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Anatomy > Breast and Axilla (Unit 2 Week 1) > Flashcards

Breast and Axilla (Unit 2 Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another word for tissue fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What fluid fills the spaces surrounding cells?

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What makes the lymph fluid move through the body?

A

Muscle contractions and pressure changes caused by breathing.

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4
Q

The lining of the lymphatic vessels is composed of which cell type?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Lymph from the right lymphatic duct enters the systemic circulation at what point?

A

The junction of the right subclavian vein and the jugular vein. Right venus angle.

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6
Q

Which lymph nodes are involved in the lymphatic spread of cancer from one breast to the other?

A

Parasternal lymph nodes.

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7
Q

Which muscle forms the medial boundary of the axilla?

A

Serratus anterior.

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8
Q

Which muscles form the anterior (front facing) boundary of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major and minor.

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9
Q

What does mammary mean?

A

Relating to the breasts.

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10
Q

What does axilla mean?

A

Armpit

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11
Q

What does subclavian mean?

A

Below the clavicle

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12
Q

Which group of nodes receives 75% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast tissue?

A

Axillary nodes.

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13
Q

What are the 5 aspects of the axillary nodes?

A

Lateral, central, posterior, anterior and apical.

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14
Q

Where does 25% of the lymph from the breast drain to?

A

25% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast travels medially toward a set of nodes which run alongside the internal thoracic artery and are known as the PARASTERNAL NODES.

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15
Q

What are the four quadrants of the breast?

A
  • Upper outer (superolateral) quadrant
  • Upper inner (superomedial) quadrant
  • Lower outer (inferolateral) quadrant
  • Lower inner (inferomedial) quadrant
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16
Q

Where do majority of cancers develop?

A

Upper outer quadrant. Parasternally.

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17
Q

What is the axillary tail?

A

An axillary tail of breast tissue often extends into axilla.

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18
Q

What are the 3 main groups of vessels that supply arteriole blood to the breast?

A

Medial - come from the internal thoracic artery
Lateral - come from the lateral thoracic artery, branch of the axillary artery
Pectoral - pectoral branches of thoracoacromial artery

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19
Q

Where do the veins largely drain to in the breast?

A

Axillary vein.

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20
Q

Where do the nerves of the breast arise from?

A

Medially and laterally.

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21
Q

What muscle does the breast lie on?

A

Pectroalis major.

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22
Q

What is subcutaneous tissue?

A

Subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer of your skin. It’s made up mostly of fat cells and connective tissue. The majority of your body fat is stored here. The subcutaneous layer acts as a layer of insulation to protect your internal organs and muscles from shock and changes in temperature.

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23
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Key player in immune response by producing white blood cells
  • Returns lymph (formerly intersitial fluid) to the blood
  • Filters blood and lymph
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24
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A

To process lymph.

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25
Q

What fluid is lymph?

A

As blood flows through the artery, due to the high pressure, it forces some of the fluid that is not RBCs to leave the capillary and this fluid is considered ‘lymph’.

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26
Q

All lymph that originates below the diaphragm as well as all lymph from the left half of head and neck, left half of thorax and the left upper extermity will all eventually fall into what duct?

A

Thoracic.

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27
Q

How is the lymph re-introduced into the circulatory system?

A

The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct drain at the point where the internal jugular vein meets the subclavian vein (venus angle). The lymph within the thoracic duct will be re-introduced in the circulatory system at the left venus angle, while lymph within the right lymphatic duct will be re-introduced into the circulatory system at the right venus angle.

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28
Q

What is the name for the point of where the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein meet?

A

Venus angle as they meet at roughly a 90 degree angle. There is a left venus angle (thoracic duct) and a right venus angle (right lymphatic duct).

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29
Q

How many afferent vessels do we have on one lymph node?

A

5

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30
Q

What do the afferent vessels of the lymph node do?

A

They bring lymph fluid into the lymph node where it then enters into the outer part of the lymph node known as the cortex where the fluid slowly drains down towards the centre of the lymph node known as the medulla.

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31
Q

What will happen at the lymph node if there is an antigen that the body deems as harmful?

A

The lymph node will begin to proliferate white blood cells in the central regions of the lymph node.

32
Q

How does the lymph exit the lymph node once it has flowed through the medulla?

A

It exits via one single efferent vessel.

33
Q

Do the lymph nodes have their own arteriole and venous supply?

A

Yes.

34
Q

What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. returns intersitial fluid to the blood
  2. absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from digestive system and transports these to the venous system
  3. defence against invading micro-organisms
35
Q

What are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?

A

The fluid.
Vessels which carry it - lymphatic vessels.
Organs containing lymphoid tissue.

