Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service 5th edition Flashcards
1
Q
Number of firefighters killed in 2012 from collapse, falling through floors, running out of air, enveloped by explosion, or struck by falling debris
A
9
2
Q
m’aider
A
Mayday
3
Q
Considered a policing function
A
Inspection
4
Q
Critical to clarify communication, enhance professionalism, ensure safety
A
Proper building construction terminology
5
Q
Goes a step beyond the basic preplanning
A
Prefire analysis
6
Q
Number one priority when considering the risks to any particular situation
A
Firefighter safety
7
Q
Two main subjects that firefighters must throughly understand
A
- Fire behavior
- Building construction
8
Q
Greatest of all firefighter enemies
A
Gravity
9
Q
The eternal enemy of every building
A
Gravity
10
Q
Load may be a ___ load and a ___ load at the same time
A
- Live load
- Impact load
11
Q
KIP =
A
1000 lbs
12
Q
Four types of forces
A
- Compression
- Tension
- Torsion
- Shear
13
Q
Fire resistance is closely related to ___
A
Mass
14
Q
Live loads are any load other than ___
A
Dead loads
15
Q
___ loads can be accurately calculated where as ___ loads are indeterminate
A
- Dead loads
- Live loads
16
Q
Office floor must be able to sustain at least ___psf as well as have the ability to sustain a load of ___psf at a specific location for individual collected heavy objects
A
- 50 psf
- 2,000 psf
17
Q
Water weighs
A
8.34 lbs/g
18
Q
Type of collapse that is a particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame building
A
Progressive colapse
19
Q
Two types of modifications that use distance as a means to minimize the effects of a bomb exploded near the building
A
- Locating building away from the street
- Placing bollards (posts) and barriers
20
Q
Shear walls resist
A
Lateral loads
21
Q
Two types of framing that resist lateral wind and earthquake loads
A
- Braced frame
- Moment frame
22
Q
Heavy riveting of girders to columns from top to bottom of the frame is called
A
Portal bracing
23
Q
Type of floor that is designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loads
A
Diaphragm floor
24
Q
Externally braced buildings are known as ___, as contrasted with Core construction
A
Tube construction
25
An axial load is ___ to the plane
Perpendicular
26
A structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is
Axial
27
An eccentric load is ____ to the plane
Perpendicular but does not pass through the center of the section
28
Expressed as Q`
Heat release rate (HRR)
29
Information needed to asses the fire load in terms of pounds/sqft (3)
- Weight of combustable material
- Caloric value
- Floor area
30
Btu
1 pound of water 1 degree F
31
Two estimates for caloric values are commonly used
Wood, paper =
Plastics/Combustable liquid =
Wood, paper = 8,000 Btu/lb
| Plastics/Combustable liquid = 16,000 Btu/lb
32
Q` is usually expressed in terms of (3)
- Watts (W)
- Kilowatts (KW)
- Megawatts (MW)
33
Safety factors:
Steel =
Masonry =
```
Steel = 2
Masonry = 10
```
34
The oldest structural member
Beam
35
Load-carrying capacity of a beam is increased by
Square of it depth
36
Three types of beams
- Simple
- Continuous (supported at ≥ 3)
- Fixed
37
A diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever
Bracket
38
A beam that supports other beams
Girder
39
A beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above
Spandrel Girder
40
A beam that spans the opening in a masonry wall
Lintel
41
A series of closely spaced beams
Grillage
42
Moves loads laterally when its not convenient to arrange columns one above the other
Transfer beams
43
Compressive connecting members of a truss
Struts
44
Connections in a truss are called
Panel points
45
Doubling the length of a beam decreases its carrying capacity by
Half
46
Columns loose strength by the square of the change in
Length
47
Most effective shape of a column
One that distributes the material equally around the axis as far as possible from the center of the cylinder
48
Types of columns (3)
- Piers
- Long slender
- Intermediate
49
Known as Euler's Law columns
Very long, thin columns
50
Formula for Euler's Law
Pc = π2EI/L2
```
Pc = Critical load
π = 3.1415 squared
E = Modulus of elasticity of material
I = Moment of inertia
L2 = Length of column squared
```
51
Wind load is an example of this kind of force
Flexural force
