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Animal Breeding > Breeding Final > Flashcards

Breeding Final Flashcards

1
Q

expected frequency of the recessive allele for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

q

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2
Q

Single-locus genotype consisting of functionally different genes

A

heterozygote

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3
Q

Reference to offspring that are phenotypically identical to parents of the same phenotype, exclusively

A

Breed true

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4
Q

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

A

Locus

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5
Q

Type of gene action in which the value of the heterozygote is intermediate to the values of the two homozygotes

A

Incomplete dominance

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6
Q

Expected frequency of the dominant allele for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

p^2

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7
Q

Expected frequency of the dominant allele for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

p

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8
Q

Type of gene action in which the value of the heterozygote is equal to the value of one of the homozygotes

A

complete dominance

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9
Q

expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

q^2

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10
Q

Type of gene action in which the heterozygote is typically superior to the homozygous genotypes

A

overdominance

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11
Q

Alternative form of a gene

A

allele

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12
Q

single-locus genotype consisting of functionally similar alleles

A

homozygotes

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13
Q

Which type of inheritance involves genes located on the sex chromosomes?

A

sex-linked

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14
Q

Milk production is an example of which type of inheritance

A

sex-limited

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15
Q

baldness in humans is an example of which type of inheritance?

A

sex-influenced

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16
Q

Four forces that change gene frequencies

A

Mutation Selection (controlled) Genetic Drift Migration (controlled)

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17
Q

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinburg and assumptions

A

Complete dominance -assuming that there is no mutation, selection, migration, random mating, and large populations.

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18
Q

A reduction in performance due to increased homozygosity

A

inbreeding depression

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19
Q

system of mating in which hyprid vigor and breed complementarity are generated and maintained

A

crossbreeding system

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20
Q

a breed consisting of two or more component breeds

A

composite breed

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21
Q

a measure of inbreeding in an individual

A

Fx

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22
Q

hybrid vigor resulting from having a crossbred dam

A

HV^m

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23
Q

mating of individuals more closely related than the average of the population

A

Inbreeding

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24
Q

Hybrid vigor resulting from having a crossbred sire

A

HV^p

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25
Q

A measure of level of pedigree relationship

A

Rxy

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26
Q

System of mating in which the relationship between current progeny and an ancestor is maximized while minimizing the inbreeding coefficient

A

Linebreeding

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27
Q

True/False: a 2-breed specific system yields 100% of both HV^I and HV^M

A

False

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28
Q

True/False: A 3-breed specific system does not produce its own replacement females

A

True

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29
Q

True/False: The management difficulty for a 3-breed rotation system is low

A

False

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30
Q

True/False: a 2-breed rotation system can maximize breed complementarity

A

False

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31
Q

True/False: A backcross system results in 100% HV^I but 0% HV^m

A

False

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32
Q

True/False: a composite system results in highly uniform progeny

A

true

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33
Q

True/False: Alleles that are “alike in state” are by definition “identical by descent”, but alleles that are “identical by descent” are not necessarily “alike in state”

A

False

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34
Q

An abstract measure of the relationship between two variables

A

Covariance

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35
Q

A unitless measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables

A

Correlation

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36
Q

The spread of the distribution of a trait in a population, expressed in units of the trait

A

Standard Deviation

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37
Q

A measure of change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable

A

Regression

38
Q

Has a range from 0 to +1

A

Heritability

39
Q

Has a range from -1 to +1

A

Correlation

40
Q

Truncation Selection

A

a ratio used to divide selection into “keeper/cullers”

41
Q

How much progeny look like their parents

A

heritability

42
Q

delta G/t

A

the rate of change in the breeding values of a pop

43
Q

Obv

A

the genetic variation

44
Q

i (in the key equation)

A

intensity of selection

45
Q

rBV,BV

A

accuracy of selection

46
Q

L

A

generation interval

47
Q

Which components are unitless

A

i rBVBV

48
Q

Which components can most likely be manipulated by breeders to improve rate of genetic gain

A

Generation Interval Intensity of Selection Accuracy of Selection

49
Q

Which estimate (EBV or MPPA) is a prediction of the individual’s performance for the trait of interest in FUTURE records

A

MPPA

50
Q

A measure of the strength of the relationship between environmental effects on two traits

A

Environmental correlation

51
Q

The weighted combination of traits defining aggregate breeding value used in a selection index

A

Breeding objective

52
Q

A trait that may or may not be of importance itself, but is used as a means of selecting on genetically correlated trait

