Brazil Trivia and Fun Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is progressive separatism?

A

Separating students or others by race for allegedly progressive purposes of mitigating harm

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2
Q

Which 3 intellectual influences have most shaped the Identity Synthesis?

A

Postmodernism, Critical Race Theory, post colonialism

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3
Q

What is the Identity Trap?

A

Identity Synthesis draws people in on the premise of addressing inequality, ensnares people based on their good intentions to be complicit in making the world a worse place by forcing them to be understood through their group identities.

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4
Q

How did Michel Foucault feel about grand narratives?

A

After being disillusioned with the hideousness of the USSR in the 1950s, Foucault rejected grand narratives and led the creation of post modernism: the rejection of objective truth, inherent superiority of any values over others, and belief in progress itself.

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5
Q

What did Foucault believe about violence?

A

That society was not truly becoming less violent, but rather more sophisticated in labeling and concealing its violence.

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6
Q

What did Foucault argue about where power lied?

A

He argued that it did not lie in top down institutions, but in the informal “discourses” that determine what and how people think.

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7
Q

What did Edward Said’s Orientalism argue?

A

That the ‘Orient’ was a construct in Western discourse that allowed Europe to exert systematic discipline over the region. In the post-colonial era, it was an answer to help former colonies avoid embracing distrusted Western traditions. He went further than Foucault in arguing that the goal of cultural and discourse analysis should be to help the oppressed

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8
Q

What is ‘strategic essentialism’?

A

Coined by G.C. Spivak, it is an argument that activists should organized around group identities for select political purposes.

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9
Q

What 6 key concepts does Mounk attribute to the Identity Synthesis?

A

rejection of objective truth; discourse analysis for political ends; strategic essentialism; pessimism about overcoming racism; race based public policy; intersectionality

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10
Q

Why is Tumblr relevant?

A

It had 500M blogs at its height and advanced two key ideas: standpoint epistemology and intersectionality.

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11
Q

How did coverage of racism change in 2010s?

A

NYT increased used of word “racism” by 700% between 2011 and 2019; WaPo by 1,000%; tenfold increase in terms “systemic racism”, “structural racism”, “institutional racism” in same period

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12
Q

How does the Great Awokening change the internal dynamics of the democratic party?

A

White liberals moved to the left of the typical Black voter

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13
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

It is the recognition that it is not only individual categories that have relevance, but the overlap between them. This concept was coined by Kimberlee Crenshaw with regards to the experience of black women, who were denied certain benefits that black men were afforded.

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14
Q

How has staffing changed at universities since the 1970s?

A

From 1976 to 2011, students doubled, but the growth in the size of the faculty increasing by just 76 percent. nonteaching staff grew by 139 percent and the number of other professional employees, such as student affairs officers and mental health counselors, grew by a staggering 366 percent.

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15
Q

How do professors break down between conservative and liberal? Administrators?

A

6x more likely to be liberal; 12x more likely to be liberal

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16
Q

How did tech employee activism change over time?

A

“In the first half of 2015, there were six instances of employee activism in tech firms reported in mainstream media. In the first half of 2020, there were 60.”

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17
Q

What is what Cass Sunstein calls ‘the law of group polarization’?

A

When likeminded people discuss politics or morality, they tend to arrive at more radical conclusions than they hold individually.

18
Q

When does pressure to conform to the group tend to increase?

A

The pressure to conform becomes much bigger when a group is in the middle of a conflict that involves high moral stakes, making its members feel that they are under threat.

19
Q

What did Bayard Rustin say about speaking about the black community?

A

he notion of the undifferentiated black community is the intellectual creation of both whites . . . and of certain small groups of blacks who illegitimately claim to speak for the majority.

20
Q

What is the ‘centrão’ and what role did it play in the 1990s and 2000s?

A

It is a non-aligned set of political parties that shifted towards the president in power in what is called fisiologismo, creating a moderating effect on politics.

21
Q

What is Andre Singer’s explanation for the origins of the antidemocratic direction Brazil has taken?

A

He sees the popularity of the working class party and the challenges that the middle class parties have had in gaining power as frustrating them into breaking the rules of politics. The elites and private sector are only supportive of democracy in so far as it preserves their status quo influence.

22
Q

What is the history of modern ‘third way’ efforts?

A

Since the 1990s, candidates have run as an alternative to the PSDB / PT binary. Marina Silva and others tried to run on PSB and PV tickets, unsuccessfully.

23
Q

When and why did affective polarization seem to begin in Brazil according to Felipe Nunes?

A

Beginning in 2018, especially due to social networks

24
Q

What is calcification of polarization and when did it happen according to Felipe Nunes?

A

It’s the hardening of partisan identities into the broader identify of Brazilians, beginning especially after 2018.

25
Q

Why does Marcos Nobre reject the term ‘polarization’ in Brazil?

A

Because the methods pursued by the Bolsonaro camp are anti-democratic in a way that has no parallel on the left among the PT.

26
Q

How does Marcos Nobre define Bolsonarismo?

A

The determination to eliminate the enemy.

27
Q

What did Ortellado, Ribeiro, and Zaine find about along which dimensions are Brazilians polarized?

A

That it was mostly on cultural issues (not about role of state or distribution) and that it is generational, with the least educated being the most polarized. They did not find consolidation.

28
Q

What does Ortellado find regarding the relationship between affective polarization and ideological self orientation among the general population?

A

No relationship

29
Q

What does Ortellado find regarding the relationship between affective polarization and ideological self orientation among the engaged population?

A

Stronger ideological self description correlates with more negative affect towards the outgroups

30
Q

What do Fuks and Marques discover in their study of polarization?

A

That it is more appropriate to talk about the growth and radicalization of the right since 2018 around leaders, than about a symmetrical party polarization.

31
Q

What is Bello’s thesis about Brazilian polarization?

A

That is revolves around the PT: pro and against.

32
Q

Which is Bolsonaro’s political party?

A

PL (Partido Liberal)

33
Q

How many groups did Nunes and Traummann’s study identify and how are they grouped?

A

8 total; 4 among Lula voters; 4 among Bolsonaro voters

34
Q

Is partisan polarization generally accepted, ambiguous, rejected?

A

Rejected

35
Q

Is affective polarization generally accepted, ambiguous, rejected?

A

Accepted

36
Q

Is ideological polarization generally accepted, ambiguous, rejected?

A

Ambiguous

37
Q

What years are characterized by institutional stability and moderation in Brazil?

A

1994 to 2013

38
Q

Which two parties competed in the presidential elections between 1994 and 2013?

A

PT
PSDB

39
Q

What key events took place between 2014 and 2018?

A

Lava Jato
Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
Start of Michel Temer presidency
Murder of Marielle Franco
Suspension of Lula
Election of Bolsonaro

40
Q

Who was Marielle Franco?

A

A black activist from Rio who was killed in 2018

41
Q

What happened in the 2022 presidential elections?

A

Lula beat Bolsonaro by the smallest margin in Brazilian democratic history
Bolsonaro’s supporters stormed the capital on Jan 8

42
Q

What were some of the key issues that were debated during Bolsonaro’s presidency?

A

Gun rights, LGBTQ rights, abortion, climate change and land use, feminism, racial quotas, crime, protection of indigenous groups, drug policy