36
Q

What does interruption of flow of lymph due to obstruction/ surgery lead to?

A

Accumulation of tissue fluid so swollen.

37
Q

What is fibroadenoma?

A

They are benign tumours composed of stromal and epithelial elements that are commonly seen in young women. A fibroadenoma might appear on a mammogram as a breast mass with smooth, round edges, distinct from surrounding breast tissue.

38
Q

Where can tumours grow in the breast?

A

Retromammary space.

39
Q

What area of the breast do tumours subsequently invade?

A

Deep fascia and pec major.

40
Q

What do tumours do to copper’s ligaments?

A

Shortens them.

41
Q

What do tumours in the breast lead to in terms of the superficial skin?

A

Irregular dimpling of skin or retraction of nipple.

42
Q

Where do cancer cells tend to spread along?

A

Lymph passages.

43
Q

More than 75% of drainage is via which lymph node?

A

Axillary.

44
Q

Where does the other 25% of drainage from the breast go to?

A

Most remaining drainage is medially to the parasternal node.

45
Q

Glandular lobules in the breast are drained by how many lactiferous ducts?

A

15-20

46
Q

What do lactiferous ducts converge and open onto?

A

Nipple.

47
Q

What surrounds the nipple and conceals the sebaceous glands?

A

Areola.

48
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the superomedial aspect of the breast?

A

Parasternal nodes.

49
Q

Which muscles form the posterior (back facing) boundary of the axilla?

A

latissimus dorsi, teres major and subscapularis.

50
Q

What is peau d’orange?

A

When lymohedema causes the skin to swell and can take on an orange appearance.

51
Q

How do you distinguish which lymph enters the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct?

A

All lymph that originates below the diaphragm as well as all lymph from the left half of the head and neck, left half of thorax and the left upper extermity will all eventually fall into the thoracic duct. The remaining lymph will end up in a smaller channel called the right lymphatic duct.

52
Q

What is between glands and deep fascia?

A

Retromammary space.

53
Q

Breasts are sometimes referred to as modified what?

A

Sweat glands.

54
Q

How do breasts develop during puberty?

A

The glandular tissue of the breast develops and increases and fat deposition increases.

55
Q

Where do the breasts lie?

A

In the superficial fascia anterior to deep fascia of pectoralis major.

56
Q

Cancerous cells from one breast cross over the what to get to the other breast?

A

Sternum.

57
Q

How does innervation of the breast work?

A

Innervation (nerve supply) of the breast is via anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves. The nipple is innervated by the fourth intercostal nerve.

58
Q

Where does lymph travel up towards?

A

Lymph travels through the lymph nodes, travels up the head towards the subclavian lymph trunk.

59
Q

What is the sub-areola plexus?

A

Surrounding the nipple and areola, in a circular arrangement, there is a sub-areola plexus of lymphatic vessels that travels from the breast outwards.

60
Q

What is another word for suspensory ligaments of the breast?

A

Cooper’s ligaments.

61
Q

What is the tail like structure that extends into the axilla of the breast tissue?

A

Axillary tail of the breast.

62
Q

Where does the anterior axillary lymph node lie?

A

Alongside where the pectoralis minor lies.

63
Q

What does the axillary artery arise from?

A

Subclavian artery.

64
Q

What does the axillary artery become?

A

Brachial artery.

65
Q

What artery chiefly supplies the breast?

A

Subclavian artery, of which the internal thoracic artery is a branch and the axillary artery a continuation.

66
Q

What ribs does the breast lie over?

A

2-6

67
Q

What is the breast itself anchored to the skin by?

A

Extensions of fascia.

68
Q

What are the muscle layers surrounded by?

A

A layer of pectoral fascia.

69
Q

What are the 5 groups of axillary nodes (where 75% of lymph drainage of the breast occurs)?

A 
Anterior nodes.
Lateral nodes.
Posterior nodes.
Central nodes. 
Apical nodes.
70
Q

What does 2/3rds of the breast lie over? And the other 1/3rd?

A

2/3rds over pec major.

1/3rd serratus anterior.

71
Q

How do veins drain in the breast?

A

They parallel the arterues and ultimately drain into the axillary, internal thoracic and intercostal veins.

72
Q

What happens when lymph vessels become damaged or blocked?

A

They are unable to drain lymph fluid, and this develops into a condition known as lymphedema.

73
Q

What do axillary nodes drain into?

A

Subclavian trunks.

74
Q

What do parasternal nodes drain into?

A

Bronchomediastinal trunks.

75
Q

What do intercostal nodes drain into?

A

Either the thoracic duct or into the Bronchomediastinal trunks.

Anatomy (1 decks)

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