaine

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12
Q

What two steps happen during depolarization

A

inactivation gates close of NA

K+ gates slowly open

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13
Q

During what condition does acommodation happen? And what is the result in the body?

A

hyperkalemia and muscle weakness

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14
Q

What two things increase conductance?

A

Increased fiber size

Myelination

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15
Q

In chemical synapses which ion enters the presynaptic terminal causing neurotransmitter release

A

Ca

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16
Q

At the neuromuscular junction what neurotransmiter is released from the presynaptic terminal? What about the post?

A

Pre: AcH
Post: Nicotinic

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17
Q

What catalyzes the formation of ACH from CoA and choline?

A

Choline acetyltransferase

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18
Q

What does Botulinum toxin do?

A

Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic terminals causing a total blockade

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19
Q

What does Neostigmine do?

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase which prolonges and enhances action of AcH at muscle end plate.

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20
Q

Examples of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and waht do they do?

A

Depolzarie cell by opening Na and K, include AcH, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glutamate and serotonin.

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21
Q

Examples of inhibatory postsynaptic potentials and what they do?

A

hyperpolarize , open Cl- channels, GABA, glycine

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22
Q

Noreepinephrine

A

Primary transmiter from postganglionic sympathetic neurons, binds with alpha or beta receptors, removed by MAO

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23
Q

Epinephrine

A

Synthesized from NE by the action of phenylethanolamine in the adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Dopamine

A

Midbrain neurons, inhibits prolatin sectrtion

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25
Q

Serotonin

A

High concetrations in brain stem from tryptophan and is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland

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26
Q

Histamine

A

From hypothalamus

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27
Q

Glutamate

A

most prevalant excitatory neurotransmisiter

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28
Q

GABA/ Glycine

A

Inhibatory neurotransmiter

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29
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

short acting inhibatory neurotransmitter in GI. blood vessels and central nervous system.

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30
Q

Thick filaments in skeletal muscle

A

present in A band in center of sarcomere and contain myosin.

31
Q

thin filaments in skeletal muscle

A

anchored in the Z lines are present in I bands and contain actin, tropomyosin and troponin

32
Q

Troponin

A

Complex of T-I, T, C

33
Q

4 steps in excitation/contraction of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Action potential
  2. Depolarization of T tubules
  3. Intracellular Ca increase
  4. Ca binds to troponin C which starts cross bridge cycling
34
Q

What is the mechanism of Tetanus

A

Single action potential causes Ca release from CA from the SR and produced a single twitch. The muscle is then stimulated repeadly causing an increase in CA, which extends the time for cross bridge cycling resulting in no relaxation.

35
Q

Primary difference in smooth and skeletal muscle structure?

A

Smooth has thick and thin filaments that are not arranged in sarcomeres, therefore they appear homogenous rather than striated.

36
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

densly innervated, contraction controlled by neural inneration and behaves as a separate motor unit

37
Q

Unitary smooth muscle

A

spontaneously active, exhibits slow waves and exhibits pacemaker activity which is modulated by hormones and neurotransmitters

38
Q

2 major differences in skeletal muscle vs smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. No troponin in smooth muscle

2. In smooth, hormones and neurotransmitters can also directly release Ca from the SR through IP3 gated channels.

39
Q

In the ANS where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Near effector organs

40
Q

In the ANS where are sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Paravertebral chain

41
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1-L3 aka Thoracolumbar region

42
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves and S2-S4

43
Q

Adrenergic neurons release what as the neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine

44
Q

Cholinergic neurons release what as the neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

45
Q

Nonadrenergic/NonCholinergic release what?

A

Substance P, VIP or NO

46
Q

Structure of parasympathetic nerves

A

Long preganglionic releases ACH onto Nicotonic receptor on short postganglionic which releases ACH onto muscarinic receptor

47
Q

Structure of sympathetic nerves

A

Short preganglionic rleases ACh on nicotonic receptor on long postganglionic which releases NE onto adrenergic receptor

48
Q

Alpha 1 : location, G protein, receptor

A

Smooth muscle, Gq, Increases IP3/Ca, excitation via NE

49
Q

Alpha 2: location, G protein, Receptor

A

GI, Gi, decreases CAMP, inhibtion,

50
Q

Beta 1: location, G protein, Mechanism

A

Heart(SA,AV,Ventr), Gs, increases CAMP, excitation

51
Q

Beta 2

A

Smooth muscle,Gs, increaes CAMP, relaxation, most sensitive to epi

52
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Autonomic ganglia, activated by ACH or nictoine, excitation,

53
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

inhibatory on the heart, activated by ACh and muscarine

54
Q

Systolic pressure

A

highest arterial pressure during cardiac cycle, measured after contraction

55
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

lowest arterial pressure, measured during relaxation

56
Q

P wave of ECG

A

atrial depolarization

57
Q

PR interval of ECG

A

Initial depolarization of the ventricle, length depends on conduction velocity through AV node. Decreased by stimulation of sympathetic, increased by stimulation of parasympthathetic

58
Q

QRS ECG

A

Depolarization of ventricles

59
Q

QT of ECG

A

Entire period of depolarizatiopn and repolarization of the ventricles

60
Q

ST of ECG

A

isoelectric, period when ventricles are depolarized

61
Q

T of ECG

A

ventricular repolarization

62
Q

Phase 0 of cardiac action potential

A

upstroke, transient increase in Na conductance which depolarizes the membrane

63
Q

Phase 1 of cardiac action potential

A

Brief period of initial repolarization caused by an outward current in part because of the movement of K ions out of the cell

64
Q

Phase 2 of cardiac action potential

A

The plateau of the action potential, caused by a transient increase in Ca conductance.

65
Q

Phase 3 of cardiac action potential

A

The repolarization, CA conductance decreaes and K conductance increases and predominates

66
Q

Phase 4 of cardiac action potential

A

Resting membrane potential, period during which inward and outward currents are equal.

67
Q

When is the absolute refractory period in the heart?

A

begins with upstroke of action potential and ends after plateau

68
Q

Cardiac Cycle (A) Atrial systole

A 
Atrial vs Vent pressure: >
Arterial vs Vent pressure: >
AV: Open
SLV: Closed
EKG: P wave
Heart Sounds: 4th heart sound
69
Q

Cardiac Cycle (B) Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction

A 
Atrial vs Vent pressure: <
Arterial vs Vent pressure >
AV: Closed
SLV: Closed
EKG: QRS
Heart Sounds: First heart sound
70
Q

Cardiac Cylce (C) Rapid Ventricular Ejection

A 
Atrial vs Vent pressure: <
Arterial vs Vent pressure: <
AV: Closed
SLV: Open
EKG: QRS onset of T wave
Heart Sounds:
Most of stroke volume is ejected
71
Q

Cardiac Cycle (E) Isovolumetric Relaxation

A 
Atrial vs Vent pressure: <
Arterial vs Vent pressure: >
AV: Closed
SLV: Closed
EKG: T wave
Heart Sounds: Second heart sound
72
Q

Cardiac Cycle (F) Rapid Ventricular Filling

A 
Atrial vs Vent pressure: >
Arterial vs Vent pressure
AV: Open
SLV:
EKG:
Heart Sounds: third
73
Q

Cardiac Cycle (G) Reduced Ventricular Filling

A

Longest phase

brs physiology cards (1 decks)

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