Branningan's Building Construction Chp. 2 Flashcards
Combine the function of a beam and a column
Arches
Vertical or horizontal orientation
Attitude
Load that passes through the centroid of a section under construction and is perpendicular to the plane of the section
Axial load
Lightweight stell truss joist
Bar joist
Structural member that transmits forces perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points
Beam
A line of columns in any direction
Bent
Structural system that uses diagonal members to provide bracing against lateral wind and earthquake loads.
Braced Frame
diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever
Bracket
Consists of an exterior wythe of brick directly mortared or parged to an inner wythe of concrete masonry unit (CMU)
Brick and block composite wall
British thermal unit; the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F at the pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 60°F.
BTU
Made of steel plates and angles riveted together, as distinguished from one rolled from one piece of steel.
Built-up girder
Mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it. Necessary when a vault or an arch places a heavy load or thrust on one part of a wall.
Buttress
Measured in Btu; the amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1°F.
Caloric Value
Upward rise
Camber
A beam supported at one end only rigidly held in position at that end.
Cantilever beam
Supported by a cantilever
Cantilevered
A wall built of two wythes (a single vertical thickness of masonry) separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation.
Cavity or hollow wall
The center point at which a body would be stable, or balance, under the influence of gravity.
Centroid
The outside member (top and bottom) of a truss, as opposed to the inner “webbed members.”
Chord
A structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member.
Column
Built up of different parts, pieces, or materials.
Composite
A wall composed of two or more masonry materials that react together under load.
Composite wall
Direct pushing force, in line with axis member; the opposite of tension.
Compression
A load acting on a very small area of the structure’s surface; the exact opposite of a distributed load.
Concentrated load
A beam supported at three or more points. It is considered structurally advantageous because if the span between two supports is overloaded, the rest of the beam assists in carrying the load.
Continuous beam
No external braces involved; bracing is done within the core of the structure.
Core construction
Any wall at right angles to any other wall; the walls should brace one another.
Cross wall
The weight of a building; it consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into a building, including but not limited to walls, floor, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, as well as fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes.
Dead load
the deformation or displacement of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it.
Deflection
Wall bounding a tenant space.
Demising wall
A floor designed to stiffen a building against wind and other lateral loads such as earthquakes
Diaphragm floor
A force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section
Eccentric load
The end of a joist that is cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without damaging the load-bearing wall
Fire cut
The potential fuel available for a fire in a building
Fire load
The ability of a material to avoid ignition, combustion, and the thermal effects of fire
Fire resistance
Wall with a fire-resistive rating and structural stability that separates buildings or subdivides a building to prevent the spread of fire.
Fire wall
Beam supported at two points and rigidly held into position at both points. This rigidity may cause collapse of a wall if the beam collapses and the rigid connection does not yield properly.
Fixed beam
Made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams.
Flitch plate girder
The lower division of a building that serves to transmit the anchor the loads from the superstructure directly to its earth or rock, usually below ground level
Foundation
Another name for a gusset plate in a light-weight wood truss.
Gang nail
Beams that support other beams
Girders
A connection that depends on the weight of the building to hold it in place.
Gravity connection
All of the structural elements of a building and the connections that support the transfer the loads.
Gravity resistance system
A series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load.
Grillage
In a lightweight wood truss, a connecting plate made of a thin sheet of steel used to connect the components of the truss.
Gusset plate
Masonry units that overlap two or more adjoining wythes of masonry to tie them together.
Headers
The rate at which the potential heat in a fuel is released.
Heat release Rate (HRR)
When describing wall construction, a wall that acts as one unit (good bonding exists between bricks, blocks, and motor).
Homogeneous
Components of a hurricane resistance system that prevents uplift of the components of a structure, including galvanized steel straps, used to connect roof truss to stud walls and anchor bolts used to with sill and sole plates.
Hurricane bracing
The effect of a moving load upon a stationary structure.
Impact load
A truss incorporating a single compression member; it is inverted because the compression member extends downward.
Inverted king post truss
A beam
Joist
An arrangement of braces between columns that resembles the letter “K.”
K-bracing
Metric unit approximately equivalent to one Btu
Kilojoule (kj)
Units for measuring the energy release rate of a fire.
Kilowatts (KW)
A 1000-pound force.
KIP
A wall typically found in the top floor of a wood-frame home with a peaked roof. this short wall “squares off” the triangular area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor.
Knee Wall
A force that acts on a structure from a horizontal direction, such as wind or seismic forces
Lateral impact load
A wood board typically attached to a wall’s studs that is used to support wood joists.
Ledger board
A collection of lightweight structural components joined in a triangular unit that can be used to support either floors or roofs; lightweight trusses may be composed of wood or steel (lightweight steel trusses are also known as bar joists)
Lightweight Truss
The horizontal beam that forms the upper structural member of an opening for a window or door and supports part of the structure above it.
Lintel
The weight of the building Contents
Live Load
Any wall that carries a load in addition to its own weight
Load-bearing wall
Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes
Loads
Avery large structure
Megastructure
Unites for measuring the energy release rate of a fire
Megawatts (MW)
The tendency of a force to rotate or twist a structural member
Moment
A connection that, in addition to preventing the beam and column from sliding past each other, prevents rotation of the beam around the column.
