Brannigan Flashcards

1
Q

Masonry wall breach incorrect
A: If parts of the wall crumble easily while operating, the breaching operation should be haulted
B: Triangular hole should be made
C: Loads coming down a wall to an opening such as a door/window, (a vertical path) should not be followed because the load splits on both sides of the opening
D: While breaching, a wall column is found indicating that the members can continue ops in that area

A

D Brannigan ch 2

stop breaching operations immediately

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2
Q

Choose the incorrect sign for braced walls.
A: Braced walls are a basic sign that a wall is in distress
B: Braces of protected structural steel, or worse, of steel cable, will fail at fire temperatures
C: Bracing is signaled by stars, plates channel sections, or other spreaders or straps tying the front wall to the side wall
D: The walls may be tied together across the building, or tied to floor beams
E: Braces are not always an indication of instability

A

B Unprotected structural steel Ch 4
Choice E is followed by “Some buildings have walls that are tied to the floors to make the structure more rigid” and “Generally, these can be identified by spreaders, usually stars, in a REGULAR PATTERN”

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3
Q

Correct
A: The top chord of a truss is under tension and acts like a column
B: If a 12 foot column is braced at its midpoint (at 6 feet), and the bracing suddenly fails at a fire, the column’s load carrying capacity decreases to 1/4 of what it was able to support with the bracing
C: Steel columns are generally box shaped, cylindrical, or shaped like the letter “I”
D: Columns have considerable reserve strength beyond their initial yielding

A

B
A- The top chord of a truss is under compression and acts like a column.
C- Steel columns are “H”-shaped, box-shaped, or cylindrical. Steel beams are shaped liked the letter “I” because the depth determines strength
D- Once a column starts to yield, there is generally very little reserve strength left and the column is on the verge of total collapse
Know this chapter for sure
Brannigan Chapter 2

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4
Q

“Arches” according to Frank Brannigan. Which statement is incorrect?
A: The arch combines the function of the beam and the column
B: The arch is under compression its entire length
C: If properly built, arch connections are not important to its strength
D: The thrust of an arch is outward
E: The removal of any part of an arch will cause a localized collapse of the arch

A

E The removal of any part of an arch can cause the collapse of the entire arch
Brannigan ch 2

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5
Q

Choose incorrect
A. Water tank on roof is considered a Live load
B. Concrete vault is considered a dead load
C. Movable safe is considered a live load
D. Steel beam resting on a masonry wall is considered a concentrated load

A

A Water tank is a dead load; the water inside of the tank is a live load

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6
Q
Cables used to brace failing bldgs can be made from Cold Drawn Steel which fails at _ degrees Fahrenheit
A. 400
B. 650
C. 800
D. 1100
A

C

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7
Q
As the length of a beam increases, the beam's loading carrying capacity decreases. A 12' beam can carry _ the load of a similar 6' beam
A. 1/4
B. 1/2
C. 1/3
D. 1/8
A

B

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8
Q

Choose the incorrect about columns
A. Failure of a column is likely more sudden than failure of a beam
B. Failure of a column may precipitate collapse of entire portion of bldg dependent on that column
C. Slightest indication of column failure should cause bldg to be cleared immediately
D. Most efficient shape for a column is one that distributes material equally around the axis as close as possible to center of cylinder

A

D Away from center

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9
Q

Which is an incorrect choice when describing compression and tension
A: When reinforced concrete is used, the concrete provides the tensile strength and the steel provides the compression strength
B: Steel is almost equally strong in compression and tension
C: Wood varies greatly in its compression strength, depending on the direction in which the load is applied
D: The shape of steel is not a consideration in tensile loads

A

A- When reinforced concrete is used, the concrete provides the COMPRESSION strength and the steel provides the TENSILE strength
Look at D….The shape of a material affects its ability to resist a compressive load or a deflective one
Chapter 2

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10
Q

The carrying capacity of a beam is incorrect in which choice?
A: If another 2x4 is laid alongside a similar 2x4 the carrying capacity is increased by a factor of two
B: The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by the square of its depth. A 2x8 can carry four times (square of 2) the carrying capacity of a 2x4
C: As the length of the span (distance between supports) of a beam increase, the safe load capacity increases in direct proportion
D: The transfer beams are designed to receive the concentrated load of a column and deliver it laterally to supports

