Breathing And Exchange Of Gases Flashcards
Trachea divides at the mid thoracic cavity at the level of ?
5th thoracic vertebra
The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the?
→ Thoracic cavity
sponges and Chidarians respire by
→ simple diffusion
Annelids (Earthworms) respire by
→ moist cuticle
Bronchial Respiration means=
→ by gills
cutaneous respiration means =
→ By skin
pulmonary respiration means
→ By lungs
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals respire by ?
Pulmonary respiration
Respiratory Passage track
→ Nostrils → Nasal passage → Nasal chamber → Internal Nostrils → pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
Nasal chamber has which type of tissue
→ PSCCGE ( Pseudostratified ciliated columnar glandular epithelium
filtration of duct, no midifaction the dry air , warming cold air is the function of ?
→ Nasal chamber
what guards the Internal nostrile
→ Uvula
common path for both food and air.
→ pharynx
which is the sound box
→ Larynx
shorter thinner and high pitched vocal cords all present
in
→ female and children
Alveoli is made up of which kind of tissue
→ simple squaremous epithelium so the diffusion of air can happen easily.
About how many alveoli are present in both lungs
→ about 300 million
which hormone does Alveoli secret and why
→ secretes - “ Lecithin”
which lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid so that alveoli doesn’t collapse
conducting Part location and 4 Functions
→ Nostails up to terminal bronchioles
→ conduct air to Alveoli
→ sterilization i filtelation of dust
→ warming to body temp
→ Humidification of air
Thoracic cavity positions Dorsal, ventral, lateral, Lower side
→ Dorsal- vertebral column
→ ventral - sternum
→ lateral- Ribs
→ lower side-Diaphram
change in thoracic volume will
thchange in thoracic volume will
→ any change in thoracic valveme will reflect in lungs.
there is no other way to alle the pulmonary volume
Breathing is also called
→ pulmonary ventilation
change in pressure gradient is due to?
→ change in thoracic volume which changes due to muscle movement.
When atmospheric air moves to alveoli
→ Inspiration
when air moves out of the lungs
→ Expiration
Breathing movements is due to the ?
→ muscle movement
the thomacic volume and Intrapulmonary volume increase in atmospheric pressure during
→ Inspiration
the thomacic volume and Intrapulmonary volume decrease in atmospheric pressure during
→ Expiration
What are the two Inspiratory muscles
→ External intercostal muscle, Diaphragm Muscle
What are the two Expiratory muscles
→ Internal intercostal muscle
Intercostal muscles are present between
→ successive Ribs
Inspiration is an active or passive process
→ Active process ( when muscle contracts,ATP energy required)
Expiration is an active or passive process
→ Passive process
What is the role of diaphragm during Breathing
→ By contraction the diaphragm becomes flat so ANTERIO POSTERIOR increase in the thoracic volume.
What happens when the external intercostal muscle contract
⇒ They contract doing Inspiration, sternum and Ribs lift up so the Dorso- Ventral increases in the thoracic volume
What happens when the Intra pulmonary volume increases.
⇒Intra pulmonary volume increases during Inspiration. Intra pulmonary pressure decreases so the atmospheric air comes to alveoli
Elastic recoiling of lungs happen during
⇒ Expiration
What happens when the Intra pulmonary volume decreases
⇒ The Intra pulmonary pressure increases so the air in the lungs is expired out.
what is abdominal breathing
⇒ Normal / quite Breathing
which muscle plays 75%role during Normal / quite Breathing
⇒ Diaphragm
During forced Breathing Inspiration and expiration.
Are active or passive process
⇒ Inspiration is always active While forced expirition is also an active process
Contraction of Expiratory muscles is in
⇒ forced Expiration
Pulmonary volume and capacities are measured using?
Spirometer
which volume in the lungs can’t be measured
Residual volume
Air inspired and expired in normal Breathing
Tidal volume
Tidal volume capacity in ( mL)
500 mL
Normal Breathing Rate
12-16 time/ min
so 6000-8000 ml air/min
how much aim is inhaled by forced inspiration
2500 -3000ml
The amount of extra air expired by forced expiration
1000 ml
The air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration
Residual volume
Residual volume in ml
1100-1200 mL
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is?
TV+ IRV (so about 3500 mI)
Expiratory Capacity ?
TV + ERV
more in athletes
( 1000 ml )
vital Capacity (VC)
IRV+TV+ ERV
so, IC+ ERV
Total lungs capacity ( TLC)
TV+ IR+ ERV + RV
(6000ml) approx
functional Residual capacity ( FRC)
ERV + RV
where does exchange of gases occur
at Alveoli and tissue level by diffusion
______________ gas is about 20-25 more soluble and diffusive than oxygen
CO2
how much oxygen is carried in dissolved form
only 3% oxygen transported
how much oxygen is carried by Hb
97% oxygen transported
how much oxygen does 100 ml blood carry
about 20mL/100mlof Blood
how much oxygen does the blood transport doring ‘Rest’ and ‘Exexcise’
Rest- 5mI O2 transported
Exercise - 15 ml O2 transported
100 ml blood carries approx 20ml O2 and deliveres only ________amount to tissues
5ml
partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in Alveoli
PO2 - 104 mm of Hg
PCO2 - 4O mm of Hg
partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in pulmonary artery and systemic aorta
PO2 - 95 to 104 mm of Hg
PCO2- 40 mm of Hg
partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in Tissue fluid
PO2 - 40 mm of Hg
PCO2 - 45 mm of Hg
1 mol. of Hb carries how many mols of oxygen
4 mOl of O2
Hb has 4 Fe (iron) so one O2 molecule combines with 1 fe molecule each
How much CO2 is transported in plasma dissolved form
⇒ about 7%
⇒ CO2 is more soluble than 02 so only 3% 02 is transported in dissolved state.
How much CO2 is transported in the form of Bicarbonate
about 70%
which enzyme is involved in the transport of CO2 in Bicarbonate form
carbonic Anhydrase enzyme
about 20-25% Of CO2 is transported in the form of ?
carbamino Haemoglobin
how much CO2 is transported by 100ml deoxygenated blood
4 ml / 100 ml blood
Oxy Hb dissociation curve is a curve
sigmoid curve
formation of OxyHb
at alveolar capillary
Dissociation of oxy Hb
At tissue capillary
Rightward shift of sigmoid curve is due to
PO2 ⬇️
PCO2.⬆️
H+⬆️
Acidity⬆️
PH⬇️
temp⬆️
BPG/ DPG⬆️
Arrange the Oxg Hb dissociation curve from ascending order
foetus Hb, Adult Hb,Myoglobin
Adult Hb
foetus Hb
Myoglobin
in adult the least and in myoglobin the most
Medulla of Brain
Respiratory rhythm Centre
regulates inspiration and Expiration
Pons of Brain
preumotaxic centre
Moderates the activity of respiratory rhythm Centre
Pons of Brain
preumotaxic centre
switch off point for inspiration or limit the inspiration is done by
pneumataxic Centre
Pons of Brain
Chemosensitive area are sensitive to
CO2 and H+
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
Asthma
Inflammation of Bronchi due to Bacteria or viral infection
Bronchitis
Damage of Alveolar wall, Bronchioles due to smoking
Emphysema
Inflammation of Nasal tract mucosa
Rhinitis ( Normal cold )
