breasts

Question 1

colostrum

Answer 1

creamy white yellowish pre-milk may secreter from from nipple during last trimesters of pregnancy and during initial episodes or nursing. mammary glands do no produce milk until shortly after the baby is born. colostrum rich in protein, immune agents, and a growth factor affecting the infant’s intestine.

Question 2

quadrants of breast

Answer 2

superolateral (60%), superomedial (15%), inferomedial (5%), inferolateral (10%), axillary process

Question 3

adenocarcinoma

Answer 3

glandular cancer that is common in the breasts arising from epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland lobules.

Question 4

lymphedema

Answer 4

interference of lymphatic drainage by the cancer which may result in deviation of the nipple and thickened leather-like appearance of the skin.

Question 5

peau d’orange sign

Answer 5

prominent “puffy” skin between dimpled pores that give it an orange peal appearrance

Question 6

retraction of the nipple

Answer 6

may be caused by subareolar breast cancer by similar mech to lymphedema involving lactiferous ducts

Question 7

lymphogenic metastasis

Answer 7

most common site of metastasis of breast cancer because most of the lymphatic nodes drain to the axillary lymph nodes.

Question 8

metastasis to various other parts

Answer 8

may also travel in lymphs to cervial and parasternal nodes.
posterior intercostal veins drain into azygos/hemi-azygos system of veins by which cancer can spread to the vertebrae cranium and brain.
cells may invade retromammary space attached to pectoral facia over the pectoralis major or metastasize the interpectoral nodes (breasts will lift when pect flexes

Question 9

mammography

Answer 9

radiographic examination of the beasts–carcinoma appears large and jagged and skin is thickened over that area

Question 10

surgical incisions of the breasts

Answer 10

typically made in inferior when possible because less vascular and noticeable. Incisions near the areola or on breast are typically directed radially or circumferentially.

Question 11

masectomy

Answer 11

breast excision. in simple, the breast is removed down to retromammary space, in radial mastectomy, the breast, pectorals, fat, fascia, and as many lymph nodes as possible in axilla and pectoral.
now often lumpectomy or quadrantectomy is more common followed by radiation therapy

Question 12

polymastia and polythelia

Answer 12

supernumerary breasts and nipples respectively. along mammary crest from axilla to groin.

Question 13

amastia

Answer 13

may be no breast development but there may be a nipple and/or aorta but no glandular tissue

Question 14

breast cancer in men

Answer 14

metastasizes in axillary lymph nodes as in women, but also in bone, pleura, lung, liver, and skin. subareolar mass or secretion from a nipple may be a sign of malignant tumor.

Question 15

gynecomastia

Answer 15

breast hypertrophy in males after puberty. may be drug related or from imbalance in estrogen and androgenic hormones from change in metabolisms of sex hormones by liver.
40% of postpubertal males with klinefelter syndrome (XXY) have gynemastia