52
Two divisions of walls
- Load bearing
| - Nonload bearing
53
Load bearing wall common to tow structures
Party wall
54
Ways in which walls are braced or stiffened (4)
- Buttresses
- Pilasters
- Wall columns
- Cavity or hollow walls
55
Arches can have this many hinges
3
56
Vital part of a structures gravity resistance system
Connections which transfer the load from one structural element to another
57
Two general types of connections
- Pinned
| - Rigid frame
58
Connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building are known as
Plastic design
59
Steel hated to 1,000F elongates ___ inches per 100 feet of length
9.5 inches
60
Unprotected steel rods and cables fail at
800F
61
A residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of about ___ to ___ psf
30 to 40 psf
62
Combines the function of a beam and a column
Arch
63
Defined as a line of columns in any direction
Bent
64
Fire that caused for a national push for model building codes
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
65
Decides which materials will be used
Architect
66
Caissons are typically constructed of
Concrete
67
All building have 3 structural components
- Superstructure
- Substructure
- Foundation
68
Crosslot bracing rakers and tiebacks
Used to protect against collapse of soil walls during excavation
69
Ammonia is explosive in concentrations of ___ to ___
15 to 25%
70
32/16 panel
- Cover rafters at 32" apart
| - Cover joists at 16" apart
71
# Define:
- Board
- Dimensional lumber
- Timber
- Board = ≤ 2" thick
- Dimensional lumber = 2-4" thick
- Timber = ≥ 5" thick
72
Wet wood has ___ strength than dry wood
Less
73
When portland cement became available
1880
74
Cement is a component of
Concrete
75
One-fourth the weight of traditional concrete
Aerated autoclave concrete
76
Carbon contant:
- Wrought iron
- Cast iron
- Wrought iron = 0.2%
| - Cast iron = 3-4% (very brittle)
77
Structural steel fails at about
1,000 to 1,100F
78
First sign of serious fire in a closed structure
Violent pressure failure of the windows
79
Resistance to tensile loads is directly related to the ___ makeup of a material
Cross-section
80
Three negative characteristics of structural steel
- Conducts heat
- Elongates
- Fails at about 1,000 to 1,100 F
81
The insurance industry took the lead and prepared this in 1906
National Building Code
82
NFPA organized in
1896
83
Fire codes and building codes are updated every
3 years
84
Two of the most important test standards
- ASTM E-119
| - ASTM E-84
85
___% of a building codes deals with fire safety
75%
86
Building construction Type 1A is fire resistive construction with a ___ hour fire rated structural frame
3 hour
87
NFPA 5000 uses an additional three-digit numbering scheme to designate the subcategories of each type of construction
- 1st number
- 2nd number
- 3rd number
- 1st number = Load bearing walls
- 2nd number = Beams and columns
- 3rd number = Floor construction
88
Three components of a means of egress
- Exit access
- Exit
- Exit discharge
89
Fire rating for corridors leading to a public way
1 hour
90
Generally a max travel distance of ___ ft to get to a fire rated stairway or exit
200'
91
In Group R occupancies windows must be a min of ___ sq ft with a min of ___ in. in width and ___ in, in height
- 5.7 sq ft
- 20 inches wide
- 24 inches high
92
Two types of elevators
- Electric cable
| - Hydraulic piston
93
Occupant evacuation elevators are intended for the self-evacuation of occupants in building more than ___ ft in height
420 feet
94
Fire service elevators are found in new buildings taller than ___ ft and have a minimum lobby area of ___ sq ft
- 120'
| - 150 sq ft
95
Horizontal exits have fire rated walls that are typically rated at ___ hrs
2 hours
96
Four essential elements of fire
- Fuel
- Oxidizing agent
- Heat
- Uninhibited chemical chain reaction
97
Four stages of fire
1. Incipient
2. Free burning
3. Flashover
4. Smoldering/decay
98
Primary factor influencing a fire
Oxygen supply
99
Construction factors influencing fire behavior (5)
- Combustible interior finishes
- Vertical openings
- Height of the room
- Proximity of wall to each other
- HVAC system
100
Aluminum will melt at around
1,200F
101
Fire growth contents problem can rest from any of the following elements (3)
- Furnishings
- Interior finish/decorations
- Mercantile stock
