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breathing > breathing chap > Flashcards

breathing chap Flashcards

1
Q

How do lower invertebrates like sponges,
coelenterates, and flatworms exchange O2 with
CO2?

A

By simple diffusion over their entire body surface.

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2
Q

How do earthworms exchange O2 with CO2?

A

They use their moist cuticle

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3
Q

What do insects use to transport atmospheric air
within the body?

A

A network of tubes (tracheal tubes)

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4
Q

What vascularised structures are used by most
aquatic arthropods and molluscs for the exchange
of gases?

A

Gills
BRANCHIAL RESPIRATION

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5
Q

What vascularised bags are used by terrestrial
forms for the exchange of gases?

A

lungs
PULMONARY RESPIRATION

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6
Q

Which vertebrates use gills for respiration?

A

fishes

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7
Q

Which vertebrates respire through lungs?

A

Reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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8
Q

What is the common passage for food and air?

A

The pharynx.

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9
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

It helps in sound production and is called the sound box

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10
Q

What covers the glottis during swallowing to
prevent the entry of food into the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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11
Q

respiratory organ in frogs

A

Skin ( cutaneous )
lungs
moist cuticle
buccal respiration

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12
Q

What is the structure that divides at the level of the
5th thoracic vertebra into right and left primary
bronchi?

A

Trachea

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13
Q

What are the very thin, irregular-walled and
vascularised bag-like structures called?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

What reduces friction on the lung surface?

A

Pleural fluid between the double layered pleura

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15
Q

What is the function of the conducting part of the
respiratory system?

A

Transporting atmospheric air to the alveoli,
clearing it from foreign particles,
humidifying,
bringing the air to body temperature.
nostril till bronchioles

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16
Q

what is the function of exchange part of respiratory system

A

site of actual diffusion of O2 and CO2
between blood and atmospheric air
(from alveoli)

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17
Q

where is lungs located

A

thoracic chamber( air tight chmaber)

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18
Q

What forms the thoracic chamber in which the
lungs are situated?

A

Dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs, and on the
lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm

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19
Q

What is the essential anatomical setup of the lungs
in the thorax for breathing?

A

Any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity

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20
Q

What are the steps involved in respiration?

A

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation,
diffusion of gases, transport of gases by the blood, diffusion
of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues, and utilization of O2 by the cells for catabolic
reactions.

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21
Q

how is movement of air in and out of lungs carried out

A

by creating a pressure gradient between lungs and atmosphere

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22
Q

How is inspiration initiated?

A

due to intra pulmonary preesure being lesser them atmospheric pressure .
By the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the volume of the thoracic chamber in the
antero-posterior axis.

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23
Q

What muscles help in the generation of pressure
gradients for breathing?

A

The diaphragm and a specialized set of muscles - external and internal intercostals between
the ribs.

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24
Q

What causes an increase in the volume of the
thoracic chamber during breathing?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm and inter-costal muscles they even lift up ribs and sternum

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25
Q

How is air forced into the lungs during inspiration?

A

an increase in pulmonary volume ( thoracic vol) decreases intra pulmonary pressure

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26
Q

What causes the expulsion of air from the lungs
during expiration

A

Increase in intra-pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure.

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27
Q

what happens during expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm and intercoastal muscles and sternum return to original position and hence thoracic or pulmonary volume decreases and therefore increase in intra pulmonary pressure

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28
Q

How can the strength of inspiration and expiration
be increased?

A

With the help of additional muscles in the abdomen.

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29
Q

What is the average breathing rate of a healthy
human?

A

12-16 times per minute

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30
Q

how can volume of air involved in breathing be measured

A

SPIROMETER

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31
Q

What is the Tidal Volume (TV) in a healthy man

A

volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration Approximately 500 mL
healthy man - 6000-8000ml of air per minute

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32
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV) in a person?

A

additional volume of air a person can inspires by forcible inspiration
this averages form 2500-3000mL

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33
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV) in a person?

A

additional volume of air a person can expire by a forcible expiration . averages from 1000-1100 mL

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34
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration avg 1100-1200mL

35
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration
includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (TV+IRV )

36
Q

What is Expiratory Capacity (EC)?

A

Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration

37
Q

What does Expiratory Capacity (EC) include?

A

Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (TV+ERV)

38
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration.(ERV+RV)

39
Q

What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
include?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV)

40
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)

A

The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration

41
Q

What does Vital Capacity (VC) include?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).

42
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity?

A

Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.

43
Q

What does Total Lung Capacity include?

A

Residual volume (RV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), tidal volume (TV), and inspiratory
reserve volume (IRV)

44
Q

Where does the primary exchange of gases occur?

