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*History > British - Book 1 (1951-64) > Flashcards

British - Book 1 (1951-64) Flashcards

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1
Q

events of 1951 election

A
  • the 1950 election had been dissolved by atlee due to problems (korean war, economic uncertainty, retirements/deaths - only 5 seat majority)

torres - 321 seats
lab - 295 seats

  • 1951 not obvious there would be a long period of conservative dominance
  • Labour acc won more votes than the Tories in the general election but the first-past-the-post system meant the Tories won the most seats in gov.
  • First-past-the-post: voting system whereby the candidate with the most votes I each constituency wins the seat in parliament
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2
Q

surprise in 1951 and years to follow

A
  • 13 years to torrie dominance
  • churchill looked tired and tories unlikely to be able to deal with uk economic issues
  • next 3 PMs were churchill, eden and macmillan
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3
Q

Atlees legacy

A
  • welfare state
  • nationalisation (e.g. ownership of coal and the bank of england 1946)
  • Indian indépendance - 1947
  • NATO - played role in its formulation - 1949
  • nuclear power - started program to turn uk into an industrial power - reaserch in ‘47 and nuclear bomb in ‘52
  • housing
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4
Q

The post-war consensus

A

name given by historians to an era in postwar British political history, from the end of World War II in 1945 to the election of conservative Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1979.

thought there should be an NHS, welfare state and high taxation

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5
Q

why did labour loose in 1951

A
  • worn down by economic and financial difficulties
  • exhausted after 6yrs in power
  • number of ministers e.g atlee and bevin had been continuously working in office since 1940
  • divisions between left and right over economic, welfare and foreign policy
  • korean war entry - 1950- done for UN or USA
  • image of rationing/austerity and high taxation
  • shrinking in majority in 1950 damaged morale/ difficult to govern
  • trade union resentment - slowness to help workers
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6
Q

why tories won in 1951

A
  • geban to recover after shock of ‘45 defeat
  • influx of bright young mps eager to battle against tiring government
  • govs nationalisation of steel and iron was easy target
  • electorate impressed with tories projection of themselves as upholders of liberty/individualism against centralisation and collectivism
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7
Q

Winston Churchill

A

1951 - 55

  • 77yrs old, little more than a figure heard of gov
  • Many labour politicians saw Churchill as a tired, old force and believed the Tories would struggle with the intense economic difficulties Britain had to face.
  • war time hero
  • stroke in 1953 - out of action for a year
  • Other reasons for his inactivity in domestic policies –saw himself as an international statesman not a domestic politician
  • Spent more time abroad meeting world leaders +on holiday than in 10 Downing street
  • Believed his key priority was ensuring no new conflict broke out- especially with dangers of nuclear war
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8
Q

policies of churchill

A
  • ended rationing gradually between 1953-4 had promised this
  • steel industry denationalised
  • committed to build 300,000 houses per year
  • contined keynes economic policy
  • oversaw succession of QE2
  • ended involvement in korea 1953
  • tested first nuclear weapon - 52
  • tried to rebuild economy and run welfare state and defence program
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9
Q

bevenite rebellion

A

1951
forced by £ difficulties
atlee imposed cahreges on dental care, glasses,perscriptions…
Nye bevan (constructed NHS) led ministers to resign

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10
Q

Beveridge vs keynsian

A

bev - cuts, spend less, save

key - borrow money, spend more, more then in economy

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11
Q

formulation of NHS

A 
1948
Aneurin Bevin (health sec) in charge - left wing
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12
Q

atlee and 5 giant evils

A

result of the beveridge report ‘42

ignorance - butler report - free secondary education for all

Idleness - full employment - unemployment at 2%

disease - nhs - ‘48

want - national assistance act ‘48 - financial support

squalor - the new towns act - 800,000 council houses / 12new towns

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13
Q

butskellism

A

policy in 1950s
happy medium between lab and cons
help expand welfare state, employment, nhs….
mix of both left, right, lab, torie views

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14
Q

Anthony Eden

A

PM = 1955-7

  • Talentd politcaian - was always thought of as future PM
  • acting PM in 51-5 in Churchill’s absence
  • downfall = suez
  • Pressure from the US also exposed Britain’s financial weakness
  • had to resign in 55 after the disaster of suez, suffered ‘ill health’
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15
Q

