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Breathing Systems > Breathing Systems > Flashcards

Breathing Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal values of tidal volume in dogs and cats?

A

M/L Dogs = 10mls/kg

S Dog/Cats = 15ml/kg

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2
Q

What are the normal values of the respiratory rate in dogs and cats?

A 
DOG = 10-30 BPM
CAT = 20-30 BPM
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3
Q

What is the calculation of minute volume?

A

MV = TV x RR

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4
Q

What is Minute Volume?

A

The normal values for both dog/cat.

200ml/kg/min.

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5
Q

What is the calculation for FRESH GAS FLOW?

A

Circuit Factor x MV

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6
Q

What is open breathing system?

A

Lint or gauze placed on the nose of the animal and volatile anaesthetic agent dropped onto the material.
Open systems have no reservoir bag, unidirectional valves or carbon dioxide absorbent.

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7
Q

What is a Semi-open breathing system?

A
  • These systems contain a reservoir bag and APL valve. The do not contain a CO2 absorbent or unidirectional valve.
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8
Q

What is a Closed Breathing System?

A

Contain a reservoir bag, unidirectional valve, CO2 absorbent and APL (Adjustable Pressure Limiting) valve.

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9
Q

What is a Semi-closed breathing system?

A

Same as closed system, except the circuit is used with the valve open or partially open.

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10
Q

When using an ET tube, what to consider?

A
  • ensure tube is clean, patent and that the cuff inflates and stays inflated.
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11
Q

What 3 different ET tubes are available?

A
  • Portex
  • Latex (Magill)
  • Sizes range from
    Cats: 3-5mm
    Dog: 3-18mm
    Horses: 9-36mm
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12
Q

What special requirements to consider with ET tubes?

A

Stylet’s may be required for difficult intubations.

Armoured tubes allow flexion of the neck while maintaining airway.

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13
Q

What is the process when administering an ET tube?

A

Measure - nose to point of shoulder/thoracic inlet.

- Intubate larynx between vocal cords.

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14
Q

What happens when resistance occurs?

A
  • The ability of the patient to be able to breathe through the circuit.
  • Increased resistance can be caused by valves canisters, tube length.
  • Lighter patients are more likely to encounter resistance.
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15
Q

What is Mechanical Dead Space?

A

The part of the circuit that harbours gases that are re-inspired at every breath but do not participate in gas exchange. It is an extension of the patients anatomical dead space.

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16
Q

What is Circuit Drag?

A

This is caused by heavy tubing, valves and canisters. It can lead to disconnection and extubation.

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17
Q

What is Denitrogenation?

A

Patients at the onset of anaesthesia expire high volumes of nitrogen.

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18
Q

How do you prevent nitrogen getting re-breathed?

A

Raised for the first 10-15min of the procedure or: empty the bag every 3 minutes for the first 15mins and then every 30 mins thereafter.

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19
Q

Why use anaesthetic systems?

A
  • Deliver O2 rich carrier gas and anaesthetic vapour to the patient.
  • Carry CO2 ruch gas away from the patient.
  • Deliver potentially harmful waste anaesthetic gas to the scavenging system.
  • Allow performance of IPPV.
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20
Q

What is a re-breathing system?

A

This means the gas can be reused by the patient.

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21
Q

What is a non re-breathing system?

A

the CO2 is flushed out by the continued flow of fresh gas into the circuit.

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22
Q

Name 3 circuits that are non-rebreathing = semi closed systems?

A
  • Ayres T-piece
  • Bain
  • Lack
23
Q

Name 2 re-breathing =closed systems?

A
  • Circle

- Humphrey (ADE)

24
Q

Name 6 adv for non re-breathing systems?

A
  • Low resistance, ideal for small animals and birds.
  • Simple construction.
  • In-expensive
  • Soda lime not required.
  • Changes in the setting are almost immediately.
  • Can use NO2 & CO2.
25
Q

What are 6 Disadv for non re-breathing systems?

A
  • High gas flow rates required.
  • High running costs
  • Expired moisture and heat loss.
  • High volatile agent consumption rate.
  • Different types of circuit have different CF.
  • Increases potential for contamination of the atmosphere.
26
Q

What is an APL valve used for?

A

Adjustable pressure limiting valve - for the circuit to be able to be effective at removing expired gases the valve must remain open throughout the procedure.

27
Q

What is a reservoir bag?

A

Allow for IPPV and assist in the monitoring of resp rate and tidal volume.

28
Q

What is the Ayres T-piece and Jackson Reese modification?

A

Can be made of plastic or rubber. Rubber circuits are more expensive and will be black with a yellow strip. This denotes that it is an anti-static rubber.
Used on animals less than 10kg.
CF = 2.5 - 3 x MV

29
Q

What are the adv of Ayres T-piece?

A
  • Minimal dead space
  • Minimal resistance
  • Ideal for small patients and birds
  • Simple and inexpensive.
  • No valves
  • Suitable for long-term IPPV.
30
Q

What are the disadv for Ayres T-piece?

A
  • Scavenging can be difficult
  • Bag can twist
  • FGF high for larger patients.
  • FGF 2.5-3 X MV
31
Q

What is a Modified Bain?

A

Systems that have an inner tube inside the outer tube. FGF through the inner tube and expired gas flows through the outer tube.
Used on animals 10-25KG
CF = 2.5-3 X MV

32
Q

What is the Adv of Modified Bain?

