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HISTO > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

0
Q

2 lines which extends from the axilla to the groins

A

MAMMARY LINES/ MAMMARY RIDGE / MILK LINES

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1
Q

BREAST: Type of gland accdg. to secretion

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands

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2
Q

T or F: Accessory breast tissue may be found anywhere along the milk lines

A

TRUE

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3
Q

T or F: breast of both sexes follow a similar course of development until puberty

A

TRUE

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4
Q

After puberty, female breasts develop under the influence of ________,________, and other hormones

A

PITUITARY, AND OVARIAN HORMONES

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5
Q

T or F: After menopause, breast undergo cyclical changes in activity

A

FALSE, UNTIL MENOPAUSE ONLY

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6
Q

After menopause, breasts undergo progressive ___________ and ____________

A

ATROPHY AND INVOLUTION

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7
Q

Embryological origin of breast

A

ECTODERM

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8
Q

Each breast consists of ___#_____ lobes

A

15-25

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9
Q

Each breast lobe consist of ___________ gland

A

COMPOUND TUBULO-ACINAR GLAND

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10
Q

Dilatation of lactiferous duct immediately before opening onto the surface

A

LACTIFEROUS SINUS

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11
Q

Site where milk is temporarily stored; at the boundary of areola

A

LACTIFEROUS SINUS

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12
Q

Breast lobes are embedded in a mass of _________ subdivided by _________

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE; COLLAGENOUS SEPTA

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13
Q

Breast: structure which contains bands of SMOOTH MUSCLE oriented in parallel to the lactiferous ducts and circularly near to the base

A

NIPPLE

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14
Q

Type of muscle which causes erection of the nipple when contracted

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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15
Q

Within each lobe of the breast, the main duct branches to form _________, each of which leads to a ________ consisting of multiple ________

A

TERMINAL DUCTS
LOBULE
ACINI

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16
Q

Each lactiferous lobe contains _____(#)_____ lactiferous lobules

A

5-10 lobules

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17
Q

Secretory part of breast

A

ACINI

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18
Q

Terminal duct + lobule = ?

A

TERMINAL DUCT-LOBULAR UNIT (TDLU)

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19
Q

Functional unit of the breast

A

TERMINAL DUCT-LOBULAR UNIT (TDLU)

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20
Q

Moderately dense collagenous tissue which separates the lobules

A

INTERLOBULAR TISSUE

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21
Q

Supporting tissue surrounding the ducts within each lobule; less collagenous; more vascular

A

INTRALOBULAR TISSUE

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22
Q

Skin surrounding the lobule

A

AREOLA

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23
Q

T OR F: Areola contains pilosebaceous unit

A

False

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24
Q

Areola is a pigmented part of skin surrounding the nipple and contains _______ glands that are associated with ______.

A

PILOSEBACEOUS GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES

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25
Q

LACTIFEROUS SINUSES are seen coursing through the _______ towards the skin surface

A

DERMIS

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26
Q

Epithelium of lactiferous sinuses is similar to that of the ducts in the rest of the breast until close to the surface where epithelium becomes _____________

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

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27
Q

Carcinoma in situ may spread along the _________ from the underlying breast _____ and even spread into the surface epidermis.. this disease is called _______________.

A

LACTIFEROUS SINUS; BREAST LOBE; PAGET’S DISEASE OF THE BREAST

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28
Q

Connective tissue fiber attached to the nipple when it contracts; when it contracts, produces dimpling of breast

A

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OF COOPER

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29
Q

Breast ducts and acini are lined by 2 layers of cells: luminal layer of __________ and basal layer of flattened _________.

A

EPITHELIAL CELLS; MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

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30
Q

LUMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS LINING EPITHELIUM:
> larger ducts - __________
> smaller ducts and acini - ________

A

TALL COLUMNAR;

CUBOIDAL

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31
Q

Technique to stain the myoepithelial cells for actin

A

IMMUNOPEROXIDASE

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32
Q

Ductal lumina of the breast contains ________ secretion

A

EOSINOPHILIC SECRETION

33
Q

Estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ________ and later by the _______

A

CORPUS LUTEUM; PLACENTA

34
Q

During which stage of breast development does the terminal duct epithelium proliferate to form greatly increased numbers of secretory acini

A

ACTIVE MAMMARY STAGE/ PREGNANCY STAGE

35
Q

Breast development is also dependent on these 4 hormones ( other than estrogen and progesterone) ______________

A

PROLACTIN
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN
THYROID HORMONE
CORTICOSTEROIDS

36
Q

Prolactin-like hormone produced by the placenta

A

HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN

37
Q

Lining epithelium of INACTIVE BREAST

A

LEC: columnar
LAB: cuboidal

38
Q

T OR F:

1) Active breast contain cytoplasmic vacuoles
2) Active breast contains prominent interlobular stroma
3) Active breast contains eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

A

1) T
2) F; Active breast contains prominent INTRALOBULAR stroma
3) T

39
Q

IDENTIFY: Protein-rich fluid; accumulation dilates the acinar and duct lamina

A

COLOSTRUM

40
Q

Colostrum is a form of breast secretion available during the first few days after birth; it contains _______ substance and maternal ________

A

LAXATIVE SUBSTANCE

MATERNAL ANTIBODIES

41
Q

T or F: colostrum contains many lipids

A

FALSE, it contains little lipid

42
Q

Breast secretion is controlled by the hormone: ?