Suez - events and outcomes

A
  • in 1956 egpts ruler, Nassar, nationalised the suez canal that Uk heavily relied on for trade and imports
  • UK threatened by this nationalisation so joined forces with france and issreal to set up conspiracy.
  • Planned for Israel to ‘invade’ - oct ‘56 and uk and france go in as ‘peacekeepers’
  • people saw through and failed miserably, people very unhappy
  • USA & Soviets joined forces to persuade withdrawal

UK left with few resources and eden was force to resign

consequences

  • huge fallout
  • uk and france couldnt act alone on world stage
  • Uk realised only further options was to side with USA - Follow there orders
  • relationship with egypt broke down
  • lost superpower status
  • embarrassed and weak
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16
Q

Harold Macmillan

A

1957- 63

  • ‘emerged’ as PM after eden’s resignation
  • one nation conservative - all classes have obligations to one another
  • nickame - supermac
  • managed to keep success of tories despite eden
  • kept party unity / avoided divisions
  • age of affluence
  • successful PM
  • as housing minister, 300,000 new houses
  • -pushed up parliamentary majority to 100 seats
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17
Q

domestic policies of tories

1951- 64

A

HOUSING

  • 1951 Torrie manifesto promised to build 300,000 houses per year to rebuild stock damaged in war and replace slums
  • macmillian was housing minister and over saw the success of this

EDUCATION

  • continued the tripartite system in education which developed after butler report of ‘44
  • 3 kinds of schools emerged; grammar, technical and secondary modern
  • children would take 11+ to determine their school
  • finacial restrains meant they most were grammar or secondary modern despite eden’s best attempts to propote technical education.

SOCIAL REFORMS

  • many reforms during macmillans term
  • the clean air act - 1956 - aim to prevent smog
  • housig and factory acts 1950’s to improve working and living conditions
  • the homoside act 1957 - restricted death penalty could be imposed
  • 1957 the Wolfenden Commission recommend that homosexuality shouldnt be ciriminal
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18
Q

conservative economic policy

1957-64

A
  • budget politics: common criticism, budgets used as a short term measure to buy election votes. Failed before e.g. 1959 budget
  • macmilian returned to an expansionist budgetary with taxes and lowered interest rates BUT led to boom in consumer spending and increase in imports

STOP GO

  • these events showed uk lacked economic statergy
  • led to stop go and stagflation to symbol govs failure to develop policies that encouraged constant economy
  • stop = consimption and prices rise too quickly so gov would increase taxation and interest rates
  • go = production and exports declines so gov accelerate cutting taxes and lower interest rates

STAGFLATION
stagnation and inflation
- when industry declined but inflation persisted = economy suffer worst of both
- pointed to difficulty of maintaing modern economy,vulnerable to unforeseeable events

CONSUMERISM
Means an ever expading consumption of goods is advantageous to economy
- july 1957 - macmillan said british people had “never had it so good”

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

  • Worry uk was performing poorly compared to international competitors
  • its GDP was lowed in west europe
  • not less efficient just had higher defence expenditure e.g. in ‘64 spent 1.7 billion on defence
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19
Q

living standards under torries

1957-64

A

CONSUMERISM
Means an ever expading consumption of goods is advantageous to economy
- july 1957 - macmillan said british people had “never had it so good”

WAGES
even though there was hardship in Uk there was continuos rise in wages
- financial problems had no effect in gaining material prosperity
- wages rose ahead of prices
- average male weekly wage more than doubled from £8.30 in ‘51 to £18.35 in ‘64
- growth in real wages kept ahead of prices so people could buy more with their money

FINANCIAL CREDIT

  • vital factor in rise in living standards was the greater availability of credit, facility provided by banks/ finance companies, enabling people to borrow large amounts of money than they could get from savings
  • loan repayments spread over years on ‘easy terms’ so people could afford things they never could
  • e.g 1950-65 saw sale of private cars quadrule from 1.5 to 5.5 million
  • foreign holidays, clothing and mod cons were in reach for ordinary people - impossible without credit
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20
Q

