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General Surgery Oral Boards Review > BRG > Flashcards

BRG Flashcards

1
Q

Describe options for penetrating Zone II neck injury

A

I - observe with CTA, laryngoscopy, esophagosocopy and bronchoscopy.

II - Can explore in OR with full evaluation of carotid sheath, trachea and esophagus if you are there.

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2
Q

Operation for penetrating injury to Carotid.

A

Approach like a CEA
Have blood, shunt and bovine pericardium available.

  1. prep and drape with head turned.
  2. incision along the medial border of the SCM
  3. Obtain proximal and distal control of Carotid (ICE) and IJ
  4. open hematoma if present
  5. resect portion of injured carotid
  6. repair defect with bovine pericardium
  7. explore remaining structures in the neck beyond the injury.
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3
Q

Options for blunt carotid injury

A

If there is flow ith a grade IV or V injury, fix it. if no flow leave it alone. aspirin for low grade injuries.

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4
Q

what is reason to remove a carotid body tumor?

A

It will grow and develop neurologic symptoms. (minimal chance of malignancy)

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5
Q

Preop imaging and procedure for carotid body tumor?

A

Get CTA as a roadmap. consult IR for perioperative embolization.

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6
Q

Carotid body tumor resection?

A

Have a shunt and BP monitoring/meds available.

  1. Approach like a CEA getting control.
  2. clip the feeding vessel (look at yout CTA) coming off the external carotid.
  3. disect the tumor our at the subadventitial level of the vessel never entering the lumen if possible.
  4. close.
    Patient stays for 24 hours of bedrest and BP monitoring.
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7
Q

recurrent GIST

A 
resect all (if possible)
add gleevec regardless of size/mitoses for recurrence.
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8
Q

Indications for resection of pancreatic cystic masses (IPMN)?

A

Any side branch >3cm

Any main duct.

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9
Q

How do you fix an Aorto-caval fistula?

A

Try calling Vascular for an EVAR stent.

If forced open then:
Approach like an AAA, also gaining proximal and distal control of the IVC.

Open the Aorta and “fix the fistula from the inside of the aorta”

Sew in tube graft.

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10
Q

FAP (multiple polyps seen on c-scope)

A

Send to genetics for APC
review colonoscopy to check rectum to plan the operation
Get CT scan to plan operation
upper GI.
Take to OR for pouch v ileorectal anastomosis depending on rectal sparing.

If your anastomosis doesn’t reach: high ligation of the IMA/SMA.

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11
Q

One medical treatment for desmoids?

A

Suldinac

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12
Q

What happens after resection for rectal cancer that got neoadjuvant?

A

Needs more Folfox.

see them every three months for physical exam and a CEA level.

CT scan and c-scope in one year.

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13
Q

Unstable patient with GSW to left colon: two options?

A

Give a colostomy and close.

Leave open and come back for primary anastomosis once stable.

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14
Q

Patient presents with anal condyloma with HIV

A

Make sure to check CD4 count, viral load and medical compliance.

Biopsy any irregularities as this may be a prompt for SCC of the anus (then go to that scenario)

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15
Q

One way to describe Cattel Brasch?

A

Lifting the root of the mesentery to the left shoulder to expose the IVC/Aorta.

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16
Q

Board answer for bad zone 3 pelvic vascular trauma. (illiac/aorta)

A

Ligate bleeding vessels as a damage control procedure.

Come back in <24 hours (hopefully stablilize) to perform an ax-bifem.

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17
Q

Infrarenal IVC injury? what can you do

A

can ligate.

Keep patients LE in ACE wraps to control the edema until they develop collaterals.

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18
Q

Suprarenal IVC injury?

A

cannot ligate, guerenteed renal failure.

If you can control then fix by harvesting a saphenous vein or possibly internal iliac. Fillet the harvested veinto create a rectangle, wrap that in a spiral around an appropriate sized chest tube. Sew the spiral together and use that as an interposition graft.

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19
Q

Cutuffs for when to perform a CEA.
Symptomatic
Asymptomatic

A

Symptomatic 50%

Asymptomatic 80%

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20
Q

Steps of a CEA

A

Make sure shunt and bovine pericardial patch are available.