A

C Decreases
The load carrying capacity or strength of a beam:
Increases/decreases in direct proportion to changes in its width
Increases/decreases in proportion to the square of changes in its depth
Increases/decreases in direct proportion to changes in its span or length
Chapter 2

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11
Q

The correct definition regarding wall bracing can be found in which choice?
A: Buttresses are masonry structures built on the inside surface of the wall
B: Pilasters are masonry columns built on the outside surface of the wall
C: Wall columns are columns of steel, reinforced concrete, or solid masonry in a block wall
D: Cavity or hollow walls are built 3 wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation

A
C
A- Outside
B- Inside
D- 2 wythes
Chapter 2
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12
Q

Every Battalion Chief should know how an Arch works, especially during a fire. Choose the incorrect statement made about Arches
A: The arch combines the function of the beam and the column
B: The arch is under tension its entire length
C: The removal of any part of an arch can cause the collapse of the entire arch
D: Arches tend to push outward at the base and therefore must be either braced or tied

A

B Under COMPRESSION
Also, cutting through tile arch floors, such as for distributor or cellar pipe is dangerous because the removal of one tile can cause the entire arch to fail
Chapter 2

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13
Q

Which choice does not illustrate steel during a fire
A: Heated to 1000 degrees, a steel member will expand 9 ½ inches over 100 feet in length
B: If steel beams are restrained by a masonry wall, and the temperature of the fire remains around 1000 degrees, the expanding steel may cause displacement of the masonry
C: In hot fast fires, failure temperatures are reached rapidly and the lateral thrust against the wall is maximized
D: If steel is raised to temperatures above 1000 degrees, it starts to lose strength rapidly

A

C In hot fast fires, failure temperatures are reached rapidly and the lateral thrust against the wall is MINIMIZED
Chapter 7

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14
Q

Upon arrival of a construction worker that fell into a hole, you discover that the earth under the structure that is adjacent to the excavation hole your members are working in may tend to shear sideways into the hole. Incorrect
A: Rows of horizontal beams called Solider Beams are driven into the ground
B: The rows of Solider beams are tied together with a beam called a Waler
C: Diagonal columns called Rakers brace the entire structure
D: The Rakers may be loaded to twice the load that would be permitted if they were permanent structures

A

A Vertical beams

Chapter 7

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15
Q

Metal Roof Deck incorrect
A: There will be a characteristic orange/yellow wave of fire several inches deep advancing rapidly on the underside of the roof
B: These fires can be controlled by the continuous application of water to the underside of the roof. By cooling the steel, the tar is prevented from generating gas. Extinguishing the fire by removing the fuel
C: Do not hesitate to throw water into the smoke, even though the target may be invisible
D: A ladder pipe or TL stream directed downward onto the roof is useless
E: The ladder pipe or TL stream can be useful if it can be maneuvered to where it can deliver the heavy stream onto the underside of the roof

A

A There will be a characteristic BLUE wave of fire several FEET deep advancing rapidly on the underside of the roof
Chapter 7

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16
Q

Choose the incorrect statement in regards to Post-tensioning concrete
A: Strand wires or bars are encased in plastic or paper tubing, or wrapped, to prevent and adhesion with the concrete
B: Until the tendons are stretched, the entire weight of the concrete is on the falsework. The weight of the concrete is transferred to the columns only when tension is completed
C: When the concrete reaches a specified strength, the steel tendons are stretched and anchored at the ends of the unit. ( This is known as stressing the tendons or jacking the cables)
D: Major advantage of post tensioning is that floors can be thicker

A

D Thinner

Chapter 8

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17
Q

Falsework (formwork) is a temporary structure erected to support concrete work during construction. It is also the mold that shapes concrete. When formwork is used to construct a wall, all Chiefs should know that if a collapse occurs which is incorrect?
A: It usually goes out at the top
B: Workers may be trapped, particularly between falsework and sides of the excavation
C: There will probably be no reinforcing steel to interfere with the rescue
D: Rescue will involve uncovering faces, supplying oxygen, and digging victims out
E: If it is necessary to retard the setting of the concrete, as much sugar as can be obtained should be worked into it

A

A It usually goes out at the bottom
Look at E…Concrete containing sugar will set slowly, if at all
Chapter 8