A

alveoli

45
Q

What are the primary sites of exchange of gases?

A

Alveoli and between blood and tissues.

46
Q

How are O2 and CO2 exchanged in the sites of gas
exchange?

A

By simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient.

47
Q

What is the pressure contributed by an individual
gas in a mixture of gases called?

A

Partial pressure.

48
Q

What factors can affect the rate of diffusion of
gases?

A

Solubility of the gases and the thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion. and partial pressure of O2 and CO2

49
Q

What is the solubility of CO2 compared to O2?

A

20-25 times higher

50
Q

What are the three major layers of the diffusion
membrane?

A

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of alveolar capillaries, and the basement
substance in between them.

51
Q

What is the total thickness of the diffusion
membrane?

A

Much less than a millimetre.

52
Q

Which direction does CO2 diffuse in the body?

A

From tissues to blood and blood to alveoli.

53
Q

What is the medium of transport for O2 and CO2?

A

Blood.

54
Q

How much percentage of O2 is transported by
RBCs in the blood?

A

About 97%.

55
Q

How is the remaining 3% of O2 carried in the
blood?

A

In a dissolved state through the plasma

56
Q

What is the percentage of CO2 transported by
RBCs

A

Nearly 20-25%

57
Q

How is 70% of CO2 carried in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate.

58
Q

how much percentage of co2 carried in dissolved state through plasma

A

7 percent

59
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin in transporting O2?

A

It can bind with O2 in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin.

60
Q

oxygen dissociation curve- sigmoid curve

A

name of the curve obtained when
percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2 is
plotted against the pO2

61
Q

What factors can interfere with the binding of O2
with haemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of CO2, hydrogen ion concentration, and temperature

62
Q

Where is the binding of O2 with haemoglobin
favorable?

A

alveoli
(here low Pco2,lesser hydrogen ion conc , high Po2, lower temperature )

63
Q

Where does dissociation of oxygen from the
oxyhaemoglobin occur?

A

In the tissues.
( here low po2, high co2, high H conc and higher temp)

64
Q

How much oxygenated blood can deliver around 5ml of O2 to the tissues under normal physiological
conditions?

A

100ml

65
Q

How is CO2 carried by haemoglobin?

A

As carbamino-haemoglobin (about 20-25%).

66
Q

What enzyme is present in RBCs and plasma that
facilitates the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- and
H+?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

67
Q

what happenes when pCO2 is less than PO2 as in alveoli

A

dissociation of CO2 from carbamino-hemoglobin takes place and co2 which is bound to it from tissue is delivered at alveoli

68
Q

Where does the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- and
H+ take place?

A

At the tissue site where partial pressure of CO2 is high.

69
Q

Where does the conversion of HCO3- and H+ to
CO2 and H2O take place?

A

At the alveolar site where pCO2 is low

70
Q

What is the role of the respiratory rhythm centre in
the regulation of breathing? NEURAL SYSTEM

A

Maintaining and moderating the respiratory rhythm to suit the demands of the body tissues

71
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic centre in
the brain?

A

Moderating the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre.

72
Q

What can activate the chemosensitive area
adjacent to the rhythm centre?

A

Increase in CO2 and hydrogen ions.

73
Q

What are the receptors associated with that can
recognize changes in CO2 and H+ concentration?

A

Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery

74
Q

What is asthma characterized by?

A

Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

75
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged, leading to decreased respiratory
surface. caused by cigarette smoking

76
Q

What is the main form of transportation for oxygen
in the body?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin.

77
Q

How is nearly 70% of carbon dioxide transported in
the body?

A

As bicarbonate (HCO3–) with the help of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

78
Q

What can long exposure to dust in certain industries
lead to?

A

Inflammation leading to fibrosis and serious lung damage

79
Q

How much air remains in the lungs after normal
breathing?

A

Approximately 2.5 to 3 liters of air

80
Q

Why does diffusion of gases occur in the alveolar
region only?

A

Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region due to the large surface area and thin walls of
the alveoli, facilitating efficient gas exchange.

81
Q

How do the pO2 and pCO2 in atmospheric air
compare to those in alveolar air?

A

The pO2 is higher and pCO2 is lower in atmospheric air compared to alveolar air

82
Q

What are the major transport mechanisms for
CO2

A

The major transport mechanisms for CO2 are dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions, and
bound to hemoglobin

83
Q

Explain the process of inspiration under normal
conditions.

A

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the ribcage expands, leading to a decrease in
pressure in the lungs and the entry of air

breathing (1 decks)

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