  1. Incision along the anterior border of SCM
  2. carry down thru platysma, entering the carotid sheath protecting the vagus.
  3. Circumpherentially dissect the patient away from the carotid to expose the bifurcation
  4. divide the facial vein.
  5. identify disease free areas to place clamps.
  6. Heparinize with 80 U Heparin/kg.
  7. Place clamps I.C.E. (Internal, Common, External.)
  8. Open the area of disease longitudinally
  9. Place shunt, flashing out clots.
  10. Remove the plaque sharply taking care to leave a smooth surface.
  11. begin to close defect with bovine pericardium, initially over the shunt, then replacing clamps (ICE) completing anastomosis with a flash to celar potential emboli (ECI for clamps)
  12. Close
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21
Q

Two indications for carotid stent?

A
  1. recurrence of plaque after CEA

2. previous neck radiation.

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22
Q

Stroke in PACU after CEA?

A

Ultrasound to confirm blockage and reexplore neck.

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23
Q

Increasing hematoma in PACU after CEA?

A

Take back to OR for reexploration.

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24
Q

Venous stasis ulcer (medial malleolus)?

A 
ABI/PVRs to rule out arterial disease.
biopsy and culture
order an ultrasound venous insufficiency test.
venous ablation procedure.
Unna boot.
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25
Q

Pulseless in the OR?

A

“I would have a direct conversation with anesthesia about the airway and adequate ventillation and stary chest compressions with ACS protocol”

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26
Q

Unidentified SSC of the neck (FNA of node result)

A 
PET scan to look for source if nothing on full review of physical exam.
Triple endoscopy with blind biopsies
      Base of tongue
      tonsillar pillar
      piriform sinus

If no source the ipsilateral modified radical neck and radiation therapy.

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27
Q

Moves for missing INFERIOR parathyroid?

A

Ipsilateral cervical thymectomy (do not need to do for missing upper)

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28
Q

Papillary thyroid cancer, when to do an thyroid lobectomy?

A

Any tumor less than 1 cm, all others do a complete.

board answer 2017, might change

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29
Q

One endocrine tumor not seen on an octreotide scan?

A

Insulinoma

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30
Q

Adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer?

Indiacations and Regimen

A

T3 or N+

5FU and radiation (MacDonald trial)

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31
Q

H and Ts of ACLS

A 
Hypothermia
Hypoxia
Hydrogen ions (acidosis)
Hyper or Hypokalemia
Hypoglycemia

Toxins
Tension PTX
Thrombus (MI or PE)
Tamponade

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32
Q

ACLS

A

chest compressions
with pulse checks q2-3 mins
epinephrine every other cycle.
amiodarone for wide complex rhythms.

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33
Q

Steps for any vascular trauma case

A
  1. Make diagnosis
  2. Localize the lesion (just get a CTA!)
  3. go to the OR
  4. Get proximal and distal control
  5. Restore flow (argyle shunt)
  6. repair vessel
  7. shoot a completion angio
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34
Q

Zone I neck exploration: Left subclavian control

A

High left thoracotomy to clamp proximal
Axillary incision (think ALND) to clamp distal.
then control

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35
Q

Zone I neck exploration: Right subclavian control

A

Median sternotomy for proximal subclavian control

Axillary incision to clamp distally.

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36
Q

Hepatic artery laceration in trauma. How to repair?

A

Pringle manouver
clamp infrahepatic IVC
clamp thoracic IVC by making a hole in the diaphragm.

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37
Q

Steps to an esophageal repair

A

Perform a myotomy to expose the full mucosal injury
repair in two layers over a bougie
butress with a pleural flap

consider a distal. feeding tube.

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38
Q

Can you leave the esophagus in discontinuity?

A

Yes for unstable patient and return

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39
Q

Insulinoma cutoff for enucleation?

A

2CM.

If bigger then whipple/distal panc.

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40
Q

move to find a gastrinoma?

A

transiluminate.

Can kocher and hold up duodenum or pass an endoscope.

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41
Q

Adrenal incidentaloma, size cutoff?

A

4 cm

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42
Q

Adrenal incidentaloma, functional workup

A

Plasma metanephrines, VMA, check electrolytes and renin/angiotensin ratio.

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43
Q

Adrenal incidentaloma with previous cancer history, what is work up?

A

PET scan to see if avid (implies its a met)

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44
Q

GOO from likely ulcer disease but cannot rule out cancer.

A

Gastrojejunostomy with truncal vagotomy.

If having symptoms for >6weeks then subtotal gastrectomy with roux-en-y.

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45
Q

variceal bleed

A
  1. ICU, Octreotide, vasopressin
  2. SB tube with esophageal balloon up for 24 hours.
  3. TIPS
  4. Second TIPS
  5. Stapled the GE junction with an end to end anvil stapler. (good luck with this one…)
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46
Q

Pediatric spleen case: know one salvage operation

A

thrombin soaked vicryl mesh?

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47
Q

Pediatric post-splenectomy patients, what to give?

A 
splenectomy vaccines (pneumococcus, meningitis)
and penicillin prophylaxis until their teens.
48
Q

three formulas you need to know for pediatrics

A

4/2/1 per kg for maintainance IVF
20cc/kg crystalloid; 10cc/kg blood for trauma bolus
age/4 +4 for ETT size

Ask for the breslow tape!!

49
Q

alpha-blocker for a pheo

A

phenoxybenzamine

50
Q

OR drip for a pheo

A

nitroprusside drip

51
Q

screening test for MTC

A

calcitonin

52
Q

MTC in newly diagnosed MEN2a patient what operation?

A

total thyroid with bilateral neck dissection

53
Q

what age to start pheo screening in MEN2

A

18

54
Q

When to get prophylactic thyroidectomy in MEN2

A

5

55
Q

what is first test in any dysphagia case?

A

Upper GI

prevents an EGD perforation of a zenckers etc

56
Q

Margins for a phylloides tumor

malignancy for a phylloides tumor

A

1 cm

>5 mitoses/hpf

57
Q

mammography guidelines.

A

every other year at age 40

58
Q

high risk family mammography guidelines

A

10 years before youngest familial diagnosis.

reccomend genetic councilling.

59
Q

High risk radiology screening?

A

yearly MRI

60
Q

what age to stop mammograms

A

age 75 or when to frail for an operation.

61
Q

duration of herceptin

A

1 year post-op

62
Q

pleiomorphic adenoma, why to remove?

A

will enlarge and cause neurologic symptoms

63
Q

risk of permanant facial nerve injury with parotidectomy?

A

less than 1%, most deficits in PACU will resolve if you visualized the entire nerve.

64
Q

how to identify facial nerve.

A

In relation to the tragus

65
Q

What does faicial nerve arise from?

A

stylomastoid foramina

66
Q

Procedure for pagets?

A

Central segmentectomy including the nipple.

67
Q

procedure for recurrent breast cancer?

A

basically always gets a mastectomy since you cant redo radiation, but can redo SLNB.

68
Q

Stage three breast cancer, two things to do before neoadjuvant therapy?

A

Make sure there is a clip in the lesion in case it dissapears.
Stage the whole body with a PET and bone scan.

69
Q

Office test for Frey’s syndrome?

Current cure

A

give lemon drops to reproduce.

give botox injections.

70
Q

Horners syndrome after paraotidectomy

A

Expectant management.

71
Q

chyle leak after neck surgery.

A

ligate the thoracic duct thru the chest.

72
Q

when to do a R hemicolectomy for a carcinoid?

A

if it involves the base, >2cm, high grade

73
Q

tests to send for a carcinoid?

A

5HIAA and chromogrannin

74
Q

Screening for barretts?

A

no dysplasia - start at 1 broaden to 3 years.
low grade dysplasia - start at 6 months, broaded to yearly.
high grade dysplasia - every 3 months, refer for ablation or consider surgery.

75
Q

Anal fissure treatment

A

topical diltiazem for 6 weeks.
botox
partial lateral internal sphincterotomy.

76
Q

What do you do for a lateral anal fissure?

A

C-scope to rule out crohns.

77
Q

HER2 drugs

A

HERCEPTIN and PROGETTA, drop doxorubicin

78
Q

concern for breast cancer in pregnant woman?

A

I would get a mammogram shielding the uterus

79
Q

Who can get immediate breast reconstruction?

A

No stage 3 since they will need post-op chest RT.

80
Q

perianal abscess - order of procedures?

A
  1. I&D with EUA
  2. rubber seton
  3. cutting seton
  4. consider an advancement flap, especially female/anterior.
81
Q

Parkland formula

A

4 mL/kg x %tbsa over the next 24 hours
give first half over 8 hours
give secnod half over the next 16.

82
Q

Thrombosed aortobifem in PACU, what do you do?

A

Go back in thru the abdomen,
gain proximal and distal control on the graft and make an opening on the graft for balloon thrombectomy. close the graft. shoot a completion angio.

83
Q

Amount of renal ischemic time with suprarenal aortic cross clamping.

A

45 mins

84
Q

Clinical presentation: machine like murmur in the abdomen with massive lower extremity edema

A

Aorto-caval fistula

85
Q

Replaced left hepatic artery; what do you do?

A

Clamp and carry on for a few minutes. If the left lobe turns dusky then you have to work around it.

86
Q

Cuttoffs for pulmonary lobectomy

A

FEV1 40%

DLCO 40%

87
Q

Steps to a pneumonectomy

A 
appropriate thoracotomy
dissect out the pulmonary artery vein and bronchus.
Complete the appropriate fissue
TEST CLAMP THE BRONCHUS
Take out the lobe.
88
Q

Who should get upfrom pneumonectomy for blebs?

A

Pilot, scubadiver, other professions that change pressure.

89
Q

HIV with spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Test for PCP and get viral loads

90
Q

HITT

A

Platelets <100 or down by 50%
argatroban
send of PF4 antibody and confirm with seratonin assay

91
Q

Heparin for DVT, starting settings

A

80 U/kg bolus

18 U/kg maintainance

92
Q

cutoff for AV fistula

A

3 mm in upper arm

2.5 mm below the elbow

93
Q

Procedures for AV fistula in best order

A

radiocephalic
brachiocephalic
brachiobasilic
graft

94
Q

Extreme hand pain post AV fistula?

A

Back to OR ligate the fistula

95
Q

Steal syndrome procedure

A

Distal revascularization and interval ligation.

96
Q

Failing fistula, what to look for on fistulagram?

A

early failure, then balloon proximally

late failure, balloon distally

97
Q

When do you know broadening of the mesentery is complete in a LADDs

A

When you can completely visualize the SMA and SMV

98
Q

description for reduction of an intussusception?

A

“milk it retrograde”

99
Q

How do you confirm air contrast enema worked for intussussception?

A

passage of contrast freely into ileum

100
Q

When do you take pyloric stenosis baby back to the OR?

A

When electrolyte replacement is sufficient with bicarb <28

101
Q

Do you extend your pyloromyotomy onto the duodenum (pyloric stenosis)

A

No, stop short, look for pooching of the mucosa.

102
Q

ultrasound criteria for pyloric stenosis?

A

length of 15 mm

103
Q

treatment of ischemic orchitis?

A

ice packs and scrotal elevation

104
Q

Operation for occlusive SMA atherosclerosis?

A

R common iliac to distal SMA with ringed PTFE graft.

105
Q

Knee dislocation in trauma prompt?

A

CTA all to look for popliteal injury

106
Q

Incision and approach for popliteal bypass.

A

interposition graft from contralateral saphenous

medial incision above and below the knee approching the popliteal behind the femur and behind the Tibia.

107
Q

retroperitoneal sarcoma encircling the kidney. (preop planning)

A

Get a pyelogram to evaluate the ureter and function of the contralateral kidney.

108
Q

Swann numbers

A 
CI 3-4
CVP 10-12
PAP 10-25 (dimes to quarters)
SVR 1000
Wedge 6-18
109
Q

Moves for ARDS?

A

Low tidal volumes 6-8 cc/kg
Low peep 10-18
permissive hypercapnia - pH 7.2

Call the ICU fellow to talk about oscillatory settings

110
Q

High airway pressures on vent?

A

Check the tube and for PTX first

Then think ARDS

111
Q

High v low fistula output

A

~500cc per day.

112
Q

amyloid on thyroid FNA

A

MTC

113
Q

Finding on FNA for MTC

A

Amyloid

114
Q

rule of 10% for pheos

A

10% familial
10% bilateral
10% malignant

115
Q

Criteria for TTP?

A

FATRN

fever, angiopathy, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, neuropathy

116
Q

Therapy for TTP?

A

plasmaphoresis

117
Q

Duodenal exploration

A

Open on a diagonal, slide a pediatric feeding tube in

General Surgery Oral Boards Review (14 decks)

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