A
  • Valve is situated close to the gas outlet.
  • Ideal for head and neck surgery i.e. reduced drag and facilitates scavenging.
  • Suitable for long term IPPV.
  • Expired air warm gases in inner tube.
33
Q

What are the DisAdv of Modified Bain?

A
  • Inner tube can become disconnected.
  • High gas flow rates needed in larger patients.
  • too much resistance of all Maplesons systems.
    FGF 2.5-3 x MV
34
Q

Magill has what properties?

A
  • Made from plastic or black rubber.
  • For use on animals 10 - 35 KG.
  • CF = 1 -1.5 x MV
35
Q

What is a Parallel or Coaxial Lack?

A

The parallel lack has two tubes, one for inspired air and one for expired air.
The coaxial lack has an inner tube inside the outer tube.
The outer tube delivers the fresh gas and the inner tube that carries the expired gases.

36
Q

What are the measurements for Parallel or Coaxial Lack?

A
  • For use in animals 10-40KG

- CF = 1 -1.5 x MV (mini lack: 1 X MV)

37
Q

What are the Adv of Parallel or Coaxial Lack?

A
  • Light weight
  • Valve close to gas outlet - increases access, reduces drag.
  • Low resistance
  • Efficiency unaffected by breathing pattern
    FGF = 1 -1.5 x MV
38
Q

What are the DisAdv of Parallel or Coaxial Lack?

A
  • Inner tube in the coaxial can become dislodged.
  • Increased bulk with parallel system
  • Not suitable for long term IPPV
39
Q

What are the Adv of re-breathing or closed circuits?

A
  • Economy of fresh anaesthetic gases.
  • Reduced pollution.
  • Warms and humidifies inspired gas therefore preserves heat and moisture.
  • Economy of inhalational agents.
40
Q

What are the DisAdv of re-breathing or closed circuits?

A
  • Soda lime can irritate airways.
  • Initial purchase price high.
  • Denitrogenation required.
  • Slow changes in concentration of inspired volatile agent in closed and low-flow systems.
  • Do not use Nitrous Oxide unless NIO2 can be monitored.
  • Concentration of volatile agent breathed will not be the same as that delivered by vaporiser.
  • Valves cause increased resistance. Soda lime canister increases resistance and mechanical dead space.
41
Q

What is Soda Lime?

A

These systems require soda lime. This absorbs the carbon dioxide content of the expired gases.

42
Q

What does Soda Lime contain?

A
  • Calcium Hydroxide - 90%
  • Sodium Hydroxide - 5%
  • Silicates - 4%
  • Potassium Hydroxide - 1%
  • pH indicator
43
Q

What is required when changing the Soda Lime?

A

When changing the soda lime always remember to wear gloves, goggles and a face mask. Soda Lime is an irritant alkaline substance. It should be disposed of an clinical waste.

44
Q

For a To and Fro Water’s Canister System

A

For the use in animals over 10kg.

The CF = 0.3 x MV

45
Q

What flow rate is a circle system?

A

These circuits have a higher gas flow rate for the first 10 - 15 mins and then decrease the gas flow.

100ml/kg/min then decrease to 10-30ml/kg/min

For the use in animals over 10kg.

46
Q

Name 4 Adv for Circle System?

A
  • Efficient absorption of CO2 by soda lime.
  • Mechanical dead space remains unchanged with use.
  • Soda lime canister distant to patient - reduces drag and potential of dust inhalational
  • Suitable for IPPV
47
Q

Name 3 DisAdv for Circle System?

A
  • Expensive initial outlay
  • Complex, cumbersome and difficult to sterilize.
  • Unidirectional gas flo dependant on one way valves.
48
Q

What are the Adv of the Humphrey System?

A
  • Economic - as reduced gas flow rates 1/3 of other systems.
  • Reduced volatile agents.
  • One systems for all small animals - under 100kg
  • Good pollution control at the anaesthetic machine.
  • Can use CO2 canister for larger animals
49
Q

What is the flow rate for a semi-closed method for animals under 10kg?

A

Cats = 600ml/min with a 500ml reservoir bag.

Cats over 6kg = 900ml/min

Dogs under 10kg = 1L/min with a 1L reservoir bag.

50
Q

What is the flow rate for closed method for animals over 10kg?

A

Dogs up to 20kg = 1L/min with a 1L bag

Dogs over 20kg = 1L/min with a 2L bag

Remember when using the closed method the gas flow rate will need to be higher for the first 10-15 minutes for denitrogenation.

51
Q

What is the Exhaust Valve?

A
  • The central spindle of the valve (which is orange in colour) has been extended up through the screw cap on the top of the valve.
  • With each breath the spindle moves up and down.
52
Q

What properties does the Soda Lime canister have?

A
  • The canister contains 500 grams of soda lime and will last for 8- 12 hours depending on the fresh gas flow rate used. The soda lime should be replaced as for other circle circuits.
53
Q

How do you choose a system?

A
  • There are various factors to consider when selecting the appropriate circuit to use during the anaesthetic procedure.
  • Consider the weight of the patient. When choosing a system for an obese or thin patient, we should consider the weight as what the patient should weigh.
54
Q

What is the maintenance of anaesthetic system?

A
  • The systems should be maintained throughout their use.
  • After use, they should be taken apart and checked for leaks, they should be washed and cleaned. Some tubing is suitable to be autoclaves.
  • After washing, should be hung up to dry so that no water is left in the tubing that may be inhaled by patient.

Breathing Systems (1 decks)

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