A

Indicator trait

53
Q

The change in return expected from a one unit change in performance of a trait

A

Economic weight

54
Q

A measure of feed efficiency that is NOT independent of body weight

A

Average Daily Gain

55
Q

A measure of the strength of the relationship between performance values for two traits

A

Phenotypic correlation

56
Q

A type of indirect selection in which selection is on specific DNA sequences

A

Marker Assisted Selection

57
Q

Variation at a single site in DNA

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

58
Q

A level of breeding value that is optimal in either the absolute or practical sense

A

Selection target

59
Q

The breeding value of an individual for a combination of traits

A

Aggregate Breeding Value

60
Q

a measure of feed efficiency that is independent of body weight

A

Residual Feed Intake

61
Q

Reflects correct selection intensity when selecting for multiple, uncorrelated traits

A

Effective proportion saved

62
Q

A gene with two or more segregating alleles which have differing effects on a production trait

A

Quantitative Trait Loci

63
Q

A measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values for two traits

A

Genetic correlation

64
Q

Pro/Con: Tandem Selection

A

Easiest method Least effective

65
Q

Pro/Con: Independent Culling Levels

A

Can be used at any stage of an animals life Doesn’t “appreciate” genetic merit in one trait if a different trait doesn’t make the cut

66
Q

Pro/Con: Economic Index

A

Most effective Hard to calculate

67
Q

What are two causes of genetic correlations? Specify permanent or temporary

A

Linkage- temporary Pleiotropy- permanent

68
Q

Equation for calculating Direct Response to Selection

A
69
Q

Equation for multiple uncorrelated traits

A
70
Q

Equation for Ratio of Response

A
71
Q

Equation for the Standard Deviation of BV

A
72
Q

Equation for correlated change

A
73
Q

Equation for ratio of response for indirect to direct selection

A
74
Q

Prediction Equation

A
75
Q

Equation for Wright’s Coefficient of Relationship

A
76
Q

Equation for HV (difference in performance of purebreds from crossbreds)

A
77
Q

Equation for HV % (difference in performance of purebreds from crossbreds)

A
78
Q

Why do genetic predictions regress

A

Genetic predictions are regressed for the amount of information in order to make them

more or less conservative (i.e. closer to the mean) depending on the amount of

information used in calculation.

79
Q

What will happen to the weighting factors and accuracies if not accounted for

A

they will inflate upwards

80
Q

Factors affecting accuracy of prediction for a repeated trait

A

number of records

heritability

repeatability

pedigree relationship

81
Q

Why does pedigree data only provide limited accuravy of prediction

A

Pedigree data can only provide limited accuracy of prediction because pedigree data

does not account for Mendelian sampling.

82
Q

Why is progeny data different than pedigree data

A

Each progeny record provides a measure of the value of the genes that an ind

ividual

transmits. In other words, each

progeny represent

s

an independent sample of genes from

the animal of interest

. This is not true of pedigree information.

83
Q

Purpose of large-scale evaluation

A

The purpose of large-scale evaluation is to allow for the genetic comparison of animals in different herds or flocks.

84
Q

Key equation elements improved by using large-scale genetic evaluation

A

accuracy

intensity

85
Q

typical sire summary

A

Typically comprised of a introductory section which may include an explanation of the data, a glossary of terms, qualifications of a sire to be listed in the summary, a table of genetic parameter estimates (heritabilities and correlations), distributions of predictions within the breed, a table converting accuracies to PC values, and genetic trend graphs. The sire list itself usually includes the animal id, some miscellaneous information (coat color, genetic defects, etc.), and prediction and accuracy measures.

86
Q

accuracy

A

measure of the strength of the relationship between true values and their predictions

87
Q

confidence range

A

the range of values within which the true value of interest lies

88
Q

possible change

A

a measure of accuracy that indicates the potential amount of future change in a prediction

89
Q

the higher the accuracy, the _______the associated ____________ and possible change

A

the higher the accuracy, THE SMALLER the associated CONFIDENCE RANGE and possible change

90
Q

Why do you need to know about the variability about the trait with accuracies

A

With accuracies, you do not need to know anything about the variability about the trait in order to interpret the value, which is not true about confidence ranges or possible change values. However, confidence ranges and possible changes are more graphic and can be more informative indicators of the reliability of a prediction.

91
Q

Why is male selection more important than female selection

A

sire selection drives genetic change

more accessible than dams

92
Q
A

Animal Breeding (4 decks)

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