102
Commonly used as insulating sheathing on wood-framed building or as soundproofing
Fiberboard
103
Three way in which interior finishings may increase the fire hazard
- Increase fire extension by surface flame spread
- May generate smoke and toxic gases
- May add fuel to the fire contributing to flashover
104
Key factor in a five alarm fire in the Empire State Building
Cork paneling
105
Robertson protected metal
Asphalt-coated steel
106
A defective ballast in fluorescent light fixture can reach temps of
1,500F
107
Often provides the first warning of most fires
Smoke
108
HCN
Hydrogen Cyanide
109
HCN is believed to be as great a danger as
CO
110
Exposure in which the concentration (ppm) x minutes exposed = 33,000 is likely to be dangerous
Harber's rule
111
Most common toxic fire gas
CO
112
Research at NIST has pointed out that CO can be generated up to ___ times as much in enclosed voids as in the open
50 times as much
113
Most expensive by-product of fire suppression
Water
114
From a historical perspective ___ has always been a primary objective
Fire containment
115
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means (5)
- Restrictions on area/height
- Limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces
- Minimum separation distances between buildings
- Limits on openings in exterior walls
- Fire-resistive exterior walls
116
A primary concern in fire protection
Life safety
117
Most important elements of life safety (2)
- Proper means of egress
| - Protection against hazards
118
Generally accepted indications of imminent collapse (4)
- Floors/roofs softening
- Water flowing through bricks
- Smoke pushing out through mortar
- Strange noises
119
What fire resistance does not provide (3)
- Life safety
- Smoke control
- Protection of dollar loss
120
Standard time-temp curve is unchanged for more than ___ years
80 years
121
Time-temp curve:
- 5 min
- 1 hr
- 4 hr
- 5 min = 1000F
- 1 hr = 1700F
- 4 hr = 2000F
122
Flame spread over reinforced concrete board
0
123
Flame spread is classified as:
- Class A =
- Class B =
- Class C =
- Class A = 0 - 25
- Class B = 26 - 75
- Class C = 76 - 200
124
Materials with a smoke-developed rating ___ can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke
≥ 300
125
Critical Radiant Flux Test measures
- A materials ability to resist flame spread
| - The higher the CRF number the less flammable
126
2 classes of interior floor finish ratings
Class I =
Class II =
- Class I = CFR minimum ≥0.45 watt/sq cm
| - Class II = CFR minimum ≥0.22 watt/sq cm
127
Developed to monitor vibrations in a structure that might be a precursor to collapse
HOBS, Health of Burning Structures
128
In a simulated basement fire an exposed wooden I-beam collapsed in ___min
6:03 minutes
129
Fire resistive assemblies (3)
1. Fire walls (2-4 hr)
2. Fire partitions (1 hr)
3. Fire barrier (1-2 hr)
130
Fire door ratings range
20 min - 3 hr
131
One of the most important aspects of a fire door
Its ability to close and latch closed
132
Fire doors close by 3 methods
- Swinging (most common)
- Sliding
- Rolling
133
Two types of fire door closure devices
- Self-closing
| - Automatic
134
Inspections of fire doors should include the following (6)
- Operating fire door and shutters
- Raising the counterweight to ensure door closes
- Inspecting doors for damage
- Inspecting all hardware
- Checking the fusible link
- Checking the proper operation of "door coordinators"
135
4 major classes of sprinkler systems
- Wet pipe
- Dry pipe
- Preaction
- Deluge
136
Sprinkler systems are ___ designed
Hydraulically
137
NFPA has developed a set of occupancy classifications (5)
- Light hazard
- Ordinary hazard group 1
- Ordinary hazard group 2
- High hazard group 1
- High hazard group 2
138
There are ___ incentives (reductions in requirements) in the IBC
200
139
Tax or insurance incentives (4)
- Elimination of value of sprinkler system from assessed valuation
- Property tax rebates
- Elimination of water dept fees
- Insurance premiums reductions
140
After this fire the law was changed to require all factories more than 6 stories in height be sprinklered
Triangle Shirtwaist fire, 1911
141
___% of recent library fires are due to arson
85%
142
Sprinkler systems should be backed up by FD ...
As soon as possible
143
Sprinklers should not be shut off as long as..
