Bringe

Question 1

What are the three major types of neurons in the nervous systems? What are their functions?

Answer 1

Interneurons – connecten van neurons
Motor neurons – brain to muscle connection
Sensory neurons – senses to brain

Question 2

Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system. How does the autonomic nervous system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 2

Je hebt binnen je PNS het somatic system en het autonomic system. Je autonomic systeem maintaint homeostasis door de samenwerking van je sympathetic en parasympathetic systems

Question 3

What are the two main structures in the central nervous system?

Answer 3

Je brain en spinal cord

Question 4

What chemical actions create the neuron’s resting potential? What chemical changes cause the action potential?

Answer 4

De balans tussen negative protein binnen de axon en sodium buiten de neuron. Als een neuron genoeg gestimuleerd wordt openen de kanalen van de axon, stromen er sodium particles naar binnen en wordt de negatieve binnenkant van een axon positief.

Question 5

What is the nature and importance of the myelin sheath? Which disorder results from damage to it?

Answer 5

De myelin sheath beschermt je axon en ziet eruit als hotdogs. Damage aan je myelin sheeth kan je paralysis geven.

Question 6

Describe five important steps in neurotransmitter function. How do transmitters produce excitation and inhibition? How are they deactivated?

Answer 6

1. Synthesis van neurotransmitter
2. Neuron gaat in zakje (synaptic vehicle)
3. Neuron wordt losgelaten in synaptic space
4. Neuron bind
5. Neuron gaat loesoe door reuptake of breakdown

Question 7

Describe the roles played by acetylcholine and the consequences that occur when its functioning is disrupted.

Answer 7

Acetylcholine is excitatory bij spieren en memory. Als die shit loesoe is word je dement of paralyzed

Question 8

How do agonist and antagonist functions underlie the neural and behavioural effects of psychoactive drugs?

Answer 8

Agonists zijn of mimicken neurotransmitters. Ze kunnen ook receptors gevoeliger maken voor een bepaalde neurotransmitter, of er voor zorgen dat de neurons niet reuptaked kunnen worden.
Antagonists kunnen kutten door neurons niet te laten synthesizen, of door de receptors te cloggen met hun fake ass shit.

Question 9

Describe four methods used to study brain–behaviour relations.

Answer 9

MRI – magnetische kracht door je brein en dan stopt die en dan stuurt je brein signalen terug
DTI – kijken hoe water moleculen diffusen in brain tissue
fMRI – kijken naar waar in je brein oxygenated bloed wordt gestuurd met mri
PET – radioactive glucose in je bloed janken en dan kijken waar de FUCK het heen gaat.

Question 10

How are MRIs produced, and what kinds of information does MRI and fMRI provide?

Answer 10

a strong magnetic field is passed through the brain and pulsed on and off. This oscillating magnetic field causes the molecules and atoms in the brain (or any tissue) to respond. When the magnetic field is shut off, the molecules in the brain emit a radio signal which is then detected and mapped to provide images of the tissue.
fMRI gooit bloed info in je broenoe

Question 11

Which behavioural functions are controlled by the medulla, the pons and the cerebellum? What is the consequence of damage to these structures?

Answer 11

medulla - plays an important role in vital body functions such as heart rate and respiration
Pons – ligt boven de medulla, stuurt informatie tussen de cerebral cortex en de cerebellum
Cerebellum – vooral muscle movement en coordination, maar spelt ook een rol in geheugen.

Question 12

Describe the roles played by the ascending and descending reticular formation. What occurs with damage to this structure?

Answer 12

Ascending part stuurt signalen naar higher regions of the brain
Descending part laat sensory input toe of blockt het

Question 13

Describe the structural characteristics and functions of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

Answer 13

Thalamus lijkt op twee balls, hypothalamus ligt onder de thalamus.

Thalamus is switchboard of the brain
hypothalamus speelt rol in motivatie en emotie, sexual behaviour, temperatuur controle, slapen, eten, drinken en agressie.

Question 14

What roles do the hippocampus and amygdala play in psychological functions?

Answer 14

hippocampus maakt en bewaart memories

amygdala gaat over emoties, met name agressie en fear

Question 15

Describe the locations of the four lobes of the brain and the organization of the motor, sensory, and association cortexes.

