BRS-HISTO CH7 "Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
is an avascular specialized fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
what has chondrocytes in its matrix
cartilage
what functions primarily to support soft tissues and assist in the devel- opment and growth of long bones.
cartilage
is the most abundant cartilage in the body and it also serves as a temporary skeleton in the fetus until it is replaced by bone.
hyaline cartilage
Matrix of Hyaline Cartilage has what in it?
- proteoglycans
- chondrocytes
- type 2 collagen
matrix that is adjacent to chondrocytes is called
territorial matrix
is a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage except at articular surfaces.
perichondrium
what provides the nearest blood supply to the avascular cartilaginous tissue.
perichondrium
manufacture the cartilage matrix through which nutrients and waste materials pass to and from the cells, respectively.
chondroblasts
are mature cartilage cells that are embedded within lacunae in the matrix.
chondrocytes
what has type 2 collagen eslatic fibers and has a present perichondrium?
elastic cartilage
location of hyaline cartilage
end of long bones
nose
trachea
larynx
location of elastic cartilage
ear
auditary canal
epiglottis
location of fibrocartilage
iv disc
poobus symph
tendons
meniscus of knee
histogenesis of hyaline cartilage happens how
interstitial growth
appositional growth
results from cell division of preexisting chondrocytes. This type of growth occurs only during the early stages of cartilage formation and in articular car- tilage and the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
intersitial growth
results from differentiation of chondrogenic cells in the peri- chondrium. This type of growth results in the formation of chondroblasts and/or new chondrocytes, which elaborate a new layer of cartilage matrix at the periphery.
appositional growth
degeneration of hyaline cartilage happens how
chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy ad die, also the matrix calcifies
arthritis is an example of
degeneration of hyaline cartilage
It is a specialized type of connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix in which characteristic cells are embedded.
Bone
functions to protect vital organs, support fleshy structures, and provide a calcium reserve
Bone
bone matrix consists of
inorganic (calcified) portion of bone
organic portion of bone
about 65% of dry weight
inorganic portion of bone
about 35% of dry weight
organic portion of bone
what is a layer of noncalcified connective tissue covering bone on its external
surfaces, except at synovial articulations and muscle attachments.
periosteum
what is a thin specialized connective tissue that lines the marrow cavities and supplies osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair.
endosteum
These cells are derived from osteoprogenitor cells under the influence of members of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) family and also transforming growth factor
osteoblasts
These spindle-shaped cells are derived from embryonic mesenchyme and are located
in the periosteum and the endosteum.
osteoprogenitor cells
what are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
mature bone cell
osteocyte
are large, motile, multinucleated cells (up to 50 nuclei) that resorb bone.
osteoclasts
Osteoclast cytoplasm is usually
acidophilic
unlike osteoporosis, is a genetic disorder affecting
osteoclasts so that they do not possess ruffled borders; therefore, these osteoclasts cannot resorb bone, which creates an imbalance between bone formation and bone
resorption. What is this
osteopetrosis
this person will have a large bone density
what bone is composed of interconnected trabeculae. Bony tra- beculae surround cavities filled with bone marrow.
spongy bone
what bone is always surrounded compact bone
spongy bone
has no trabeculae or bone marrow cavities.
compact bone
mmature or woven bone
primary bone
mature or lamellar bone
secondary bone
are long cylindrical structures that run approximately paral- lel to the long axis of the diaphysis.
haversian system (osteons)
irregularly shaped lamellae between aversion systems
intersitial lamellae
The combination of bone formation and resorption, is called
remodeling and it occurs throughout life
is the process by which most of the flat bones (e.g., parietal bones of the skull) are formed
intramembraneous bone formation
s the process by which long bones are formed. It begins in a segment of hyaline cartilage that serves as a small model for the bone.
endochondral bone formation
occurs in children deficient in vitamin D, which results in calcium
deficiency. It is characterized by deficient calcification in newly formed bone and is generally accompanied by deformation of the bone spicules in epiphyseal plates; as a result, bones grow more slowly than normal and are deformed by the stress of weight bearing
Rickets
are immovable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone.
synathroses
* these unite the 1st rib and and the sternum
permit maximum movement and generally unite long bones.
synovial joints
Which of the following statements characterizes osteoclasts?
(A) They are enucleated cells.
(B) They produce collagen.
(C) Theysecreteosteoid.
(D) They are derived from osteoprogenitor
cells.
(E) They occupy Howship’s lacunae.
E
Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the periosteum?
(A) It is devoid of a blood supply.
(B) It produces osteoclasts.
(C) It is responsible for interstitial bone
growth.
(D) Its inner layer contains osteoprogenitor
cells.
(E) Its outer layer is devoid of fibers.
D
Which one of the following statements is characteristic of osteocytes?
(A) They communicate via gap junctions between their processes.
(B) They contain large amounts of RER.
(C) Theyareimmaturebonecells.
(D) They are housed as isogenous groups in
lacunae.
(E) They give rise to osteoclasts
A
Which one of the following statements concerning hyaline cartilage is correct?
(A) It is vascular.
(B) It contains type IV collagen.
(C) It under goes appositional growth only.
(D) It is located at the articular ends of long
bones.
(E) Itschondrocytesarealignedinrows.
D
A 7-year-old boy is seen by his pediatrician because the child broke his humerus as he tripped and fell while walking. The pediatrician asked about the child’s diet and learned that he might have a dietary deficiency. Which of the following may be lacking in his diet? (A) Potassium (B) Calcium (C) Iron (D) Carbohydrates (E) Protein
B
A 22-year-old woman is seen for the first time by her new physician, who notes that she has very thick bones in her extremities and face. The physician suspects acromegaly, caused by which of the following?
(A) Hypervitaminosis A
(B) Excess growth hormone (C) HypovitaminosisA
(D) Hypervitaminosis D
(E) HypovitaminosisD
B
Which of the following statements is char- acteristic of bone?
(A) Bone matrix contains primarily type II collagen.
(B) About 65% of the dry weight of bone is organic.
(C) Haversian canals are interconnected via Volkmann canals.
(D) Bone growth occurs via interstitial growth only.
(E) Bonegrowthoccursviaappositional growth only.
C
Which one of the following inhibits histoge- nesis of cartilage?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Hypervitaminosis A (C) HypovitaminosisD (D) Hydrocortisone
(E) HypovitaminosisC
D
Which one of the following stimulates cartilage histogenesis?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Hypervitaminosis A (C) HypovitaminosisD (D) Hydrocortisone
(E) HypovitaminosisC
A
Which one of the following accelerates epiphyseal ossification?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Hypervitaminosis A (C) AbsenceofvitaminD (D) Hydrocortisone
(E) HypovitaminosisC
b
Which one of the following makes
epiphyseal cartilage matrix fail to calcify?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Hypervitaminosis A (C) HypovitaminosisD (D) Hydrocortisone
(E) HypovitaminosisC
C
A 25-year-old patient, anemic for several years, complains of failing eyesight and hearing loss. During a physical examination, it is determined that the patient has lost function of some of the cranial nerves.
The diagnosis could be which one of the following?
(A) Osteoporosis (B) Osteomalacia (C) Rickets
(D) Acromegaly (E) Osteopetrosis
E
