Breathing Control Lecture 14 Flashcards
anatomical location of the controller portion of breathing
medulla and pons
name of neurons responsible for signalling
dorsal respiratory neurons
hyperpnea
accelerated breathing to keep up with increased CO 2 production
tachypnea
breathing at a rate above normal, with total ventilation usually up, but sometimes alveolar ventilation can actually be down due to dead space/tidal volume considerations
dyspnea
feeling of or consciousness of shortness of breath
eupnea
normal breathing
Apnea
no breathing
nerves involved in breathing and their functions (3)
vagus - sensory from peripheral chemoreceptors
and mechanical receptors
glossopharyngeal - sensory for peripheral chemoreceptors
dorsal respiratory group - via phrenic signals diaphragm
ventral respiratory group is responsible for… (neurons)
active expiration
pons groups and their responsibilities
pneumotaxic center - regulates inspiratory volume and rate
apneustic center - prolongs inspiratory effort with an increase in the depth of inspiration; usually inhibited by the pneumotaxic center and the vagus
central chemoreceptors alter the ventral respiratory group when blood CO2 changes the…
pH of the CSF; because H does not cross the BBB but CO2 does; 3/4 of detection
peripheral chemoreceptors are…
1/4 of the detection and in the carotid bodies and can detect hypoxemia
long term adaptation to elevated PaCO2 is achieved via…
kidney retention of bicarb.
threshold for activation of hypoxic ventilatory response
60 mmHg PO2
if you have low pH, high pCO2 and low PO2 then ventilation is…
increased!
symptoms of acute mountain sickness
Acute pulmonary edema possibly due to HPV
Acute cerebral edema due to vasodilation of capillaries in brain
Acute response to rapid elevation gain
hyperventilation that lowers PaCO2
Long term response to elevation gain
kidneys begin to secrete HCO3 and to retain H to compensate for alkalosis
Longer term acclimitization
Capillary profusion (angiogenesis), increased mitochondria, increased hematocrit, increased diffusion capacity
what is the name of the response that prevents over-inflation of the lungs?
Herring-Bruer response mechano-stretch sensors in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles and bronchii when Vt = 1.5 Liters
irritant receptors are located in the…
bronhii and trachea
J receptors
sense fluid buildup in the lungs, cause shallow rapid breathing and dyspnea
chest walls receptors
may also give the sensation of dyspnea
the technical definition for the anaerobic threshold is….
the limit of the body’s ability to compensate for the increased acid production due to lactic acidosis and the switch from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis
