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Medical Diseases > Breast Disease > Flashcards

Breast Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Nipple discharge

A
  • usually clear, yellow, and watery
  • Bloody - pathological
    most common aetiology of spontaneous nipple discharge is an intraductal papilloma or papillomas.
  • nipple discharge not associated with malignancy unless associated palpable mass
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2
Q

Mastitis signs/symptoms

A

fever, erythema, induration (localised hardening of soft tissue), tenderness, and swelling.

breast abscess presents as a flocculent sometimes-bulging mass

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3
Q

Mastitis Ix

A

USS: pus fluid filled centre

Drainage and culture

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4
Q

Mastitis Mx

A

NICE Management
• Treat empirically with flucloxacillin 500 mg four times a day for 10–14 days.
• If the woman is allergic to penicillin, prescribe either erythromycin 250–500 mg four times a day or clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day for 10–14 days.

Recurrent Mastitis: If an alternative diagnosis is unlikely:
• Send a sample of breast milk for microscopy, culture, and antibiotic sensitivity (if this has not already been done) — see the section on investigations for more information.
• Prescribe a second-line antibiotic, co-amoxiclav 500/125 mg three times a day, for 10–14 days; review this choice when breast milk culture results become available. Seek specialist advice if the woman is allergic to penicillin.
• Patient should be examined every 3 days to be certain the infection is responding to therapy and that there is no evidence of abscess formation.

Keep breastfeeding - monitor every 3 days

Abscess - aspirate

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5
Q

Nonpuerperal mastitis

A

uncommon and even rare in postmenopausal women. S. aureus, Peptostreptococcus magnus, and/or Bacteroides fragilis are the usual bacterial pathogens.

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6
Q

Chronic mastitis

A
  • uncommon and can be associated with a subareolar abscess
  • Peri-areolar fistulae can occur and should be surgically excised when the inflammation is quiescent.
  • if spreads and unresponsive - examine for inflammatory carcinoma
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7
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

Breast development in the male

Ductal growth without lobular development. Lacks terminal ducts that females have

Causes: cannabis, endogenous/exogenous hormones, drugs and liver disease

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8
Q

Cyst

A

Palpable breast cysts commonly occur during the late reproductive years of a woman’s life

A discrete collection of fluid in the breast tissue

Most common between ages 30-60.

Can fluctuate in size over the menstrual cycle

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9
Q

Cyst signs/symptoms

A

cyst is typically palpable, clearly defined, soft, mobile, and smooth. The borders are distinct.

Cysts are often somewhat tender, especially before menstruation.

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10
Q

Cyst Ix

A

FNA - treats as well

only if bloody - cytological evaluation

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11
Q

Fibrocystic Change

A

female: 20-50
very common in menstruating age (related to hormonal changes around menstrual cycle)

benign condition

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12
Q

Fibrocystic Change signs/symptoms

A

Symptoms often occur prior to menstruating (within 10 days) and resolve after wards. Usually resolve post menopause

  • Smooth discrete lumps
  • Sudden pain or cyclical pain
  • Bilateral breast lumpiness
  • Bilateral breast pain / tenderness (mastalgia)
  • Fluctuation of breast size
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13
Q

Fibrocystic Change pathology

A

blue domed and lined by apocrine epithelium (apocrine metaplasia)

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14
Q

Fibrocystic change Mx

A
  • Supportive Clothing
  • NSAIDs
  • Weight Loss
  • Hormonal contraception may make it worse (consider stopping)
  • Exclude malignancy and reassure
  • Excise if necessary
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15
Q

Hamartoma

A

Circumscribed lesion composed of cell types normal to the breast but present in an abnormal proportion or distribution

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16
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

most common benign neoplasm of the breast and usually is diagnosed as a palpable mass (for example, 1–3 cm) in the early reproductive years of a woman’s life (peak incidence 3rd)

Benign tumours of stromal/epithelial breast duct tissue

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17
Q

fibroadenoma signs/symptoms

A

Smooth Painless, firm, discrete, mobile mass

“breast mouse”

