Breast Surgery Flashcards
Breast cancer epidemiology?
Affects 1/10 women
20,000 cases/yr in UK
Commonest cause of cancer death in females 15-54.
What is the aetiology/risk factors of breast cancer?
Family Hx Oestrogen Exposure Proliferative breast disease with atypia Previous Ca breast First child >35 yrs Obesity
What in the family history is relevant for Breast Cancer?
10% Ca breast is familial
- One 1st degree relative = 2x risk
Inherited in an AD dominant fashion. One parent hsa a 50% chance of passing it to child.
5% assoc with BRCA 1(17q) –> 80% breast Ca, 40% + ov Ca.
BRCA2 –> 80% breast ca.
What can increase oestrogen exposure and contribute to breast cancer?
Early menarche, late menopause
HRT, OCP
First child >35
Obesity
What is the pathology of Breast Cancer types?
DCIS/LCIS Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Phyllodes Tumour Invasive lobular Medullary Colloid/mucinous Inflammatory Papillary
What is DCIS/LCIS
Ductal or Lobular carcinoma in situ.
- Non-invasive pre-malignant condition
- Microcalcification on mammography
- 10x increased risk of invasive carcinoma.
- Comedo necrosis if a feature of high nuclear grade ductal carcinoma.
What is the most common breast cancer?
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Can also have invasive lobular carcinoma
What is a phyllodes tumour?
Stromal tumour
Large, non-tender mobile lump
Other types of breast tumours?
Invasive lobular
Medullary
Colloid/mucinous - 2/3% of breast cancer. Have a grey, gelatinous surface.
Inflammatory = Progressive, erythema and oedema of the breast in absence signs of infection such as fever, discharge or elevated WCC. Elevated Ca 15-3
Papillary
What is the spread of breast cancer?
Direct extension –> Muscle and/or skin
Lymph –> p’eau d’orange + arm oedema
Blood
- Bones: Bone pain, #, increased Ca
- Lungs: dyspnoea, pleural effusion
- Liver: abdo pain, hepatic impairment
- Brain: headache, seizures
What is the screening for breast cancer?
NHS breast screening programme - expanded to include women aged 47-73.
Offer a mammogram every 3 years.
- Conduct craniocaudal and oblique views
- Decreased breast ca deaths by 25%
- 10% false negative rates.
If a person only has one first degree or second-degree relative with breast cancer they do not need to be referred except if what is present?
Age of diagnosis <40 Bilateral breast cancer Male breast cancer Ovarian cancer Jewish Sarcoma in younger than 45 Glioma or children adrenal cortical carcinomas Paternal history of breast cancer
Presentation of breast cancer?
Lump: commonest presentation of Ca breast
- Usually painless
- 50% in upper outer quadrant
- ± axillary nodes
Skin changes
- Paget: persistent eczema
- Peau d’orange
Nipple
- Discharge
- Inversion
Mets
- Pathological fracture
- SOB
- Abdominal pain
- Seizures
May present through screening
What is the triple assessment?
Any breast lump - Hx and clinical examination - Radiology <35yrs: US >35yrs: US + mammography
Pathology - Solid lump: tru-cut core biopsy - Cystic lump: FNAC (green/18G needle) Offer reassurance if clear fluid Send cytology if bloody fluid
Core biopsy residual mass
Core biopsy if +ve cytology.
NICE referral for breast lump guidelines?
Refer for 2WW for :
- age 30 and over with unexplained breast lump with or without pain or
- age 50 and over with any of the following symptoms in one nipple only: discharge, retraction or other changes of concern
Other investigations for breast cancer?
Bloods: FBC, LFts, ESR, Bone profile.
Imaging: CXR, Liver US, CT scan, Breast MRI, Bone scan and PET-CT.
May need wire-guided excision biopsy
What is the clinical staging of breast cancer?
Stage 1: confined to breast, mobile, no LNs
Stage 2: Stage 1 + nodes in ipsilateral axilla
Stage 3: Stage 2 + fixation to muscle (not chest wall). LNs matted and fixed, large skin involvement.
Stage 4: Complete fixation to chest wall + mets.
What is the TNM staging
Tis = CIS T1 = <2cm no skin fixation T2 = 2-5cm, skin fixation T3 = 5-10cm, ulceration + pectoral fixation T4 = >10cm, chest wall extension, skin involved
T4a = invades chest wall T4b = Invades skin T4c = invades chest wall and skin T4d = inflammatory
N1: mobile nodes
N2: fixed nodes
What are the principles of management of breast cancer?
Manage in MDT with an individual approach.
Oncologist Breast surgeon Breastcare nurse Radiologist Histopathologist
Try to enrol patient in a trial
Factors: age, fitness, wishes, clinical stage
1-2: surgical
3-4: chemo and palliation.
Management of breast cancer? Surgery
Vast majority will have surgery.
Prior to surgery - presence or absence of axillary lymphadenopathy determines management.
No axillary lymphadenopathy = US axillary. If positive then have sentinel node biopsy.
Those with lymphadenopathy - axillary node clearance is indicated. May lead to arm lymphedema + functional arm impairment.
Aim = gain local control
Two options
- WLE + radiotherapy (80% treated like this)
- Mastectomy
Mastectomy is for:
- Typically large tumours >4cm
- Multifocal or central tumours
- Nipple involvement
- DCIS >4cm
- Pt choice
Same survival, WLE has increased recurrence rates.
Reconstruction always an option. Uses latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap and subpectoral implants. Can use a TRAM or DIEP flaps.