Hot water is falling down
144
Fire department education on the impairment of sprinkler systems should include training on the following (4)
- Basic knowledge of sprinkler protection
- Why sprinklers are installed
- Department policy on procedure and practices involving sprinkler systems
- Detailed knowledge of situations that decrease or destroy the efficiency of sprinklers
145
Fundamental purpose of a sprinkler system
Hit the incipient fire with enough water to control it
146
Outside valves are most often
Post indicating valves
147
B L E V E
```
Boiling
Liquid
Expanding
Vapor
Explosion
```
148
ESFR (3)
- Early suppression, fast response
- As much as 100 fpm per sprinkler
- 3/4" orifice
149
A single sprinkler riser can cover
- 52,000 sq ft
| - 40,000 for high piled stock
150
Class I & II standpipes are capable of providing ___gpm at ___ psi at each hose valve
- 250 gpm
| - 100 psi
151
Class II standpipe capable of supplying ___gpm at ___psi
- 100 gpm
| - 65 psi
152
Types of standpipes (4)
- Automatic wet
- Semiautomatic dry
- Manual dry
- Manual wet
153
High rises must be fought with ___ in hose lines with ___ nozzles
- 2 1/2" hose lines
| - Smoothbore nozzles
154
Standpipe preplanning considerations (5)
- Sketch the system
- Type of water supply
- Types of hose valves
- FDC and areas it serves
- Connection to the fire alarm system
155
Firefighting considerations for operating a standpipe system (5)
- Supply the FDC
- Verify that the main control valve is open
- Note the pressure on the main riser gauge
- Ensure the pump is working
- Be wary of dry standpipe systems
156
Types of indicating devices (5)
- Strobes
- Hornes
- Chimes, buzzers, sirens
- Speakers
- Lamps
157
Water flow switches are more reliable indicators of the actual location of a fire than ...
Smoke detectors
158
Estimated time between alarm and start of extinguishment in a high rise
20 min
159
Categories of smoke management systems (4)
- Smoke control
- Purge
- Zoned smoke control
- Air flow
160
Heavy timber smallest dimension
8"
161
6 types of wood frame buildings
- Log cabin
- Post and frame (England, Germany)
- Balloon frame
- Platform frame
- Plank and beam
- Truss frame
162
Balloon frame was built prior to
1940
163
Max number of stories for platform frame construction
3
164
Empire state building weighs ___ lbs/ft3; Modern high rises weigh ___ lbs/ft3
- 23 lbs/ft3
| - 8 lbs/ft3
165
As important to the fire service as collapse
Hidden fires
166
Flammability range of CO and its ignition temp
- 12.5% - 74%
| - 1,128F
167
Considered most dangerous of all structural members
- Wooden I-Joists
| - Lightweight wood truss
168
Firestops
| Draftstops
```
Firestops = Vertical stop, 2"
Draftstop = Horizontal stop, 1/2" gypsum
```
169
UL subjects pressure treated wood to a test for ___ min rather then the usual 10 min
30 minutes
170
Swell up when heated
Intumescent coatings
171
Usually the final even in any structure fire
Collapse
172
The only fire protection measure that can reasonably be expected to prevent a disaster in a heavy timber building
Full fire sprinkler protection
173
Chief common characteristic of ordinary construction
Exterior walls are made of masonry
174
Simple wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about ...
25' in width
175
Tallest old-style masonry bearing wall building
Monadnock Building. Chicago. 15 stories high
176
In recent years, high rise brick buildings with no wall thicker than ___ in. and mid rise building with no wall thicker than ___in.
- 12 in
| - 8 in
177
Problems of ordinary construction (4)
- Structural stability
- Stability of the interior column, girder, beam
- Void spaces
- Masonry as a barrier to fire extention
178
Colapse zone
1.5 times the height
179
A horizontal crack in a masonry wall may indicate
The wall is being pushed out by a steel roof beam that is elongating in summer heat
180
Ways to stabilize a wall (3)
- Buttress (outside the wall)
- Pilasters (in the wall)
- Wall column (within the wall)
181
The effective strength of wood under fire attack is determined by
The size of its thinest portion
182
Beam to beam connections (4)
- Mortis and tenon joints
- Notched beam
- Metal joist hangers
- Heavy steal or wright iron straps
183
Primary and secondary purpose of a roof
```
Primary = Keep out the wether and enclose
Secondary = Stabilize the structure
```
184
Roof types (7)
- Flat
- Gable
- Hip
- Gambrel
- Shed
- Mansard
- Dome
185
Best roof is one in which the roof beams rest on
Girders
186
Important void spaces in any multistory, wood joisted building
The joist spaces
187
Masonry buildings with spans greater than ___ ft must have interior bering walls
25'
188
Known as brick and wood-joisted constructed
Ordinary construction
189
Indications of building failure (5)
- Smoke/water flowing through walls
- Soft floors
- Small partial collapse
- Walls out of plumb
- Time since arrival
190
Noncumbustable building have a maximum building height of
12 stories
191
Most important metal used n building construction
Steel
192
Steels modulus of elasticity
29 million lb/sq in.