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18
Q

fibroadenoma Ix

A

USS (rubbery to firm, mobile, smooth with distinct borders, and is usually nontender Grey-white colour) and Core biopsy

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19
Q

Fibroadenoma Mx

A

dont need to be removed (become nonpalpable after menopause)

some women prefer to have such breast lumps excised
electively in the form of open lumpectomy or percutaneous vacuum-assisted core biopsy

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20
Q

Sclerosing Lesions

A
  • Sclerosing adenosis
  • Radial scar / Complex sclerosing lesion
  • Benign, disorderly proliferation of acini and stroma

can cause mass or calcification

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21
Q

Sclerosing Adenosis

A
  • Age 20-70
  • Benign
  • Negligible risk of subsequent carcinoma
  • Increase in number and disortion but myoepethial is still intact
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22
Q

Sclerosing Adenosis signs/symptoms

A
  • Pain, tenderness or lumpiness/thickening

* Asymptomatic

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23
Q

Radial scar

A
  • Incidental finding
  • Mammographically detected
  • Mimic carcinoma radiologically
  • Probably not premalignant per se
  • Often show epithelial proliferation
  • In situ or invasive carcinoma may occur within these lesions
  • Stellate architecture, central puckering and radiating fibrosis
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24
Q

Radial scar vs CSL Size

A

RS: 1-9mm
CLS: > 10mm

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25
Q

RS and CLS Mx

A

Excise or sample extensively by vacuum biopsy

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26
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Lump formed by local degeneration/scarring of fat tissue

This is an inflammatory reaction resulting in fibrosis and eventually necrosis

caused by local trauma or breast surgery

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27
Q

Fat necrosis pathology

A
  • Damage and disruption of adipocytes
  • Infiltration by acute inflammatory cells
  • “foamy” macrophages
  • Subsequent fibrosis and scarring
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28
Q

Fat necrosis signs/symptoms

A

firm, irregular, fixed lump. May cause skin dimpling or nipple inversion.

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29
Q

Fat necrosis Mx

A
  • May resolve spontaneously
  • Treat conservatively or with surgical excision
  • Confirm diagnosis
  • Exclude malignancy
30
Q

Duct ectasia

A

benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to become blocked and lead to fluid build-up. It’s more common in women who are getting close to menopause

31
Q

Duct ectasia signs/symptoms

A
  • Affects sub-areolar ducts
  • Pain
  • Acute episodic inflammatory changes
  • Bloody and/or purulent D/C
  • Fistulation
  • Nipple retraction and distortion
32
Q

Duct ectasia Mx

A
  • Treat acute infections
  • Exclude malignancy
  • Stop smoking
  • Excise ducts
33
Q

Phyllodes Tumour

A

cells resembles leaves, and the name “phyllodes” comes from the Greek word meaning “leaf-like.” Phyllodes tumors can grow quickly, but they do not always spread beyond the breast.

resemble fibroadenomas in clinical presentation and cytology but are often larger (3–6 cm) and tend to occur in older women (35–45 years old) and tend to increase in size.

34
Q

Phyllodes Tumour behaviour + plus signs/symptoms

A

Benign
borderline
malignant

unilateral breast tissue

35
Q

Phyllodes Tumour Mx

A

should be excised with wide (1-cm), clear, surgical margins and carefully followed up. Metastasis is rare

36
Q

Intraduct Papilloma

A
  • Sub-areolar ducts
  • Papillary fronds containing a fibrovascular core
  • Covered by myoepithelium and epithelium
  • Epithelium may show proliferative activity

ages: 35-60

37
Q

Intraduct Papilloma signs/symptoms

A

• Nipple discharge +/- blood
• Asymptomatic at screening
o Nodules
o Calcification

38
Q

Breast carcinoma

A

malignant tumour of breast epithelial cells

Arises in the glandular epithelium of the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

It is an adenocarcinoma

In situ or invasive (direct infiltration of pre-existing tissues)

39
Q

Precursor lesions - breast carcinoma

A

Ductal

  • Epithelial hyperplasia of usual type
  • Columnar cell change (+/- atypia)
  • Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH)
  • Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Lobular (Lobular in situ neoplasia)

  • Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ALH) < 50% of lobule
  • Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS) >50%
40
Q

In situ carcinoma

A

Confined within basement membrane of acini and ducts

Cytologically malignant but non - invasive

41
Q

Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

A

Asymptomatic and undetectable on mammogram

Usually diagnosed incidentally on breast biopsy

42
Q

Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS) Mx

A

L(is)N discovered on core biopsy
- Proceed to excision or vacuum biopsy to exclude higher grade lesion

L(is)N discovered on vacuum or excision biopsy
o Follow up
o Clinical trials: endocrine therapy

43
Q

Ductal Carcinoma in situ Mx

A

Surgery: (Trials of mammographic follow-up in low risk DCIS)

Adjuvant radiotherapy: after surgery

Chemoprevention: Endocrine therapy

44
Q

Microinvasive Carcinoma

A

Rare

DCIS (high grade) with invasion of <1mm

Treat as high-grade DCIS

45
Q

Invasive Breast Carcinoma

A

Ductal carcinoma is the most common histologic type of breast cancer, accounting for as many as 80% of breast malignancies

Invasive lobular carcinoma spreads diffusely with a typical histologic Indian file pattern. Thus, invasive lobular carcinoma is often not apparent, either by palpation or by imaging, until the cancer is at an advanced stage

46
Q

Risk factors for breast carcinoma

A
  • Female
  • Age: older
  • Post menopause obesity
  • Reproductive history
    Early menarche
    o Age at first birth: > 30
    o Nulliparity
    o Breastfeeding: lower
    o Age at menopause

Hormones: oestrogen exposure

  • Endogenous
  • Exogenous: OCP & HRT

Previous breast disease
o atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia
o lobular carcinoma in situ
o atypical epithelial hyperplasia

Geography
o Highest rates in Australia and new Zealand. UK is number 5

Life-style
o	Bodyweight
o	Physical activity (protective)
o	Alcohol consumption
o	Diet
o	NSAID (lower risk)
o	Smoking

Genetics
o Affected first degree relative doubles risk

Cancer syndromes: BRAC1, BRAC2

47
Q

Breast cancer screening

A

Offered to women aged 50 to 70 (extended in some areas)

Individual offered screening every 3 years

Involves a simple mammogram

48
Q

Breast cancer signs/symptoms

A
  • dimpled or depressed skin
  • visible lump
  • nipple change ex inversion
    bloody discharge
  • texture change
  • colour change
49
Q

Breast cancer assessment (triple assessment)

A

Clinical Assessment including history & breast examination

Breast imaging (US or mammography)

Biopsy (fine needle aspiration or core biopsy)

50
Q

Mammography vs USS

A

Mammography: More effective in older women and Pick up calcifications missed by ultrasound

USS: helpful in defining malignant solid mass, particularly in a young woman or in any woman with mammographically dense breasts, but ultrasound is not effective in evaluating calcifications that are often not perceived on ultrasound. Useful in distinguishing solid lumps (e.g. fibroadenoma / cancer) from cystic lumps

51
Q

lymph nodes?

A

axillary USS and Ultrasound biopsy of abnormal nodes

Sentinal lymph node biopsy: during surgery where no abnormal lymph nodes identified prior to surgery

52
Q

grading breast cancer?

A

Tubular differentiation (1-3)

Nuclear pleomorphism (1-3)

Mitotic activity (1-3)

53
Q

Intrinsic breast cancer subtypes

A
  • Basal-like: ER-, HER2-, Basal CK+
  • HER2: ER-, HER2+
  • Normal breast-like: ER-, non-epithelial (?real)
  • Luminal A: ER+, low proliferation
  • Luminal B: ER+, high proliferation
  • Luminal C: ER+, high proliferation
54
Q

Anti oestrogen therapy

A

Oophorectomy

Tamoxifen

Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole)

GnRH antagonists - (Goserilin [Zoladex])

55
Q

HER 2

A

Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2

HER 2 overexpression or amplification predict response to Trastuzamab (Herceptin)

