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POLS 214 > BRICS - Challenges from the south > Flashcards

BRICS - Challenges from the south Flashcards

1
Q

contextually highlight the way in which BRICS highlights a post American world. Give a quote to support this

A
  • the post 1945 system was gone, UN, Bretton woods
  • Regionalisation
  • Centre of global economy is no longer America
  • Rise of illiberal states
  • Fareed Zakaria “not about the decline of the US but about the rise of everybody else”
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2
Q

What are common features of the growing south?

A
  • all are southern hemisphere apart from Russia
  • Fast growing economies with large growing populations
  • create coordination mechanisms and institutions to achieve their commonly defined goals (BRICS, IBSA, BASIC)
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3
Q

who is in BRICS?

A
  • Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
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4
Q

what is the soft balancing of BRICS?

A
  • investing in African economies for example, not a direct challenge
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5
Q

outline the history of BRICS

A

2001 Goldman sachs report

  • Jim O’Neil coined the term to highlight the high potential of investment and the rapidly developing economies
  • Putin recognised this opportunity and in 2006 started political moves to put it into practice
  • 2009 becomes a reality after Yekaterinberg summit
  • 2010 expands to include South Africa
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6
Q

What is the BRICS development bank?

A
  • first proposed in 2012, approved in 2013 at BRICS summit in Durban SA
  • Initial investment of $50 billion mainly from China
  • an alternative to the world bank or IMF it provided funding for infrastructure projects in developing nations
    SOFT BALANCING
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7
Q

BRICS covers what percentage of the worlds land mass?

A

-25% of the planets land mass

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8
Q

Demographically BRICS covers what percentage of the worlds population?

A
  • 40% of the worlds population
  • e.g. China alone has 1.33 billion people = 20%
  • e.g. India alone has 1.15 billion people = 20%
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9
Q

In 2012 what was the share of global output from BRICS?

A
  • 20% (compared to the EU and USA 40%)
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10
Q

What did the human development report of the united nations development program predict? (2013)

A
  • that the combined output of Brazil and China alone will surpass aggregate production of the US, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada by as early as 2020
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11
Q

BRICS bank claims to hold what percentage of the wolrd’s workforce?

A
  • 50% of the worlds work force
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12
Q

For 5 consecutive years before 2007 what was the annualised return of BRICS investors?

A
  • average 52% return for investments compared to 17% in G-7 markets
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13
Q

What did the BRICS bank claim to do in 2008 financial crisis?

A
  • Claimed to be responsible for getting the economy out of its initial slump
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14
Q

when was IBSA created and what is this an example of ?

A
  • IBSA was created in 2003, it exemplifies south-south cooperation
  • India, Brazil, South Africa
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15
Q

could say that BRICS and IBSA are a smack down to Fukuyama why?>

A
  • because you dont have to be western to believe in democracy
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16
Q

What does IBSA mean for substantiative policy / policy initiatives?

A
  • common diplomatic stance at the WTO
  • Critical of interventions like Libya and Syria
  • Joint Naval exercises
  • Strong collective advocates of UN millenium development goals and debt eradication in poor nations
  • Development funds for poor nations
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17
Q

what do IBSA members want in the UN?

A
  • They want permanent seats on the security council
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18
Q

Brazil, India and SA are largely against EU / US views within the UNSC which is shown how?

A
  • with their voting record
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19
Q

Exemplify regionalisation

A
  • ASEAN 1967
  • EU 1957
  • Mercosur 1991
  • Africa union 2002 (54 members, Morrocco only one that isn’t)
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20
Q

how can you explain BRICS from realist perspective?

A
  • hegemonic transition
  • reconfiguration of strategic balancing
  • emphasis on statecraft
  • states are autonomous and independent units of the state system, survival instincts, self contained economic and political units
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21
Q

How can you explain BRICS from liberal perspective?

A
  • crisis of liberal internationalism and the rise of non liberal states
  • universal validity of western values, institutions and state models
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22
Q

Critical theory / marxist interpretation of BRICS?

A
  • capitalist crisis
  • systemic crisis
  • a critique of western ideology
23
Q

Constructivist approach to BRICS?

A
  • normative/ideational transition in international order and role of emerging power identities
24
Q

exemplify how this might be a rise and fall?

A
  • Brazilian economy 3.38% GDP decline, lowest growth rate for 25 years
  • Russia 2013 only 1.3% economic growth and now nothing, very reliant on oil
  • Ukraine sanctions on Russia mean that no access of Russia to EU or US loans
25
Q

what is significant about early south-south movements?

