Brazil Flashcards
powers of brazils political leaders
appoint ministers- the president has the ability to appoint and dismiss ministers of state as he wishes. they can choose who the senior advisors are in the cabinet. the present chooses people who will help cart strategies and policies. in July 2021 Lorenzoni was appointed to tackle the record unemployment the pandemic caused.
veto bills- they can veto bills wholly or partially, he can refuse to pass legislation that the national congress has voted on and return it to them to continue working on it to make it desirable for him. in September 2020 he partially vetoed a bill excusing the churches of owed taxes that would have cost the government $165 million
political institutions
national congress- two houses the chamber of deputies and the senate. is the legislative branch where the laws are made with approval from the president who can veto bills that received an absolute majority. in march 2020 congress overturned a vetoed bill to double social assistance for elderly and disabled people.
executive branch- the president he has many key powers, he controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, appoints the cabinet and with he approval of the state he appoints the judges for the federal court. one power of the president is the ability to declare war.
political participation
pressure groups- desirable because people can influence decisions being made without having to stand for election and get elected. the landless workers movement has 1.5 million members across Brazil.
forming a political party- when none of the existing parties represent the views of a group of citizens. so they create their own in hopes of being elected with a group of like minded individuals. 101 signatures are needed on a petition for a new party to form.
rights in Brazil
voting- voting is compulsory between the ages of 18-70 so election turnouts considerably higher. electronic voting was also introduced making it easier for voters it also increased turnout more. voting is a responsibility fr the Brazilian people so that the government can gain a more proportional view. in 2018 Bolsonaro received 55.3% of votes.
free universal healthcare - health care for all Brazilian citizens is free those who are not citizens have to pay. “SUS” was introduced and anyone legally living in Brazil was allowed free healthcare now including those in debt to social security or not in formal employment. this does not stretch too people traveling on Brazil. it is a responsibility to make sue that they get all available vaccines.
people less likely to participate in politics
women- assumption that some will not be voted for by the population. more likely to be primary care givers so they will be less likely to represent at a national level as it would include long hours and travel.
ethnic minorities- there is a huge lack of role models for these groups. also many ethnic minorities have a poorer education and or live in poverty so are less likely to be voted into power in the white dominated setting. only 1 out of the 81 elected identifies as black.
people more likely to participate
rich- this usually directly correlates with a better education and understanding of politics. with financial backing an deter education they are more likely to attempt to stand for election as it would be less detrimental if they weren’t to be voted in than it would be if a poorer member of society tried an failed. Dilma Rousseff came from and upper-middle class household and became the first female president
birth certificates- more people are likely to participate in politics as they have legal birth certificates. this leads to people voting as they are legal citizens because the were born in Brazil s were already eligible to vote. only around 6% of children in Brazil do not have a bath certificate but they mainly live in rural areas and in the amazon rainforest.
military influence
selling high grade military equipment- they manufacture technical and advanced equipment that many smaller countries are dependant on to protect their borders. Brazil makes around $60 billion per year from their sales
they bring peace about in conflict zones-they go t neighbouring countries and an support the governments in bringing peace. in turn this puts the county in debt to Brazil and makes brazils surrounding countries more stable which benefit Brazil. they sent 730,000 men to East Timor and Haiti to bring peace.
economic influence
trade- Brazil has influence un the uk through trade that has become increasingly important during Brexit. Brazil is one of brains largest trading partners in Latin America that ensures a huge amount of the ups jobs and income. the trade is worth £5.1billion
Mercosur- the South American equivalent of the eu allows the countries to trade without taxes or tariffs which benefits all participating countries. in 2019 mecosur negotiated the biggest trade treaty ever with the EU worth $19 trillion
political influence
members of mercosur- Brazil has the largest amount of members in the organisation so they can guide legislation and policy making due to the fact it has a large majority. so Brazil doesn’t need any other country to agree as long as all brazils member do. Brazil has 72 members of the 186 elected.
relationship with trump- there were many similarities between the two leaders, they took a liking to each other and there right wing politics views went hand in hand. bolsonaro was known as trump of the tropics. this made Brazil very powerful as trump never stopped him from being a dominant figure in South America.
health inequalities
rural areas- less access to health car due to population being more spread out and living in more remote areas. it is hard for supplies to get there. there are alack of trained staff because they have to move away to train and don’t come back and education standards are lower. use of mobile clinics however the are not always there and not helpful in the case of emergencies. child mortality is 3x higher in rural areas than the general population.
those who can afford private healthcare and those who cant- SUS in overstretched and underfunded. people who cannot afford private healthcare experiencing wait times and overcrowded clinics. private healthcare workers are better trained and have better outcomes. 80% of people rely on SUS for their health treatments.
government actions for housing
slums to neighbourhoods- aimed to change favelas and integrate them into the city.improving water supply, drainage systems and waste collection schemes. houses have been given number and street names and some have been rebuilt into permanent structures using bricks. 168 of Rios favelas have been improved so far.
cable cars- the new cable car allowed people from favelas to easily transport into the made city at a very low cost. this allowed residents i favelas to gain a stable to without worrying how they will get into work.
government actions against poverty
brazil without misery- the first aim was to irradiate extreme poverty from brazil by 2014. it expanded on a cash benefit scheme started in 2003 to encourage education and vaccinations. the scheme expanded from 3 children being eligible to 5 (an extra 1.3 million kids) aimed to also improve job creation and vocational training. the Brazilian government invested 8 billion.
minimum wage- the government increased the minimum wage in to over 1000 Brazilian reals for the first time in 2020. this give people more funds to improv their own standards of living through working instead of relying on the government. in 2021 it as raised again to 1100 real.
education inequalities
rural areas receive. much lower standard of education than those in urban areas. some students in rural areas have to be taught virtually as there is a lack of room in classroom and lack of trained staff. in urban areas their are more teachers and more schools. the equipment in schools in the amazon is poor quality and costs more to transport it to the school than buy it in the first place where as urban schools have easy access to new equipment as they are in more populated areas. in rural schools there can be 1 teacher to every 40 pupils.
richer areas compared to poorer areas- favelas school are overcrowded and have a rotation system to maintain a balanced education for students. those attending private schools in rich areas can a have 1 teacher to every 4 pupils. they also receive a wide range of subjects with fully qualified teachers. the drop out rate for schools in favelas is 25% whereas a huge amount of those in private schools are expected and do go onto further education at university.
why do people migrate to brazil
people are immigrating to brazil form Portugal to look for job opportunities in the growing economy. as Portugal economy cripples. brazil is welcoming the extra workforce as they needed them fr the new buildings ahead of the Olympics and world cup.
mercausor- made brazil an attractive destination as countries from within the organisation saw the growth of brazils economy and moved towards it.
illegal immigration- many come to find jobs in construction and to gain more specialised expertise. lula former president granted all illegal immigrants with permanent jobs amnesty. this prospect encouraged more illegal immigrants t cross the border. 40% came from bolivia and colmbia.
government response to health inequalities
bolsa familia and zero hunger- aims to improve healthcare and education by establishing a requirement that the child must attend school and get vaccinated in return for a cash benefit and subsidised meals. aiming to tackle malnutrition and childhood hunger, the subsidised meals can be accessed twice a day and children get free school meals. the meals cost the government less than a dollar a day.
mobile clinics- boat clinics are used in the Amazon allows medical equipment to reach places without proper roads. backpacks are used in favelas full of diagnostic equipment so medics can take equipment into places by foot without relying o proper roads. plans for 100 new boats are being made and staff visit patients once a week in favelas and can detect up to 20 diseases with their back packs.