A

PROLACTIN

43
Q

During pregnancy, prolactin secretion progressively ____(increases/decreases)_____, but ____(high/low)_____ levels of estrogens and progesterones suppress its activity

A

Increases; High

44
Q

T OR F: Lactating breast is composed entirely of acini distended with milk

A

TRUE

45
Q

T or F: Acini are filled with basophilic material containing granulated vacuoles caused by lipid droplets dissolved during tissue preparation

A

FALSE: Acini are filled with EOSINOPHILIC material containing CLEAR VACUOLES caused by lipid droplets dissolved during tissue preparation

46
Q

Identify: This hormone causes contraction of myoepithelial cells which embrace the secretory acini and ducts, thus propelling milk into the lactiferous sinuses; “milk let-down”

A

OXYTOCIN

47
Q

CONTENTS OF BREAST MILK:

1) ______ (88%)
2) IONS ( particularly ____, ______, ______, _______, ______)
3) PROTEIN ( mainly ______)
4) CARBOHYDRATE (mainly _____)
5) LIPIDS ( mainly _____)
6) VITAMINS AND ANTIBODIES ( mainly _____ )

A

1) WATER
2) SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE
3) LACTALBUMIN and CASEIN
4) LACTOSE)
5) TRIGLYCERIDES
6) IgA

48
Q

IgA, taken up in the bloodstream, is transported across the cell in small membranous vesicles and released by exocytosis into the milk through the process called ________

A

TRANSCYTOSIS

49
Q

What do you call the stage of the appearance of mammary/breast?

A

THELARCHE

50
Q

Female breasts are fully developed at the age of ____?

A

20 y.o.

51
Q

________ classification is used to measure secondary characteristics mostly of females

A

TANNER’S classification

52
Q

Contraction of ______ cells causes expulsion of milk from the mammary gland

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

53
Q

Simple columnar cell in the resting stage of mammary gland

A

EPITHELIAL ACINAR CELL

54
Q

Stellate-shaped cells between basal lamina and epithelial cells of a resting mammary gland

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

55
Q

Stage of mammary gland where stroma is more fibrous

A

STROMA

56
Q

T or F: The nipple is sensitive to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature

A

TRUE. DUE TO FREE NERVE ENDINGS AND MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES

57
Q

Lining epithelium of nipple

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium

58
Q

Lining epithelium of breast during active/pregnancy stage

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

59
Q

Developmental stage of breast wherein septa is diminished and become vascular; lots of glandular dev’t occur

A

Pregnancy/Active stage

60
Q

Stimulus of breast lactation

A

SUCKLING REFLEX

61
Q

most imprtant component of colostrum which protects the baby for the next 6 months

A

IgA

62
Q

TRANSCYTOSIS (blood-cell-milk) is a combination of _____ and _____

A

EXOCYTOSIS

EMDOCYTOSIS

63
Q

lining epithelium of lactating breast

A

Simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

TERMS:

1) Lack of breast -
2) Multiple breast -
3) Enlarged breast -
4) Small breast -

A

AMASTIA
POLYMASTIA
MACROMASTIA
MICROMASTIA

65
Q

TERM: lack of nipple

A

ATHELIA

66
Q

Presence of additional nipple running along the mammary line

A

POLYTHELIA

67
Q

Presence of additional nipple in males

A

SUPERNUMERARY NIPPLE

68
Q

Term: excessive development of breast in males

A

GYNECOMASTIA - transient>puberty or other abnormalities (hormonal)

69
Q

Functional disorder found in both sexes; affected by PROLACTIN
MiLk secretion out of pregnancy and lactation

A

GALACTORRHEA

70
Q

Functional disorder: physiological or psychological; prolonged breast tenderness

A

MASTODINIA/MASTALGIA

71
Q

Normal regressive changes in breasts of female seniors

A

ATROPHY

72
Q

Abnormal regressive changes of the breast

A

DYSTROPHY

73
Q

Regressive changes of breast due to trauma or vascular destruction or even malignant development

A

FAT NECROSIS

74
Q

Inflammation of the nipple during breast feeding

A

THELITIS

75
Q

Inflammation of areola during breast feeding

A

AREOLITIS

76
Q

Inflammation of the breast; milk is retained in the tissue

A

MASTITIS

77
Q

Fibrocystic disease
Most ordinary and most important
- connective tissue proliferation (fibrosis)
- milk gland cells proliferation (epithelial hyperplasia)
- formation of cysts
- hormonal effects

A

DYSPLASIA

78
Q

ENUMERATE THE EVENTS OF THE DEV’T OF INTRA-DUCTAL CARCINOMA

A

Normal cells –> Ductal hyperplasia –> atypical ductal hyperplasia –> ductal carcinoma in situ –> DCIS with microinvasion –> invasive ductal cancer

79
Q

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

At 20 y.o - ______
At 30 y.o - ______
At 40 y.o - ______

A

SELF BREAST EXAMINATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION (mammography/ultrasound)

HISTO (2 decks)

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