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Genetics > Breeding and Genetics Terminologies > Flashcards

Breeding and Genetics Terminologies Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reappearance of a character after it has not appeared for one or more generations.

A

Atavism

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2
Q

crossing of F1 offspring with either parental breeds.

A

Backcross

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3
Q

refers to a deep, wide and low-set animals

A

Blocky

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4
Q

a donkey or a ass

A

Burro

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5
Q

The number or percentage of calves produced in a herd within a year.

A

Calf Crop

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6
Q

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.

A

Autosomes

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7
Q

crossbred between American bison and domestic cattle.

A

Cattalo (Catalo)

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8
Q

exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

A

Crossing Over

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9
Q

interaction of two or more pairs of genes that are not alleles to produce a phenotype that they don’t produce when they occur separately.

A

Epistasis

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10
Q

an estimate of the proportion of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is due to heredity.

A

Heritability Estimate

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11
Q

chromosomes of a plant or animals that at metaphase stage of cell division.

A

Karyotype

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12
Q

region of chromosomes or pairs of homologous chromosomes where a particular gene is located.

A

Locus

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13
Q

a series of more than two alleles which occupy the same location in a homologous chromosomes.

A

Multiple Alleles

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14
Q

The production of progeny that are superior to the parents which produce them.

A

Nicking

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15
Q

a chemical compound composed of a nitrogen base, a sugar and phosphate molecule.

A

Nucleotide

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16
Q

females that never give birth to a young.

A

Nulliparous

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17
Q

mating of an individual to another within the same breed which is not closely related to it.

A

Outcross

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18
Q

interaction of the members of a pair of genes to produce a phenotype more superior in heterozygote that either homozygote.

A

Overdominance

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19
Q

production of a particular phenotype by environment that is also produced by heredity.

A

Phenocopy

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20
Q

a situation where one gene affects two or more traits.

A

Pleitrophy

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21
Q

a trait determined by many pairs of genes.

A

Polygenic Inheritance

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22
Q

cryptorchid

A

Rigling

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23
Q

coming together of paired chromosomes during first meiotic division.

A

Synapsis

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24
Q

a test to determine if the individual is s carrier or recessive gene.

A

Test Cross

25
Q

amount of variation within a population.

A

Variance

26
Q

the cell material which acts as the means for transporting genes during cell division.

A

Chromosomes

27
Q

The units or factors of heredity that are responsible for the expression of any characteristic.

A

Genes

28
Q

The science or study of heredity and variation.

A

Genetics

29
Q

The differences in genetic makeup that exist among animals.

A

Genetic Variation

30
Q

Practice of mating animals more closely related than the average of the population. Examples: full brother to sister, sire to daughter, or son to dam.

A

Inbreeding

31
Q

A gene which causes the death of the animal, usually before or at birth. Most gene pairs causing inherited lethals must be in the homozygous (pure) recessive condition to be fatal.

A

Lethal Gene

32
Q

A mild form of inbreeding. Usually practiced to maintain as high a relationship as possible to some outstanding ancestor.

A

Linebreeding

33
Q

Length of useful life.

A

Longevity

34
Q

The ability of a gene or group of genes to cause their characteristic to develop under the conditions of a particular environment.

A

Penetrance

35
Q

The degree to which character is maintained during longevity.

A

Persistency

36
Q

Estimate of genetic superiority (or inferiority) that an animal will transmit to an offspring.

A

Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTA)

37
Q

The evaluation of an animal based upon the performance or appearance of its offspring.

A

Progeny Test

38
Q

different versions of the same gene

A

Alleles

39
Q

two alleles that have different effects that are distinguishable in a heterozygous individual (e.g. AB blood groups)

A

Codominant Alleles

40
Q

crossing two different breeds.

A

Crossbreeding

41
Q

one that determines the phenotype even when there is only one copy (i.e. in a heterozygous individual).

A

Dominant Allele

42
Q

changes in allele frequencies over time due to chance (as opposed to selection or mutation).

A

Drift

43
Q

used to describe the situation where one gene’s expression prevents the expression of another.

A

Epistasis

44
Q

loss of all alleles of a gene.

A

Fixation

45
Q

loss of alleles due to genetic drift.

A

Gene Dropping

46
Q

when population numbers are temporarily reduced to a level insufficient to maintain the diversity in the population.

A

Genetic Bottleneck

47
Q

usually expressed in terms of percentage of genes that are polymorphic and/or are heterozygous.

A

Genetic Diversity

48
Q

the total genetic makeup of an organism.

A

Genome

49
Q

carrying two different alleles of a gene.

A

Heterozygous

50
Q

a situation where the heterozygous genotype for a particular gene shows the highest relative fitness.

A

Heterozygous Advantage

51
Q

when the heterozygous genotype lacks sufficient gene product to have the normal phenotype.

A

Heterozygous Inssuficiency

52
Q

a situation where crossing two inbred lines yields progeny that are more healthy/vigorous than their parents.

A

Heterosis

53
Q

a measure of how frequently two genes found on the same chromosome remain together during gamete (egg or sperm) formation.

A

Linkage

54
Q

the fraction of all the alleles of a gene in a population that are of one type

A

Allele Frequency

55
Q

mating two individuals of the same breed that are sufficiently unrelated.

A

Outcrossing

56
Q

the reciprocal exchange of portions of two homologous chromosomes during gamete formation.

A

Recombination

57
Q

(found at the same locus in homologous chromosomes that may produce different phenotype)

A

Alleles

58
Q

(Approximately equivalent to partial dominance.)

A

Heterozygous Insufficiency

59
Q

More commonly used in plant breeding

A

Heterosis

Genetics (8 decks)

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