Answer 15

Frontal lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

Motor cortex bestuurt al je spieren
somatosensory cortex gaat over al het ‘voelen’ aka heat en pressure enzo
Association cortex gaat over language, perception en thought

Question 16

Describe the role of the frontal cortex in higher mental (including executive) functions.

Answer 16

Frontal cortex gaat over je human side aka temptation control enzo

Question 17

What is hemispheric lateralization, and what functions are localized in the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 17

Je functies zijn beetje gescheiden in de twee hemispheres.

Linker hemisphere is taal
Rechts is spatial relations

Question 18

What is neural plasticity?

Answer 18

de ability van je brain om te changen

Question 19

Describe the ways in which neural function can be restored following damage

Answer 19

neurogenesis - creatie van nieuwe neurons

neural stem cells - cellen die injected worden en repairen wat kapot is

Question 20

How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system? How do hormones affect development and behaviour?

Answer 20

Endocrine system gebruikt hormonen ipv nerve stimulations.

Afhankelijk van het hormoon gedraag je je anders.

Question 21

What evidence exists that the nervous, endocrine and immune systems communicate with and influence one another?

Answer 21

Immuuncellen kunnen hormonen aanmaken en ze kunnen ook neurotransmitters aanmaken

Question 22

What is the difference threshold? What is Weber’s law, and why is it important?

Answer 22

Difference between two stimuli to be noticeable. Weber’s law is the JND is proportional to the thing you’re trying to measure.

Question 23

How does the lens affect visual acuity, and how does its dysfunction cause myopia and hyperopia?

Answer 23

Met myopia kan je goed dichtbij zien maar niet ver

Met hyperopia heb je dunne lens en zie je goed ver maar niet dichtbij

Question 24

How are the rods and cones distributed in the retina, and how do they contribute to brightness perception, colour vision, and visual acuity

Answer 24

Rods all over your mf eye
cone vooral in de fovea
cones werken goed in licht en drm zie je dan t scherpst

Question 25

What is the physiological basis for dark adaptation and for the two components of the dark adaptation curve?

Answer 25

photoreceptors worden depleted van hun pigment moleculen. als licht weg is dan restoren die en herstelt de sensitivity.

Question 26

Summarize the trichromatic, opponent- process and dual-process theories of colour vision. What evidence supports each theory?

Answer 26

Thrichromatic: er zijn drie kleuren die je retina kan waarnemen
opponent-process theory: elk van de drie cones reageert op andere wavelengths
dual-process theory: combineert beide. Er zijn cellen die reageren op bepaalde kleuren, niet op t level van de cones zelf.

Question 27

What kinds of feature detectors exist in the visual system? What is parallel processing of sensory information?.

Answer 27

Detectors van movement en kleur
Detectors van shapes

verschillende areas van je brain analyzen verschillende dingen at the same time.

Question 28

Describe the two physical characteristics of sound waves and their relation to auditory experience.

Answer 28

Hz = cycles a second
Decibel = pressure at ear

Question 29

Describe how the middle and inner ear structures are involved in the auditory transduction process.

Answer 29

Je botten vangen trillingen op die naar haartjes gaan die nerve impulses sturen

Question 30

Describe the frequency and place theories of pitch perception. In what sense are both theories correct?

Answer 30

frequency theory = Hz wordt quite literally naar je brain gestuurd
Place theory = je brain checkt via fluids wat voor sound t is en code dat naar je brain

bij lage frequencies klopt frequency theory

Question 31

What are the two kinds of deafness, and how can they be treated?

Answer 31

conduction deafness - kk hard geluid
Nerve deafness - je nerves fokken t op

Conduction heb je gehoorapparaat voor
nerve deafness hbe je nerve implant voor

Question 32

Describe the stimuli and the receptors involved in gustation and olfaction.

Answer 32

Speeksel mengt met chaps en stuurt signals via je tastebuds

bij olfaction gaan odour molecules in je nosso en sturen die naar je olfactory bulb en je brain maakt er dan big sniff van

Question 33

Describe the receptors and processing mechanisms for the tactile senses

Answer 33

skin - nerve - brain

Question 34

What are the two major body senses? Where are their receptors?

Answer 34

kinesthesis - muscle en shit
vestibular - balans

inner ear

Question 35

Describe the basic characteristics of consciousness. How are states of consciousness measured?

Answer 35

Moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment.

self recognition in mirrors