193
Steels compressive strength = tension strength and its shear strength is
three-quarters of its tensile strength
194
Fire resistance is a function of
mass
195
Characteristics of steel (4)
- Substantial elongation takes place at 1000F
- At 1300F steel members may completely fail
- Cold-drawn steel will fail at 800F
- Transmits heat readily
196
From most critical to least critical the following is how heat evolved by fire can be triaged (3)
- Heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or cause to fail (heat removal is critical)
- Heat being evolved by contents that are burning
- Heat leaving the strucure
197
Steel bar
A plate fewer than 6" in width, may also be square or round
198
Wide flamed beams that have been cut in a zigzag pattern
Castellated beams
199
Lally column
Circular steel column made fire resistive by filling it with concrete
200
"WF"
Wide flange
201
Abbreviations used for different-snapped steel members
- C
- CB
- L
- S
- W
- WT
- C = Channels
- CB = Castellated Beam
- L = Angles
- S = American Standard (I-beam)
- W = Wide flange beams and columns
- WT = Structural tees
202
Abbreviations are used along with a set of numbers on architectural blueprints
- First number
- Second number
- First number = Depth of the member in inches
| - Second number = Weight of the member per foot of length in pounds
203
Rigid frames can provide clear spans of about ___ ft
100 ft
204
Common wall materials of steel framed buildings (8)
- Cement asbestos board
- Glass fiber reinforced plastics
- Aluminum
- Precast prestressed concrete panels
- Masonry
- Galvanized steel
- Metal panels
- Light gauge steel
205
In a pinned building loads are carried to the nearest
Column
206
Self storage facilities have many of the same characteristics of
Ships
207
Steel will expand ___% to ___% in length fro each 100F rise in temp
0.06% to 0.07%
208
Joists will generally fail in about ___ min
7 minutes
209
7 options to the designer to deal with steels characteristics as they relate to fire risk
- Ignore the problem
- Rely on inadequate code enforcement
- Take a calculated risk
- Protect (insulate) the steel
- Protect the steel with sprinklers
- Protect the steal with internal water cooling system
- Locate the steel out of the range of fire
210
Building codes generally classify steel buildings into two categories
- Unprotected noncombustible
- Protected noncombustible
Protected refers to physically protected steel
211
3 classes of calculated risks
- Financial/economic
- Engineering
- Forget it
212
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM
Rubber roof
213
Accepted term for a roofing that meets a testing lab standards
Approved roof
214
Heat and time required to start a self sustaining roof fire on a metal deck roof
800F for 5 min
215
Prefire planning for steel structures must begin with a determination of
The type of protection provided for the steel
216
Steel structures can be divided into four types
- Unprotected
- Dynamically protected
- Passively protected
- Passive dynamic combo protection
217
Water flow requirement for spray systems designed to protect tanks and steel supports from flammable liquid spill fires
0.25 gpm/sq ft
218
Secondary objective of preplanning for any major hazard
Reduce the severity of the hazard
219
Radiant energy is proportional to
The fourth power of the absolute temp
220
Concrete required to reach design strength in 28 days is sometimes referred to as
28-day concrete
221
Problems fire departments face regarding concrete construction (3)
- Collapse during construction without fire
- Fire during construction
- Fire in completed, occupied buildings
222
2 basic types of in-concrete construction
- Cast-in-place concrete
| - Precast concrete
223
A structure above the roofline
Penthouse
224
The floor plate itself rests directly on the columns
Flat plate structural system (or continuous beam)
225
Installed near the surface of concrete, usually at flat angles
Temperature rods
226
Ties or hoops
Lateral reinforcements that join rods in a column
227
Steel has ___ times the compressive strength as concrete
15 times
228
Advantage of post tensioning
Floors can be thiner
229
Economic height limit of an ordinary brick bearing wall building
6 stories but as tall as 20 stories with no wall thicker than 12"
230
With formwork the builder hopes to contain a fluid load that can provide a head pressure of up to ___ lb/ft2 for each foot of height
150 lb/ft2
231
Concrete poured at 50F will develop ___ more pressure than at 70F
one-third