56
Q

Triple negative early breast cancer

A

Chemo (neo/adjuvant)

clinical trials

57
Q

Treatment overview of breast cancer

A

Local (Surgery, Radiotherapy)

Systemic (Chemotherapy, Hormonal and Targeted Therapies)

Adjuvant bisphonates

58
Q

Breast cancer surgery

A

remove 2mm margin (clear margin) of normal breast tissue

Breast Conserving Surgery + radiotherapy

  • Lumpectomy
  • Wide Local Excision
  • Quadrantectomy (removal of a quarter of the whole breast)

Mastectomy (removal of the whole breast)

59
Q

Radiotherapy side effects

A

o General fatigue from the radiation
o Local skin and tissue irritation and swelling
o Fibrosis of breast tissue
o Shrinking of breast tissue
o Long term skin colour changes (usually darker)

60
Q

Breast reconstruction types

A

External prosthesis

Implant only (+/- autologous cellular matrix)

Latissimus dorsi (LD) pedicled flap +/- implant

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) free flap

Inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) free flap

Superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) free flap

Transverse upper gracilis (TUG) free flap

Profunda artery perforator (PAP) free flap

61
Q

Latissimus dorsi flap

A

Portion of the latissimus dorsi plus skin and fat tissue

Tunnelled under skin to the breast area

“Pedicled” refers to keeping the original blood supply and moving the tissue under the skin to a new location

“Free flap” refers to cutting the tissue away completely and transplanting it to a new location

62
Q

Transverse rectus abdominis flap (TRAM flap)

A

Portion of rectus abdominis along with blood supply and skin

Either as pedicled flap (tunneled under skin) or free flap (transplanted)

63
Q

Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap (DIEP flap)

A
  • Skin and subcutaneous fat from abdomen (no muscle)
  • Transplanted from abdomen to breast
  • Transplant the Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery with fat and skin
  • Tissue transplanted to reconstruct breast
  • Vessels attached to branches of the internal mammary artery and vein
64
Q

Acute side effects of chemotherapy

A
  • Fatigue (most)
  • Myelosuppression and risk of infection, anaemia, thrombocytopenia (most)
  • N&V (FEC)
  • Alopecia (anthracyclines and taxanes): most devastating side effect
  • Mucositis
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
  • Renal
  • Neurotoxicity
  • Infertility – most drugs temp or permanent – need to discuss if appropriate
65
Q

Late side effects of chemo

A
  • Cardiac – anthracyliunes and anit-HER2 agents
  • Infertility – premature menopause
  • Neuropathy
  • Renal impairment
  • Osteoporosis
  • Carcinogenesis – tiny but real risk is increased
66
Q

Hormonal Therapy: Neoadjuvant

A

Premenopausal women should be offered Tamoxifen 20mg (12 months)

Post-menopausal women should be offered an aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, exemestane or letrozole) 2.5mg (12 months)

67
Q

Trastuzumab (herceptin)

A

Neoadjuvant
o Impacts heart function, therefore initial and close monitoring of heart function essential
o Contraindicated in women with congestive heart failure and certain heart conditions
o Common side effects: Diarrhoea, tumour pain, headaches.

68
Q

Bevacizumab

A

recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor and has been approved as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer (mBC).

69
Q

Inflammatory Breast Cancer signs/symptoms

A
  • Presents similarly to a breast abscess or mastitis
  • Swollen, warm, tender breast with pitting skin (peau d’orange)
  • Does not respond to antibiotics
70
Q

Paget’s Disease of the Nipple

A
  • High grade DCIS extending along ducts to reach the epidermis of the nipple
  • Still in situ carcinoma (i.e. non-invasive)
  • Paget’s disease of the nipple (a variant of ductal carcinoma, intraductal, and/or invasive)
71
Q

Paget’s Disease of the Nipple signs/symptoms

A

Erythematous weeping lesion on the surface of the nipple and the areola, although it usually presents as a dry, scaly, eczematous lesion (rash comes first before itch)

The patient may perceive this as nipple discharge.

72
Q

Paget’s Disease of the Nipple Mx

A

Central excision and radiotherapy with DCIS

Medical Diseases (18 decks)

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