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Question 1

SVA

Answer 1

In most languages a standard sentence has the order
SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT

Question 2

THE IDEA DOMINATED LINGUISTIC (period of time)

Answer 2

SINCE 1960s TILL 2010s

Question 3

STAGES OF ACQUISITION A LANGUAGE (3)

Answer 3

1) COOING- palatal sounds (i,n) FIRST FEW MONTHS
2) BABBLING- ma-ma, da-da 9-10 MONTHS
3) MEANING- expression of emotions WHILE LEARNING TO WALK

Question 4

LEARNING TO MEAN (4stages)

Answer 4

1) One-unit (may be meant as a full sentence) 12-18 MONTHS
2) Two-word 18-20 MONTHS
3) Telegraphic speech (words order becomes established) 2-2,5 YEARS
4) Vocabulary of a few hundred words 3 YEARS

Question 5

DIALECT

Answer 5

pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary that identify where a speaker is from (regionally or socially)

Question 6

ACCENT

Answer 6

aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from (regionally or socially)

Question 7

ALTERNATIVE TERMINOLOGY (2)

Answer 7

1) dialect (regional population)
2) sociolect (social group)
-a variety of a social group or class sharing social characteristics
-genderlects (differences-socially controlled in some speech communities and strictly codified in other)

Question 8

PIDGIN (origin+features)

Answer 8

created spontaneously out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues
FEATURES:
-auxiliary contact language learned as second language
-simple grammar, small vocabularies
-flexible, changing

Question 9

CREOLE

Answer 9

-pidgin that evolved beyond its role as a contact language
-a well-defined and stable language
-the first language for some users

Question 10

DECREOLISATION

Answer 10

-process of the creole being replaced by a language variety closer to that source language that enjoys a higher social standing
-result of growing education in the latter
-it leads to Post-creole continuum

Question 11

POST-CREOLE CONTINUUM (3 definitions)

Answer 11

ACROLECT the variety of a creole closer to the external standard model
BASILECT a variety closer to the original creole
MESOLECTS a range of varieties between two extremes

Question 12

SPEECH COMMUNITY

Answer 12

a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves

Question 13

IDIOLECT

Answer 13

a variety spoken by an individual speaker

Question 14

SOCIETAL BILINGUALISM (CANADA)

Answer 14

coexistence of two languages in one society

Question 15

DIGLOSSIA (+2 types)

Answer 15

coexistence of two distinct varieties used by the same speech community for different purposes
CLASSICAL DIGLOSSIA- two dialects
EXTENDED DIGLOSSIA- two languages

Question 16

OVERT AND COVERT PRESTIGE

Answer 16

OVERT PRESTIGE forms that are more frequent in speech of high status people
COVERT PRESTIGE membership in a low-status group can be valued by its members

Question 17

COUVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE

Answer 17

COUVERGENCE reduction of social distance by similarity
DIVERGENCE emphasizing social distance by difference

Question 18

JARGON

Answer 18

-extensive use of special vocabulary
-official and unofficial vocabulary
-formal and informal contexts

Question 19

SLANG

Answer 19

-highly informal words and expressions
-not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language
-specific to a particular context or group