232
Planks on which the shores rest are called
Mudsills
233
Most common and most dangerous heating method around a building under construction
Liquified petroleum gas LPG
234
Hanging tendons fail at about
800F
235
Fireproofing of steel is classified as (2)
- Individual
| - Membrane
236
The most permeant fireproofing
Concrete
237
Fire protection advantage of concrete
Lacks inherent voids
238
Concrete in fire resistive construction serves tow purposes
- Resists compressive stresses
| - protects the tensile strength of steel from fire
239
Anticipate collapse based on conditions such as (4)
- Knowledge of problematic existing building conditions
- Dangerous loads
- Cutting tensioned cables
- Heavy fire conditions over an extended period of time
240
Objectives f the LEED program (6)
- Lower operating costs and increase asset value
- Reduce waste sent to landfills
- Conserve energy and water
- Be healthier and safer for occupants
- Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions
- Qualify for ax rebates, zoning allowances
241
Green systems and materials fall into four general categories
- Eco-friendly materials
- Energy conservation
- Water conservation
- Energy generation
242
Eco friendly materials (6)
- Bamboo
- Adobe
- Straw bale
- Cob
- Biopolymers
- Ammonia
243
Ammonia will burn in concentrations as low as
16%
244
Energy conservation measures (5)
- Polystyrene insulation
- Polyurethane insulation
- Radiant barrier
- Glass
- Green roof
245
Problems associated with PV roof panels (4)
- Electrical shock
- Dead load
- Release of hazardous material from fire
- Batteries
246
Two general types of solar water heating systems
- Active
| - Passive
247
Called "Stud-less" wall assemblies
Structural insulated panels (SIP)
248
Codes are written and issued every
3 years
249
Tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways
- Be fully insured
- Keep property of unique value in a bank vault
- Call FD immediately
- In a fire evacuate immediately
250
Natural gas meters in an apartment complex are located
In one basement location
251
Best way to establish the amount of water available at an apartment
Have the owner conduct a flow test
252
Fire rating of a wood-stud and floor beams combined with gypsum
1 hour or greater rating
253
Four principal deficiencies in the installation of gypsum board
- Nail heads are often not properly cemented over
- Joints not properly taped
- Deviations from the listing are permuted
- Nothing added for extra margins of safety
254
Automatic sprinklers that protect occupied spaces will most likely only extinguish
Contents fires
255
NFPA 13R is required to have a FDC of this size
1.5"
256
Tenements got their start in
1800's
257
Safety changes to tenements (3)
- Better enclosures of stairwells
- More substantial apartment doors
- Exterior fire escapes
258
In the past codes consider atria to be openings that connect ___ floors and were a minimum of ___ ft on each side
- 3 floors
| - 20 ft
259
Current codes consider atria to be openings that connect a minimum of ___ floors without a minimum size requirement
2 floors
260
Most dangerous time for a place of worship in terms of fire vulnerability is
During renovations
261
Fire protection in malls include (5)
- Complete sprinkler protection
- Smoke control system
- Standpipe system
- Emergency voice communication system
- Standby power
262
Class I standpipe system located in the following places in a mall (3)
- At the entrance to each corridor and exit passageway
- At each floor level in stairwell
- At exterior public entrances
263
Key to safe firefighting operations in a factory is to first understand (3)
- What is made
- How its made
- How the structure has been designed/altered to meet the manufacturing needs
264
Ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source
Pyrophoric gas
265
Principal life safety question in any building
How long it takes occupants to reach a safe environment
266
Era of Fire resistive building
- No standards for protecting steel
- Cast-iron columns often unprotected
- Terra-cotta fireproofing was compromised by concealed lightweight conduit
- Segmental brick or tile arch floors
_ wooden floor beams were placed on piers creating a void under the floor
1870 - 1930
267
Era of fire resistive building
| - Were excellent building
1930 - 1940
268
Helped to remove limits to floor areas
- Fluorescent lights
| - Air conditioning
269
In a modern office building possibly ___% or more of the floor volume is located in the ceiling void
25%
270