Moment connection
A structural system that utilized special moment connections between columns and beams to resist rotation due to lateral loads such as earthquakes and wind
Moment frame
A construction technique in which all successive poured concrete castings are joined together so that the structure seems to be like one piece of stone.
Monolithic concrete
To support an existing wall when a change is to be made in the foundation; holes are often cut through the wall, and this type of beam is inserted and supported on both sides to pick up the load of the walls.
Needle beam
The line along which the length of the beam does not change
Neutral axis
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Non-load-bearing wall
A beam that projects beyond its support but not far enough to be a cantilever
Overhanging beam
The connection points joining ties, struts, and chords in a truss.
Panel points
Non-load-bearing enclosing wall on framed buildings
Panel wall (curtain wall)
A structural member in which both the upper and lower chords are in line with each other.
Parallel-chord truss
A non-load-bearing wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room
Partition wall
A load-bearing wall that is common to two structures.
Party wall
Short columns of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section, used to support other structural members.
Piers
A masonry column projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which it is located
Pilaster
A description for structural elements that are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.
Pinned
Design based on connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building.
Plastic design
Heavy riveting of girders to columns from the top to the bottom of the frame
Portal bracing
A concrete member that is cast and cured in a place other than its final position in the structure.
Precast
A type of wall that acts as a vertical cantilever when it is being erected and is braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles
Precast concrete tilt-slab wall
Designation of the HRR; refers to the rate at which a fuel will burn
Q̇
A truss with two compression members.
Queen post truss
Diagonal bracing columns
Rakers
The response in structures to the imposed loads, which are generally developed at the supports.
Reaction
In concrete masonry construction, steel reinforcement that is imbedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Reinforced concrete
A load that is applied intermittently
Repeated load
Structural frame in which all columns and beams are rigidly connected. there are no hinged joints, and the angular relationship between beams and column members in maintained under load.
Rigid frame
A phenomenon in wood trusses in which differences in moisture levels between the upper and lower wood truss chords cause the truss to bend and create a rise in the roof.
Rising roof
A wall composed of inner and outer wythes of coursed masonry. The space between the wythes is filled with random masonry, sometimes mixed with mortar. such walls are unstable to a lateral thrust.
Rubble masonry wall
The ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress
Safety factor
A water-soluble mixture used in the past as mortar; when water is applied, the mortar can be washed away from the wall.
Sand-lime mortar
A type of floor in which floor girders are set on anchor boxes in walls and caps attached to columns. a wood cleat or steel dog iron similar to a big staple is used to provide minimal stability. Often used in heavy-timber construction.
Self-releasing floor
Another term for dead load
Self-weight
A curving wall
Serpentine wall
Forces occurring within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions.
Shear
A connection that prevents a column and beam from sliding past each other.
Sear connections
A wall that counteracts the effects of lateral loads such as wind and earthquakes
Shear wall
A beam supported at two points near its ends. In simple beam construction, the load is delivered to the two reaction points and the rest of the structure renders no assistance in an overload
Simple beam
A three-dimensional pyramid-like truss
Spaceframe
An open web design used for the support of floors and roofs
Stell joist
The capacity of a member or framework to resist imposed loads without excessive deflection
Stiffness
The actual percentage of elongation (deformation) when a material is stressed.
Strain
Force per unit area that produces a deformation
Stress
Masonry units laid horizontally with their length in the direction of the face of the wall.
Stretchers
Components of a structure that include beams, trusses, columns, arches, and walls.
Structural elements
All members of a structure that are tied together to carry the imposed loads of the substructure, and hence to the ground
Structural frame
Bracing columns
Struts
A simple beam, with one or both ends suspended on a tension member such as a chain, cable, or rod
Sespended beam
A hanging load supported from above
Suspended load
A pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body; the opposite of compression, which is pushing, crushing stress
Tension
A rod in tension; used to hold parts of a structure together
Tie-rod
In a truss member, the tensile connecting members of the web.
Ties
The measurable turning force applied to a structural member.
Torque
A force tending to twist a structural member
Torsion
A beam that typically carries a load around a large opening over an area in order to avoid intervening columns
Transfer beam
The manner in which a load is spread from the point of application to the ground
Transmission
A roof truss that is triangular in shape; it is used to create a peaked roof.
Triangular truss
A type of beam that is a framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members
Truss
Externally braced structure
Tube construction
the highest load that a member or structure can sustain before failure occurs
Ultimate strength
A load that is applied evenly over an area
Uniformly distributed load
a wall made up of a single vertical thickness of masonry that is designed to improve the exterior appearance of a building
Veneer wall
A rectangular truss with very rigid corner bracing
Vierendell truss
The wedge-shaped blocks whose converging sides radiate from a center, forming the elements of an arch or vaulted ceiling
Voussoirs
A structural element that transmits to the ground the compressive forces applied along the top or received at any point on it.
Wall
A supporting member of steel, reinforced concrete, or solid masonry ( such as brick or solid block) in a block wall. concentrated loads such as main girders are applied to the wall directly above these.
Wall Column
Units for measuring the energy release rate of a fire
Watts (W)
The group of struts, ties, and panel points in a truss.
Web
Drainage holes in masonry wall that allow water trapped inside the wall to escape
Weep holes
cast-in-place concrete that unites the rods projecting from precast sections
Wet joint
the positive or negative force of the wind acting on a structure
Wind load
Single continuous vertical walls of masonry units (one masonry unit in thickness
Wythes
