Breastfeeding + baby health and nutrition Flashcards
Name the type of milk at different stages and describe their appearance and content (3)
Colostrum (second tri to 2 days old):
- Thin, watery, yellow fluid
-Protein, sugar, fat, water, minerals, vitamins, maternal antibodies
Fore/ Transitional milk (day 2 to 14)
- White, thinner in consistency
-Protein, sugar, fat, water, minerals, vitamins
Hind/Mature milk (after day 14):
- Creamy
- Higher in fat than fore milk
What does LATCH stand for?
L: latch
A: audible swallowing
T: type of nipple
C: comfort of breast
H: hold (positioning) to feed baby by mom
Score each 0 to 2, total 10 marks
Physiology of breast milk production:
- ___ and ____ hormones stimulate secretion of colostrum
- post delivery: When ___ levels fall, ___ rise, leading to milk production
- Milk forms in ___ cells of mammary glands
- ____ acts on the acinar cells to
stimulate production of milk.
- Continued production of ____ is caused by the baby feeding at the breast.
- The ____ part of the pituitary gland releases the hormone prolactin.
- Prolactin suppresses ___ and has an effect on some women to remain anovulatory until lactation ceases.
- Milk release is under ____ control.
- estrogen and progesterone hormones stimulate secretion of colostrum
- post delivery: When estrogen levels fall, prolactin rise, leading to milk production
- Milk forms in acinar/alveolar cells of mammary glands
- Prolactin acts on the acinar cells to
stimulate production of milk. - Continued production of prolactin is caused by the baby feeding at the breast.
- The anterior part of the pituitary gland releases the hormone prolactin. (posterior for oxytocin)
- Prolactin suppresses ovulation and has an effect on some women to remain anovulatory until lactation ceases.
- Milk release is under neuro-endocrine control.
Benefits of breastfeeding for mother
- releases hormones that have been found to ___ and cause her to experience ___ toward her infant.
- Breastfeeding as soon as possible after giving birth increases levels of ___ which encourages the uterus to contract more quickly. This helps to decrease bleeding after the birth.
- Mothers can find breastfeeding helps them ___ as the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used in milk production.
- Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding delays the return of menstruation and fertility known as _______amenhorrhea. This allows for improved iron stores and the possibility of natural child spacing.
- Reduced Risk of ____ Cancer
- Decreased ____ in Diabetic Mothers
- Stabilization of ____
- Reduced Risk of Post-partum Hemorrhage
- Reduced Risk of Osteoporosis
- Beneficial Effects on Insulin Levels of Mothers with ____
Benefits of breastfeeding for mother
- releases hormones that have been found to relax the mother and cause her to experience nurturing feelings toward her infant.
- Breastfeeding as soon as possible after giving birth increases levels of oxytocin which encourages the uterus to contract more quickly. This helps to decrease bleeding after the birth.
- Mothers can find breastfeeding helps them return to their previous weights as the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used in milk production.
- Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding delays the return of menstruation and fertility known as lactational amenorrhoea. This allows for improved iron stores and the possibility of natural child spacing.
- Reduced Risk of Breast and Ovarian and endometrial Cancer
- Decreased Insulin Requirements in Diabetic Mothers
- Stabilization of Maternal Endometriosis
- Reduced Risk of Post-partum Hemorrhage
- Reduced Risk of Osteoporosis
- Beneficial Effects on Insulin Levels of Mothers with PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome)
Benefits for Infant
- Due to the _____ properties of breastmilk, breastfed babies tend to have less incidence of or less pronounced symptoms of ear infections, respiratory illness, allergies, diarrhoea, and vomiting.
- _____ is less common in breastfed babies.
- Breastmilk is constantly changing in its _____ to meet the changing needs of the baby. It has the exact combination of protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and sugars needed for the human infant at various stages of his growth.
- Breastfed children are at less risk for ____ and _____.
- Better overall ____ than formula-fed children.
- IQ levels are an average of____ higher in children who were breastfed.