Since the ___, fire codes have required fire command centers in all new high-rises
1970's
271
Common problems and hazards with High rises (5)
- Exits
- Occupancy
- Accommodation or access stairs
- Forcible entry
- Elevators
272
Landing zone of an elevator
18" above or below the floor landing
273
The principal smoke moving mechanism
Thermal energy of fire
274
Atmospheric temperature is constantly ___ as height increases
Degreasing
275
Wind blowing against a building seem to split ___ of the way up the building
Two-thirds
276
Moder high rises weigh about __ or ___ lb/ft3
8 or 9 lb/ft3
277
Stack is most significant in ___ climates
Cold
278
In the summertime the stack affect is reversed and often called
Reverse stack affect (the flow is downward)
279
Breakable tempered glass windows are typically spaced on ___ ft centers
50 ft
280
Considered the core of fire safety for occupants of high rises
Sprinklers
281
Five occupancy classifications of detention facilities
- Use Condition 1
- Use Condition 2
- Use Condition 3
- Use Condition 4
- Use Condition 5
- Use Condition 1 = Free movement within building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment and to exterior
- Use Condition 2 = Free movement within building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment
- Use Condition 3 = Free movement within building within a smoke compartment
- Use Condition 4 = Free movement is permuted within an occupied space within a smoke compartment
- Use Condition 5 = Free movement is restricted from the occupied space
282
The original high stack storage building
Libraries
283
1942 Cocoanut Grove fire
Killed 492
284
In schools corridor widths are much larger than normal
6 ft in most cases
285
Single-family homes
- Roof rafters as small as 2x4 or 2x6, no ridge beam
- 1 1/2 storied home with steep pitched roof
- Open interiors, large attics, extended overhangs
- Three floors joined by short run stairways
- Catchall for many styles from the mid to late 1800's
- California bungalow
- Cape Cod
- Ranch
- Split level
- Victorian
286
Taxpayers typically have the following characteristics (5)
- Ordinary (type III) construction
- One story
- Full or partial basements
- Limited to 6-10 small stores
- Common cockloft
287
Fire rating requirements for walls separating occupancies in a strip mall
1, 2, 3, or 4 hour rating
288
Fire rating requirements for similar occupancies in a strip mall
No rated separation required
289
Area separation wall, aka
Fire wall
290
Draft stops are required in Strip mall attics to limit their size to ___ sq ft and floor void spaces to ___ sq ft
- 2000 sq ft
| - 1000 sq ft
291
Codes require automatic sprinklers for retail sales room larger than ___ sq ft
12,000 sq ft
292
New night clubs with occupant loads over ___ or over ___ sq ft are sprinklered
- 100
| - 5000 sq ft
293
Fire protection requirements for stages (7)
- Fire resistant proscenium curtain
- Flame resistant scenery
- Heat vents over stage
- 2 hour rated separation between stage and appurtenant
- Sprinklered over stage and accessory rooms
- Special stage exit
- Class III standpipe w/ 1.5" hose and nozzle
294
Codes define underground buildings as
30 ft below level of exit discharge
295
Code calls for underground buildings to be provided with (7)
- Automatic sprinklers
- Standpipe
- Emergency power
- Fire alarm system
- Public address system
- Smoke management system
- Smokeproof enclosure
296
Most common underground buildings
Rail transit stations
297
Principal contributing factors to serious warehouse fires (8)
- Huge concentrations of fuel
- Tremendous dollar values
- Few employees per unit of area
- Failure to segregate extra hazardous materials
- Failure to raise the bottom layer of stock above the floor
- Vulnerability to arson
- Failure of management to give serious attention to potential fire problem
- Inadequate fire protection
298
FDCs are required by NFPA 13 except for systems with ___ or fewer sprinklers
20
299
As many as ___% of fire doors in supposedly well protected properties have been found to be inoperable
50%
300
Most dependable fire barrier in a warehouse
Solid masonry wall parapeted through the roof
301
First critical need in the initial planning and plan review stage of a warehouse
To establish what is being stored
302
Codes call for firefighter access doors every ___ ft in high piled stock warehouse
100 ft
303
Width of garment cutting tables are permuted to be
48"
304
Ship's ladder
Vertical stairs not more that 24" wide
305
Firefighter greatest killer
Heart attack
