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zoology > breathing and exchange of gases > Flashcards

breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of breathing depends on what among different groups of animals?

A

based on their habitats and their levels of organization

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2
Q

lower invertebrates: sponges colentrates and flatworms mechanism of breathing?

A

simple diffusion over their entire body surface

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3
Q

earthworm mechanism of breathing?

A

moist cuticle

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4
Q

insects mechanism of breathing?

A

tracheal tubes

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5
Q

aquatic arthropods and molluscs mechanism of breathing?

A

gills ( branchial respiration)

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6
Q

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals mechanism of breathing?

A

lungs ( pulmonary respiration)

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7
Q

amphibians like frog mechanism of breathing?

A

cutaneous respiration (moist skin)

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8
Q

portion which is common for both food and air in human respiratory system

A

pharynx

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9
Q

what is sound box

A

larynx which is a cartilaginous box

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10
Q

epiglottis function

A

it prevents the entry of food into the larynx by its thin elastic cartilaginous flap

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11
Q

trachea location

A

it extends up to the mid thoracic cavity and divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra

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12
Q

human respiratory system pathway

A

nostrils - nasal passage - nasal chamber - pharynx - larynx -trachea - left and right primary bronchi - secondary and terminally bronchioles - alveoli

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13
Q

what comprises the lungs

A

the branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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14
Q

lungs are covered by

A

double layered pleura with pleural fluid between them

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15
Q

what is the role of pleural fluid

A

to reduce friction

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16
Q

outer pleural membrane surface is in close contact with

A

thoracic lining

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17
Q

the inner pleural membrane is in close contact with

A

lung surface

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18
Q

what is the conducting part

A

external nostrils to the terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

what is the function of conducting part

A

-it transports atmospheric air in to the alveoli
-clears it from foreign particles
-humidifies and also brings air to body temperature

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20
Q

what is the respiratory part or exchange part

A

alveoli and their ducts

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21
Q

what is the function of exchange part

A

actual site of diffusion of o2 and co2 between blood and air

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22
Q

where are lungs situated

A

in the thoracic chamber which is anatomically tight chamber

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23
Q

where is thoracic chamber formed

A

dorsally by the ventral column
ventrally by the sternum
laterally by the ribs
and on the lower side of the dome shaped diaphragm

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24
Q

what is the anatomical setup in the thoracic cavity

A

any change in the volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in pulmonary cavity . it is essential for breathing as we CANNOT directly alter the pulmonary volume

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25
Q

inspiration can occur if

A

intrapulmonary pressure( lung pressure )is less than atmospheric pressure

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26
Q

expiration can occur if

A

when intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

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27
Q

what helps in the generation of pressure gradient

A

diaphragm and specialized set of muscles -external and internal intercostal between the ribs

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28
Q

inspiration is initiated by

A

contraction of diaphragm which increases volume of thoracic chamber in antero posterior axis
contraction of external inter costal muscles lift up the ribs and sternum and increase the volume in dorso ventral axis

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29
Q

what initiates expiration

A

relaxation of the diaphragm and inter costal muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions. this reduces the thoracic volume so the pulmonary volume. thereby increase in pulmonary pressure.

30
Q

what is the role of additional muscles in the abdomen

A

it has the ability to increase the strength of inspiration and expiration

31
Q

on an average a healthy human breathes

A

12-16 times/minute

32
Q

the volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by

A

spirometer

33
Q

tidal volume TV

A

volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration
approx: 500ml
6000-8000ml of air per minute

34
Q

IRV

A

additional volume of air a person inspires by a forcible inspiration
2500-3000ml

35
Q

ERV

A

additional volume a person expire by forcible expiration
1000-1100ml

36
Q

RV

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after forcible expiration
1100-1200ml

37
Q

IC

A

total volume of air a person can inspire after normal expiration
TV+IRV

38
Q

EC

A

total volume a person can expire after normal inspiration
TV + ERV

39
Q

FRC

A

volume of air that remain in lungs after normal expiration
ERV+RV

40
Q

VC

A

maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration
ERV+TV+IRV

41
Q

TLC

A

total volume of air accommodated in lungs at end of forced inspiration
RV+ERV+TV+IRV or VC+RV

42
Q

what are the volumes which cannot be measured by spirometer

A

FRC, RV AND TLC

43
Q

what are the primary sites of exchange of gases

A

alveoli

44
Q

o2 and co2 diffusion between blood and tissues is mainly based on

A

pressure or concentration gradient

45
Q

what are the important factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

A

solubility of gases
thickness of the membrane

46
Q

oxygen pathway

A

alveoli to blood to tissues

47
Q

co2 pathway

A

tissues to blood to alveoli

48
Q

how much times higher is co2 solubility than that of o2

A

20-25 times higher

49
Q

what are the diffusion membrane layers

A

thin squamous epithelium of alveoli
endothelium of alveolar capillaries
basement substance

50
Q

basement membrane is composed of

A

thin basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium and basement membrane surrounding the single layer of endothelial cells

51
Q

total thickness of membrane

A

less than a millimeter

52
Q

what is the medium of transport for o2 and co2

A

blood

53
Q

transport of o2 by rbcs

A

97%

54
Q

transport of o2 in dissolved state of plasma

A

3%

55
Q

transport of co2 by rbc

A

20-25%

56
Q

transport of co2 by bicarbonate

A

70%

57
Q

transport of co2 by dissolved state through plasma

A

7%

58
Q

o2 bind with haemoglobin to form

A

oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

each haemoglobin can carry a maximum of

A

4 molecules of o2

60
Q

favorable condition for formation of oxyhaemoglobin

A

low po2, high pco2, high H^+ concentration, high temperature

61
Q

every 100ml of oxygenated blood can deliver

A

5ml of o2

62
Q

factors favourable for carbamino haemoglobin

A

high pco2, low po2

63
Q

for dissociation of co2 bound to haemoglobin

A

low pco2, high po2

64
Q

rbcs contain very high concentration of an enzyme called

A

carbonic anhydrase

65
Q

every 100ml of deoxygenated blood delivers

A

4ml of co2 to alveoli

66
Q

asthma

A

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
difficulty in breathing due to wheezing

67
Q

emphysema

A

chronic disorder
alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased
cause: cigarette smoking

68
Q

occupational respiratory disorder

A

proliferation of fibrous tissues : fibrosis

69
Q

center present in medulla region responsible to maintain and moderate respiratory rhythm

A

respiratory rhythm center

70
Q

what moderates the functions of RRC

A

center present in pons region of brain called pneumotaxic centre
it can reduce duration if inspiration and thereby alter respiratory rate

71
Q

what is adjacent to rhythm centre

A

a chemosensitive area is situated which is highly sensitive to co2 and hydrogen ions
increase in these substances activate RRC

72
Q

which receptors can also recognize changes in co2 and H+ concentration

A

aortic arch and carotid arch

zoology (2 decks)

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