Who stood for Labour leadership in 1950s

A
  • Aneurin Bevan (1897-1960)
    minister of health in atlees gov, architect of the nhs, but resigned in ‘51 over perscription charges, LEFT (more socialist, disagree with prescription charges)
  • Hugh Gaitskell (1906-63), WON learderhship in ‘55, RIGHT wing, introduced prescription charges, attempts at reform were unsuccessful
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21
Q

Labour divisions ’50s

issues with left and right

A
  • Unilateral Nuclear disarmament
    right - no left -yes
  • policy of renouncing the use and possession of nuclear weapons without waiting for any international consultation/agreement
  • Bevan initially opposed but some left wingers joined ‘campaign for Nuclear disarmament’ - the association lost voters - CAUSED SPLIT

Unions (and influence)

  • late 1950s - unions happy with full employment and leaders essentially moderate
  • in ‘56 left winger frank cousins become leader of most powerful union (TGWU)
  • Led fierce union opposition to Gaiskell over nuclear weapons
  • had many people involved so big influence

Clause IV
- Clause that committed party to nationalisation in the 1959 conference - gaitskell wanted to abolish it - left wing against abolishment - gat had to back down

left and right
bevanite rebellion

22
Q

The 1959 Election

A
  • labour had optimism so defeat would be crushing
  • Gait confident and effective campaign promoting moderate policies popular

Lab lost due to
opp from trade unions
nuclear divisions
clause iv

tories landslide win due to
- age of affluence continuing - post war boom and consumer prosperity and confidence
- supermac personality and flair
, cabinet of efficient mangers
- economic recovery coinciding with april tax cuts
- labour divisions
- recovery after suez and avoiding splits

23
Q

developments 1951-5

A
  • Rationing ended
  • stell idnsuty was denationalised
  • torries committed to build 300,000 new house each year
  • gov continued Keyneasian policies
  • ascension of QE2 in 1952 - new elizabethan age
  • uk detonated first atomic bomb in ‘52
  • korean war ended ‘53
24
Q

1950s economic developments

positive

A
  • booming due to rebuilding from ww2
  • increase and sustained overseas trade
  • rising emoyment and wages
  • by 1955 only 200,000 unemployed
  • increase for electrical and engineering especially those related to cars
  • service industries grew - finacial/ transport etc
  • all social classes benefited, tories tax cis helped middle class
  • trade increased by 29% by late 50’s
  • 1950s britain like 1920s usa - more jobs, opportunity, young wanted to live their lives
  • 51-64 economy grew by 40%
25
Q

1950s economic developments

negative

A
  • problems for coal miners, agriculture, fishing etc
  • growth in wages, faster than production so people had nothing to buy with their money
  • inflation - cost of goods rising so macmillan told people to spend less and froze wage increase
  • unions opposed
  • led to stop-go economics (Gov control)
  • high level of consumerism so no incentive to produce more to export - led to balance of payments to stop deficit/surplus
  • pound became weak - people turned to buy dollar
  • divisions in cabinet (thorneycroft) wanted spending cuts, Macmillan overruled - he resigned
  • post war consensus continued
  • 51-64 economy grew by 40% but france = 50%, west germany = 250%
26
Q

fall of macmillan and the tories in ‘64

A
  • EEC rejection
  • Night of the long knives - 62
  • Profumo affair 63
  • serious illness 63 - nobody to succeed him, Doulas home was compromise candidate - tories looked trapped in a bygone era - much different to labour leader who promised to take UK into ‘white heat of technology’
  • labour exploited public mood ‘time for change’ - their election slogan was ‘thirteen years of tory misrule.’
27
Q

EEC Rejection

A

67
EEC rejection (european economic community)
- eec was econimic union - known as Common Market, first established by Treaty of Rome ‘57; its 6 founding members were France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
- became european union in 1992
- UK submitted appliacation to join as offered a boost in industrial production and industrial efficiency with greater competition, plus simulate economic growth
- UK still wanted to keep positon in other world affairs; commonwealth and USA. So negotioans with EEC were difficult and took months of bargaining by Edward heath
- negotiations seemed successful until french president Charles de Gualle vetoed Braitais application
- UK isolated and embarrassed