- Adult daughters who were breastfed are at less risk for ____.
- Adults who were breastfed have a lower risk for _____ and ____(chronic illnesses)
- The bond between mother and child seems to be enhanced with breastfeeding.
Benefits for Infant
- Due to the anti-infective properties of breastmilk, breastfed babies tend to have less incidence of or less pronounced symptoms of ear infections, respiratory illness, allergies, diarrhoea, and vomiting.
- SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is less common in breastfed babies.
- Breastmilk is constantly changing in its composition to meet the changing needs of the baby. It has the exact combination of protein,
fats, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and sugars needed for the human infant at various stages of his growth. - Breastfed children are at less risk for Chrohn’s disease and juvenile diabetes.
- Better overall dental health than formula-fed children.
- IQ levels are an average of 8 points higher in children who were breastfed.
- Adult daughters who were breastfed are at less risk for breast cancer.
- Adults who were breastfed have a lower risk for high cholesterol and asthma.
- The bond between mother and child seems to be enhanced with breastfeeding.
List 3 common breastfeeding issues
- Insufficient milk supply
- Breast engorgement
- Sore nipples
How to manage the 3 problems?
1. Insufficient milk supply
* review _ pattern
* assess the mother’s _
* observe the baby’s _
* educate & support mother
* ensure sufficient rest
- Breast engorgement
* Before feeds: _ compress; express milk
* During feeds: ensure correct _
* After feeds : express milk; _ compress; supportive bra
* Prevention - frequent, unrestricted feeding
- proper attachment - Sore nipples
- _ affected nipple if necessary (express)
- Feed from the __ side first
- Review technique of l__ & __ from nipple
- Emphasize importance of “correct __”
- Massage nipples with __ after feeds & __ them
- Insufficient milk supply
* review feeding pattern
* assess the mother’s breastfeeding techniques
* observe the baby’s feeding behaviour
* educate & support mother
* ensure sufficient rest - Breast engorgement
* Before feeds: hot compress; express milk
* During feeds: ensure correct positioning
* After feeds : express milk; cold compress; supportive bra
* Prevention - frequent, unrestricted feeding
- proper attachment - Sore nipples
- Rest affected nipple if necessary (express)
- Feed from the unaffected side first
- Review technique of latching on & removal from nipple
- Emphasize importance of “correct positioning”
- Massage nipples with breast milk after feeds & expose them
contraindications of breastfeeding?
- HIV positive mother
- is taking certain medications that: suppress the immune system such as corticosteroids OR may be passed onto the child through the milk.
- uses potentially harmful substances such as cocaine, heroin and amphetamines, heavy metals eg mercury.
- Substances such as caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol, while possibly harmful to the nursling if consumed in large quantities, are safe to use in moderation while breastfeeding
List alternate feeding methods (3)
- Cup
- finger
- Syringe
List feeding positions
- cradle
- side lyring
- football
- cross cradle
What are components of APGAR?
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
scored upon 10, each part is rated 0 to 2
What are physiologic changes and associated challenges that occur as the newborn transitions to extrauterine life? (Respi, heart, liver, immunity)
Respiratory: establish breathing by 1st min. use lungs instead of placenta to get oxygen
Heart circulatory: left atrium pressure greater than right
Hepatic portal circulation established during birth.
Thermoregulation: brown fat and flexing
- nutrition- feeding effectively
- excretion
- infection
Think ABC
3 essential elements to infant routine management
- Clear airway (A)
- Ensure heart rate is above 100 beats per min. (C)
- Keep infant warm (C)
Newborn resuscitation equipments? (2)
Temperature comfortable
Resuscitaire, contains:
* oxygen
* suction apparatus
* suction catheters (6,8,10F)
* warmer
* linen (towels), cord clamp
* emergency drugs
* air viva
* intubation equipment
Immediate care of newborn and assessment
-Vitals
-physical assessment (excluding birth injuries in first exam)
- gender
-head to toe
- abnormalities
-cord clamp secured
-hips dislocated?
-spine
-imperforate anus