A

such as G77 or non aligned movement, they had moral leverage but were economically weak

26
Q

what does Marco Vierra argue about distributive justice (the just allocation of goods in society) India and Brazil have?

A
  • States like India and Brazil have been outspoken critics of western dominated international power structures like the UN and criticise the north for a lack of development assistance in the south
27
Q

it is clear that the current structure gives favour to who?

A
  • the current structure gives favourable circumstances to the north (*but power shifts are now changing this)
28
Q

what does Hedley Bull say about ideologies? (liberal)

A
  • political ideologies maintain that a triumph of their doctrine would mean a reduction of the sources of war and conflict and lead to a more orderly world
29
Q

what was Kant’s idea? (liberal)

A
  • Perpetual peace, war was a legitimate tool against unjust states who violate human rights
30
Q

Fukuyama? (liberal)

A
  • End of history
31
Q

What do cosmopolitan or liberal approaches therefore suggest about the international society?

A
  • post colonial states are seen as passive rather than aggressive recipients of western norms and institutions
  • it thinks that those capable of incorporating them should be accepted into international society
  • the south says that liberal institutionalism has failed to bring adequate economic and social distributive justice into the wider international society (which includes african and asian states)
  • Souther nations and growing pluralism are challenging western norms and institutions
32
Q

as a realist what does Krasner say about the third world?

A
  • “3rd world states want power and control as much as wealth. One strategy to achieve this objective is to change the rules of the game in various international areas”
33
Q

some people see the north/south shift as sped up by what? More realist

A
  • sped up by the 2008 financial crash, natural historical hegemonic cycles of rise and decline
34
Q

what does the realist kagan say?

A
  • he says that the emergent power of “authoritarian states” like China and Russia poses a big threat to the the expansion of liberal pacific union
35
Q

what does Ikenberry say with regards to the decline of US hegemony?

A
  • the liberal internationalist system faces a crisis of authority due to declining US hegemony
36
Q

What are examples of critical perspectives on international institutions?

A
  • Feminist
  • Post colonial (criticises the narrative of liberal universalism
  • Post structural (criticises the narrative of liberal universalism - claims superiority over other cultural realities, economic models and systems)
37
Q

why do critical perspectives deviate from cosmopolitan views?

A
  • distanced from cosmopolitan views that individuals are the main referents of global morality and international institutions act as neutral frameworks to promote inter state cooperation
38
Q

what is the theory of Prebisch

A
  • core periphery
39
Q

what was the western response to Asian/African newly independent states?

A
  • Multilateral mechanisms like UNCTAD (united nations conference on trade and development
40
Q

What to neo gramscian theorists (critical theorists) say are the 3 broad categories of force as the main three constitutive elements of the global political system?

They do what?

A
  • material, ideational, institutional
  • Reinforce / legitimise particular historical block which in turn defines standards of appropriateness in international political order
  • therefore new nations are counter hegemonic in this sense
41
Q

when was the bandung conference?

A
  • 1955
42
Q

When was opec made?

A
  • 1960
43
Q

What is a good quote from British secretary of state william Hague in 2010?

A
  • ” the world has changed and if we do not change with it, Britains role is set to decline with all that means for our influence in world affairs”
44
Q

What are the Bandung principles?

A
  • respect for fundamental human rights and the purposes and principles of the charter of the united nations
45
Q

describe IBSA distributive justice in action

A
  • IBSA facility for poverty alleviation

- Each member gives $1 million a year

46
Q

IBSA has sponsored states like?

A
  • Haiti, Guinea Bissau, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Burundi and occupied palestinian territories
47
Q

IPEA, institute for applied economic research says that the Brazilian government spent how much on development assistance between 2005- 2009

A

-$1.43 billion US dollars for development (which doubled 2009 - 2010)

48
Q

what did woods say about Indian aid programme? (began in the 50s)

A
  • says its is centred on respect for territorial integrity
  • mutual non agression
  • mutual non interference in domestic affairs
  • equality and mutual benefit
  • peaceful coexistence
49
Q

what is a criticism of the emerging south?

A
  • it has more in common with the north than it does with the south they claim to represent
50
Q

what is a problem with liberal institutionalism now?

A
  • it is aligning states to ones it formerly opposed like Saudi Arabia
51
Q

while liberalism sees rising south as a threat?

A
  • Liberalism does see it as threat
52
Q

some estimates say that what percentage of the western population is over 50?

A

-70%

53
Q

What must you mention in the BRICS question?

A
  • that the WTO wants to liberalise world trade, not like the protectionism of the European union
54
Q

What would realists say about the opening up of developing economies?

A
  • that it was because of the west

POLS 214 (7 decks)

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