28
Q

the profumo affair

A
  • march ‘63
  • Macmillans minister of war John Porfumo had a liaison with Christine Keeler (a model also having an affair with member of soviet embassy)
  • national security risk - lots of media attention
  • lied in the house of commons about keeler but eventually had to admit truth, then resigned
    IMPACT
    -Huge scandal - macmillan criticised for believing friend over truth
  • resulted in very bad press
  • showed torie party had weakened its claim to lead nation - lost trust
29
Q

The night of the long knives

A
  • this is when Macmillan radically reshuffled his cabinet in july 1962 sacking a third of it
  • intended to rejuvenate government but actually weakened it
  • made macmillan look clumsy and increasingly out of touch
  • his image as an edwardian gentlemen and marriage into the aristocracy made him appear out of date
30
Q

Did the lives of people improve

1951-64

A

generally good - wages rose from £8 and 6 shillings ‘51 to £18 and 7 shill in ‘64
Mac ‘never had it so good.’

CLASS AND ESTABLISHMENT

  • establishment formed (group of elite/rich) - political groups seemed to not recognise real life - so, this created - mainly oxbridge men - great divide in social classes
  • many opposing groups formed - angry young men - stood up against the rich
  • so an increasingly evident divide between rich and poor

WOMEN

  • 1950 women were housewives, mothers and married young
  • 75% of young women married
  • family allowance introduced, payed women so they didn’t have to work and removed incentive to work
  • by ‘64 increase % of women working but mainly middle class
  • family life improved - 1952 - equal pay for middle class jobs and inventions like vacuums, washing machines gave women more time

IMMIGRATION

  • Coronation showcased ‘commonwealth ideal’ encouraging immigration in ‘53
  • west indians came and were originally accepted but sill underlying worries
  • Notting Hill riots Aug 1958 - was large concentration of Caribbeans who rioted because landlords exploited them with overcrowded and poor standard of living accommodation - began with white youths attacking west indians - police unexperienced and couldnt deal
  • Fasciat groups (BNP) gained support showing increase in tensions and white defence league (1957)
  • 1962 Commonwealth immigration act - controlled immigrant numbers
  • labour strongly opposed act but didn’t change it when they got into power in ‘64
  • in 1948 250,000 immigrants come from commonwealth but by 1958 around 210,000 had settled - 75% were men working to support family

TEEN AND YOUTH CULTURE

  • new distinctive youth culture
  • new labour saving devices meant girls didn’t have to help moms and boys no longer had to take part in national service
  • differerent from their parents - new mucis, fashion…
  • lost of babies thanks to post war baby boom
  • 1959 - 5mill teens made 10% of population
  • gained more independance/ freedom - became more visible and economically important
  • teddy boys - subculture linked to juvenile delinquency and crime
  • way they were viewed by adults caused a divide in the generations.
31
Q

PM’s 1951-64

A

winston churchill - 1951-5
Anothny Eden 1955-7
Harold macmillan - 1957-63
Alec douglas home - 1963-4

32
Q

the 1964 election

A

alec douglas home - tories
Harold Wilson - labour

labour = 317
torrie = 304 seats

but this close win meant labour didn’t have a big enough majority in seats to comfortably pass any decisions they want

33
Q

why did labour win the 1964 election

A

SNIELY = 64

S - Scandal - the vassal spy scandal and promo affair - rocked and discredited the torie government
- vassal spy scandal ( John Vassal was a gay clerk and he was photographed in Moscow at a gay sex party - uncovered as a spy

N - Night of the long knives

I - Illness of Macmillan - was seriously ill after a major operation in ‘63 and eventually resigned due to ill health (cop out)

E - Europe - constant arguing over Britons relationship with eurpoe discredited torie gov and UK rejected from EEC

L - Labour as a party of modernisation - campaigned to ‘produce more scientists and then keep them in the country’ - appealed to younger generation

Y - Youthful image of Wilson - man of the people - “if the past belongs to the tories the future belongs to us, all of us.” - ordinary man and people liked him for it - ‘thirteen years to tories misrule’