306
Essential element in maintaining situational awareness
Communication
307
General visual indicators fo collapse (5)
- Cracks in walls
- Leaning walls
- Pitched or sagging floor
- Racked doorways
- The presence of building stabilization and bracing features
308
Audible and physical indicators of collapse (7)
- Moaning/groaning sounds
- Cracking noises
- Any type of movement
- Movement/shifting of water on floor
- Smoke pushing through cracks in wall
- Vibrations
- Lack of water runoff
309
Environmental precipitators of collapse (4)
- Heavy snow or rain load on roof
- Heavy wind conditions
- Earthquake
- Impact load
310
Occupancy precipitators of collapse (3)
- Overloading of floors/roof
- Concentrated loads
- Waterlogged goods
311
Existing structural instability precipitators of collapse (6)
- Structural compromises of load bearing members during renovations
- Previous fire damage
- Rotting or corrosion of structural members
- Compromised/broken structural elements
- Eccentrically loaded columns
- Buildings under renovation/construction and buildings being moved
312
Fire and explosion damage precipitators of collapse (3)
- Sustained to moderate fire conditions
- Explosion
- Loss of wood structural mass (beams) due to fire attack
313
Lightweight construction precipitators of collapse (2)
| the greatest collapse danger to firefighters
- Unprotected bare steel members to fire
| - Wooden I-beams and lightweight wood trusses subjected to fire
314
Type of collapse:
| Complete failure of the building
Global collapse
315
Type of collapse:
| Collapse of a portion of a building
Partial collapse
316
Type of collapse:
| Loss of localized load-varying capability, initiating a chain reaction of subsequent failure
Progressive collapse
317
Type of collapse:
| Additional collapse after the initial collapse
Secondary collapse
318
Type of collapse:
Each floor (roof) laying flat on the one below
- Voids less prevalent
Pancake collapse
319
Type of collapse:
One end of the floor is still supported
- Triangle void space
Lean-to-floor collapse
320
Type of collapse:
Floor fails near its center with perimeter still partially supported
- 2 voids
V-shaped collapse
321
Type of collapse:
| End of the floor is still supported while the other end is unsupported
Cantilever collapse
322
Type of collapse:
One end of the collapsed floor is supported by an interior wall
- 2 voids
A-frame floor collapse (tent collapse)
323
Type of collapse:
Exterior wall fails horizontally, interior wall folding horizontally, top portion of building falls inward, bottom half falls outward
- Braced frame building particularly susceptible to this type of collapse
Inward outward collapse
324
Type of collapse:
| Entire wall falls as one unit
90-degree wall collapse
325
Type of collapse:
Leaning into adjacent buildings or totally collapsing sideways
-Usually limited to wood frame structures
Lean over collapse
326
Type of collapse:
| Wall falls like a curtain
Curtain wall collapse
327
Firefighters must remain at least ___ height of the wall away
Full height of the wall
328
Minimum level of competence that all firefighters should have when dealing with a building collapse (2)
- NFPA 1670
| - NFPA 1006
329
The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by …
The square of it's depth
330
A beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall
Lintel
331
The shape of a material affects its ability to resist…
A compressive load or a defective load
332
Not a consideration in tensile strength
Shape
333
Sprinkler system where all sprinklers discharge at once
Deluge
334
At the floor line of a balloon frame building, the horizontal board that is nailed to the studs is called
Ribbon board
335
Eliminating the ___ intermediate fire load greatly reduces the potential for ignition of the roof
Intermediate fire load
336
The effective strength of the wood under fire attack is determined by the size of ____ and not the ___ of the member as a whole
- the thinnest portion
| - the mass
337
Steel structural components that have a U-shaped cross section
Channel
338
Typically thick concrete pads, blocks, or strips of concrete below the surface of the surrounding soil that transfer the loads of walls, piers, or columns to the ground
Footing
339
The only construction material that does not yield heat when burned in pure oxygen
Gypsum
340
Term used to describe the movement of air inside a building due to the difference in temperature between the air inside the building and outside the building
Stack effect
