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1Principles of Anesthesia > Breathing Systems Pt. 1 (Exam II) > Flashcards

Breathing Systems Pt. 1 (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

What are two flow types that can influence resistance?

A

Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow

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2
Q

What is the formula for flow, regarding pressures and resistance?

A
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3
Q

How is laminar flow described? Where is flow fastest?

A

Smooth and orderly
-Particles move parallel to tube walls

Flow is fastest in the center where less friction

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4
Q

How is turbulent flow described?

A

Flow lines not parallel
Flow rate is same across diameter of tube

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5
Q

What are “eddies” in terms of flow?

A

composed of particles moving across or opposite the general flow direction

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6
Q

What is the difference between generalized and localized turbulent flow?

A

Generalized: flow of gas exceeds critical flow rate

Localized: flow of gas below critical flow rate but encounters constrictions, curves, or valves

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7
Q

How can gas-conducting pathways minimize resistance?

A
  • minimal length
  • maximal internal diameter
  • without sharp curves or sudden change in diameter
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8
Q

Why is resistance an issue in ventilatory systems?

A

imposes strain where patient must do part or all of the work

Parallels changes in work of breathing

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9
Q

What might cause more resistance than breathing systems?

A

ETT

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10
Q

What is the ratio for compliance? What does compliance measure?

A

[∆V/∆P]
Change in volume / change in pressure

Measures distensibility (mL/cmH₂O) and helps determine tidal volume

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11
Q

What is rebreathing? How does it pertain to CO₂?

A

Inhalation of previously inspired gases

CO₂ may or may not have been removed

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12
Q

What is rebreathing influenced by?

A
  • fresh gas flow
  • dead space
  • breathing system design
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13
Q

If volume of FGF per minute is equal to or greater than pt minute volume (⩒) then…

A

If volume of FGF per minute is equal to or greater than pt minute volume (⩒) then NO REBREATHING occurs

as long as exhaled gas is vented

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14
Q

If volume of FGF per minute is less than pt minute volume (⩒) then…

A

If volume of FGF per minute is less than pt minute volume (⩒) then REBREATHING occurs

some exhaled gas is rebreathed to make up required volume

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15
Q

What is normal minute volume (⩒)?

A

4-6 L/min

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16
Q

What are the most distensible components of a breathing system? (2)

A

Breathing tubes
Reservoir bags

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17
Q

What is apparatus deadspace?

A

volume in breathing system of gases that are rebreathed without change in composition.
-Distal to the Y-piece (proximal to patient)

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18
Q

How is apparatus deadspace decreased?

A

by having inspiratory and expiratory limb separation as close to patient as possible

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19
Q

What is physiologic deadspace? What are these components?

A

anatomical and alveolar deadspace combined

Anatomical deadspace: conducting airways, add water vapor

Alveolar deadspace: alveoli ventilated but not perfused

20
Q

How does rebreathing affect humidification?

A

reduces heat and moisture loss from the patient (can be a good thing)

21
Q

How does rebreathing affect gas tensions?

A
  • Reduces inspired oxygen tension
  • Can alter inspired anesthetic gas tensions
  • Can increase inspired CO2
22
Q

Label the following

A
23
Q

What provide for an effective breathing circuit? (6)

A
  • low gas flow resistance
  • minimal rebreathing
  • removal of CO₂
  • rapid change in gas delivered
  • warmed humidification
  • safe disposal of waste gas
24
Q

What is poiseuilles law used to determine?

A

Determines the laminar flow rate

25
Q

Label the following

A
26
Q

This type of circuit is characterized by no reservoir bag and no rebreathing.

A

Open Circuit

27
Q

This type of circuit is defined by a reservoir bag and complete rebreathing. This circuit is also dependent on ______.

A

Closed Circuit

This circuit is also dependent on FGF.

28
Q

This type of circuit is characterized by a reservoir bag with no rebreathing.

A

Semi-open Circuit

29
Q

This type of circuit is characterized by a reservoir bag and partial rebreathing.

A

Semi-closed Circuit

30
Q

Where is a mask supposed to fit on a patient’s face?

A

Inbetween the interpupillary line and the groove between the mental process and alveolar ridge.

31
Q

What size is the connection that fits the mask to the Y-piece of the machine.

A

22mm female connector.

32
Q

What are the general benefits of connectors/adapters on the airway portion of the anesthesia machine?

A
  • extends distance between patient and breathing system
  • change angle of connection
  • allow flexibility
33
Q

What are the general disadvantages of connectors/adapters on the airway portion of the anesthesia machine?

A
  • increased resistance
  • increased dead space
  • additional points of failure/disconnection
34
Q

Does adding longer tubing increase dead space?

A

no it does not, 2 tubes may be connected

35
Q

What type of flow is typically present in corrugated breathing tubing?

A

Turbulent due to corrugation (ridges or grooves)

36
Q

What adds dead space?

A
  • From Y-piece to patient due to unidirectional gas flow

bidirectional?

37
Q

At what pressure should a circuit pressure check be done?

A

30 cmH₂O

38
Q

How long is breathing tubing?
How much internal volume does it typically have?

A
  • 1 meter long
  • Internal Volume: 400-500 mL/m of length
39
Q

What characteristics are necessary for unidirectional valves?

A
  • Must open widely w/ little pressure
  • Must close rapidly w/ no backflow
  • Metal disc w/ low resistance & high competence.
40
Q

What can occur with a malfunctioned unidirectional valve?

A

apparatus deadspace

41
Q

What anesthesia breathing system component directs respiratory gas flow in the correct direction?

A

Inspiratory/Expiratory unidirectional valves

42
Q

Which valve opens on inspiration, closes on exhalation, and prevents backflow of exhaled gas?

A

Inspiratory valve

43
Q

What is required for apparatus dead space? Which areas are generally considered apparatus dead space?

A

Bidirectional gas flow

Includes anatomic dead space, ETT, and Y-piece.

44
Q

Which valve opens on exhalation, closes on inspiration & prevents rebreathing?

A

Expiratory valve

45
Q

Unidirectional Valves are located near _____ casing, ______ site, and the ____ valve

A

Unidirectional Valves are located near CO₂ absorber canister casing, fresh gas inflow site, and the pop-off valve

1Principles of Anesthesia (26 decks)

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