34
Q

political and economic timeline 1964-70

A

1964 - lab election victory
1966 - labour election victory with increased majority
1967 - devaluation of sterling by wilson government
1969 - start of troubles in north ireland
1970 - surprise election victory for conservatives under edward heath

35
Q

who was harold wilson

A

PM 64-70

  • from yorkshire, renowned for smoking a pipe
  • he was the first PM to be educated in a state school and opposed to the Etonians such as Eden, Macmillan and Home.
  • relaxed and natural on TV unlike Heath
  • opened new gov department of technology - strengthened education and science
36
Q

wilsons and labours policies

general

A
  • 1963 Robbins report on higher education was implemented, by 1966 there were 7 new uni’s
  • colleges of advanced technology were given extra funding for expansion
  • many scientists were employed as gov advisors
  • capital punishment abolished in 1965
  • still issues with the balance of payments situation inherited from tories
  • senior civil servant and Bank of England workers had obstructive anti-labour attitudes
  • the national plan - ‘64 - respond to the ‘white heat of the technological revolution.’
37
Q

wilsons and labours policies

economic

A
  • wilson create the department of economic affairs (oct 1964) which was different to the treasury - to produce long term plans for growth (treasury was short term) generate ambitious targets to help stimulate investment and growth
  • modernisation - key focus of Labour, UK lagged behind Germany and Japan, the affluence of post-war boom not reflected in productivity or growth rate
  • economy trapped in ‘stop-go’ economics - £800mill deficit from tories
  • wilson tried to resist devaluation - didn’t want the bad reputation of being the ‘party of devaluation’ - despite efforts labour were forced into devaluation in 1967
38
Q

what is devaluation

A 
before 
S -strong 
P - pound
I- imports
C - cheap
E - exports
D - dear
after 
W - weak
P - pound
I - imports
D - dear
E - exports
C - cheap
39
Q

were their labour divisions in 1964

A
  • divisions between left and right in the labour party remained in the period after 1964
  • wilson emerged as conciliator leader after death of Bevan (labor left leader) and Gaitskell (leader of right)
  • wilsons concentration on Labour as the party of technological modernisation united left and right, minimising underlying tensions such as Clause IV

Nevertheless, still personal rivalries between Wilson and many powerful cabinet colleagues

  • wilson also feared that he might face a leadership challenge from Brown, Callaghan or Jenkins
  • Wilson appears that too much of this energy and attention was devoted to trying to keep the party united and stop threats to his position
40
Q

events of the 1966 election

A
  • wilson worried his small parliamentary majority (4 seats) not enough power realistically so hoped to gain a better majority
  • due to new tore leadership - Edward heath - stiff, awkward manner, he found it difficult to connect with voters
  • liberal reforms under jenkins e.g Race relations act ‘65
Labour won with an increased majority of: 
Lab = 363
Con = 253
liberal =12
other = 2

however at time wilson was very suspicious of the media and refused to give interviews to the BBC despite landslide views and he relied on ‘kitchen cabinet’ of very close advisors not actual ministers ( fear they wanted his job)

41
Q

5 key reasons for decline of empire

A
  • rise of superpower - britain ruined after WW2 - USA,USSR & China took over and Uk couldnt keep up
  • Growth of Independence movements - throughout WW2 there were significant developments in the indpenpanece movements in India and African territories; strikes, boycotts and protests moved country towards independence
  • Economic decline - cost of two would wars and its damage to overseas trade took toll - by ‘45 britain was reliant upon USA loans
  • Change in political opinion in GB - Labour in ‘45 wanted to improve conditions in UK - establish welfare state… Atlee allowed Indian independence and moved towards african decolonisation as UK attitudes changed - believed countries like India were now capable of ruling themselves
  • reduced strategic role - UK no longer had financial or military strength to dominate territories in Asia - wanted to leave some countries because area was causing them problems
42
Q

the winds of change speech

A

1960
macmillan
- after suez reconsidered the position of Africa as pre-1960 central aim of Britain was to defat nationalist revolts and control colonies
- in ‘57 Ghana was UK’s first african colony to be granted independence - started chain… then nigeria and cyprus in 1960…
- WOC speech was significant change in policy - recognition of indpendnace movements and move to DECOLONISATION
-Macmillan was addressing a mainly white audience in cape town (segregationists and discriminators) - they needed to face reality- really talking to Heads of state from around the commonwealth and British public

wanted to give independence to end strain on UK from rebellion, costs…
e.g difficult time containing the Mau Mau rebellion (52-60) which proved the speech correct

43
Q

what did UK enter instead of the EEC

A

The EFTA
1959
the european free trade area
moderate success but not the same as EEC

now realised that commonwealth had fewer benefits than first thought,

  • it would boost industrial prodcution for large scale exports and increase industrial efficieniency
  • usa wanted them to join to keep a link with eurpoe
  • restore image after suez
44
Q

Trade unions in 60s

A
  • during post war consensus tories and labour realised the need for full employment and to keep unions happy
  • in 1960’s 60% of uk society and gov liked trade unions
  • both macmillan and wilson relied on union cooperation when they brought in prices/income policies
  • in 1964 wilson made trade unionists frank cousins minister of technology to keep a good relationship with TUC
45
Q

the decline of good relations with trade unions

A
  • in 1966-67 relations began to fall apart
  • strikes by sea men and dockers caused problems for gov
  • strikes started by ‘wildcat’ strikes where local activists stopped taking orders from the top - showed union bosses were loosing control and more probs with gov and trade uni
  • heath and tories announced a policy called ‘ a fair deal at work’
  • wilson and his new employment minister barbara castle started planning to use a law to limit unofficial strikes - even though this would cause uproar (in left)
46
Q

‘in place of strife’

A
  • barbara castle was a bevanite and believed strongly in trade union movement and her white paper made proposals which would strengthen trade unions against employers, but also posed 3 ideas saw as too radical;
  • a 28 day cooling off period before strike happened
  • give could impose settlements if unions were in dispute
  • strike ballots could be imposed where members of union have to vote whether they want to strike or not
47
Q

repercussions of ‘in place of strife’

A
  • voters liked the proposals and their popularity increased but the unions and labour left hated them
  • protests came from the home secretary James Callaghn and 50 Labour MPs were ready to rebel
  • worry of another split in party worse than the bevan/gaitskell split
  • after months of protest wilson finally gave in leaving - leaving castle helpless/isolated
  • In 1969 TUC made a face-saving compromise but everyone knew it was a humiliating defat
  • reform of unions came later after tories
48
Q

assesments of torrie gov
1951-64
positives

A
  • unemokoyment down to 1% (pre war 1mill unemployed)
  • global economic recovery
  • end of rationing
  • post war political consensus
  • churchills gov - kept popular labour reforms, concilliatory in disputes
  • coucnil house led to increased quality of life
  • sense of community
  • income tax decreased by £300m (1959 budget)
  • wages increased by 72% and retail prices fell by 45%
  • demand for luxury goods increased; ownership of TV’s quadrupled
  • home ownership doubled (1951-63) due to increased job security
49
Q

assesments of torrie gov
1951-64
negatives

A
  • Churchill’s foreign policy lacked direction
  • let usa take lead
  • Macmillan’s gov intervened little in industry
  • foreign policy failures - suez crisis, EEC
  • Dependancy on USA for nuclear weapons
  • sluggish economic growth
  • bad industrial relations - too ready to made concessions
  • ‘clique’ selecting leaders - old Etonians
  • lack of investment/innovation/training and managerial potential in industry
  • resisted new ideas
  • breaking apart empire into commonwealth
  • eden - highly string personality; little domestic policy experience; poor relations with colleagues
  • night of the long knives - 62
  • proffumo affair - 63
  • still poverty
50
Q

troubles in northern ireland

A

1969- start of troubles in northern ireland

  • NI cretated in 1922
  • huge civil war between nationalists and unionists
  • mainly protestants in north and catholic in the south
  • so NI dominated by unionist protestants leading to accusations that catholics were being discriminated against (jobs, housing,elections…)
  • police accused of being biased
  • led to fears ira would return so unionist parliamentary groups set up
  • Protests help by nationalists and attacked - no protection from police
  • apprentice by were attacked by nationalists, police stepped in leading to riots
  • covered on TV
  • Wilson sent in British troops as a response

*History (6 decks)

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