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18
Q

Smoke and Fire Containment can be only illustrated in which choice?
A: The chief mover of smoke in a fire is caused by the thermal energy of the fire
B: The principal smoke moving mechanism in a high-rise building is gravity
C: During positive pressure ventilation, the exhaust opening can provide a horizontal or a vertical ventilation of the contamination
D: During positive pressure ventilation, it is most advantageous to pressurize the structure on the leeward side and exhaust contaminants on the windward side of the building
E: If the prevailing wind cannot be used to advantage, positive pressure ventilation has proven effective against winds up to 35 mph

A

C
A Gravity
B Thermal energy of fire
D During positive pressure ventilation, it is most advantageous to pressurize the structure on the WINDWARD side and exhaust contaminants on the LEEWARD side of the building
E 25 mph
Also, opening a single window on the leeward side of the building in the fire area will permit the excess pressure to vent, taking much of the smoke with it
Opening several windows can dilute this effect
Chapters 10 and 11

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19
Q

Two terms that describe atmospheric conditions are Lapse and Pause. Choose the most correct description
A: When the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases, the condition is called Lapse. Under Lapse, smoke will move up and away from the building
B: If there is a layer of air warmer than the air below, the condition is called Lapse, and the layer is called the inversion layer
C: Lapse acts as a roof to rising smoke
D: High-Rise building will never be tall enough to penetrate the inversion layer

A
A
B- the condition is called Pause
C- Pause acts as a roof to rising smoke
D- A High-Rise building will be tall enough to penetrate the inversion layer
Chapter 11
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20
Q

Chief officers must know how wind can effect a building fire, specifically when it comes to High-Rise bldgs. Choose the incorrect
A: Closely spaced high-rise buildings can create a River effect, where the wind increases velocity as it squeezes through a narrow opening
B: Wind blowing against a building seems to split about 2/3 of the way up the building. The upper portion flows up and over the roof
C: The lower portion flows downward forming a vortex next to the building
D: Wind increases in velocity as it flows downward

A

A Canyon Effect

Chapter 11

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21
Q

Stack Effect during the winter months incorrect
A: The greatest flow of air will be at the top floor, with the flow gradually decreasing as the height above ground increases
B: At a point about 1/3 to ½ the height of the building the flow is reduced to zero. This is called the neutral zone
C: Above the neutral zone, the flow reverses and travels from the shafts to the floors
D: The pressure increases floor by floor and is greatest at the top

A

A The greatest flow will be at the FIRST floor
Also. It is common practice to hook open a lobby door to make it easier to bring equipment in. This may lower the neutral zone several floors and increase the number of floors polluted by a fire below the neutral zone
Chapter 11

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22
Q
During a fire a pressurized stair in a High-Rise building should be reserved for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A: Attack
B: Evacuation
C: Positive Pressure Ventilation
D: Negative Pressure Ventilation
A

B Chapter 11

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23
Q
For any unit area, steel has how many more times the compressive strength than concrete?
A: 10
B: 15
C: 20
D: 25
A

B

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24
Q

Which is an incorrect description of a steel column/beam
A: While steel beams are I-shaped, steel columns are H-shaped, box shaped, or cylindrical
B: Steel beams are shaped liked the letter ”I” because the width determines strength
C: Steel columns are shaped like the letter “H” and of a dimension that permits a circle to be inscribed through the 4 points of the “H”
D: It is more difficult to attach beams to round columns than to rectangular ones, so less efficient rectangular columns are often used

A

B Depth determines strength

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25
Q
According to Brannigan, what is the principle smoke moving mechanism in a High-Rise fire?
A: Thermal energy of the fire
B: Wind
C: HVAC systems
D: Stack effect
A

A

Brannigan Ch 11

26
Q

An example of a dead load is shown in which one of the following?

a. Piano on the first floor of a house
b. Fire escape
c. Heavy, but movable safe
d. 2000 gallons of water in a tank on a roof

A

B Fire escape

27
Q

Fire resistance is closely related to mass. All other things being equal, a heavier beam will take longer to fail due to heating than a lighter beam.

a. Disagree?
b. Agree

A

Agree

28
Q

Which definition is incorrect?

a. Repeated loads are loads applied intermittently
b. Static loads are loads applied slowly and remain constant
c. Concentrated loads are heavy loads delivered over a large area
d. Impact loads are loads delivered in a short time

A

C Concentrated loads are heavy loads located at one point (Pg 2)

29
Q

Structural members under a compressive load will ____ a member?

a. Shorten
b. Lengthen

A

A

30
Q

If a wall is being breached and you find stronger materials in the wall, you are probably under a?

a. Lateral Load
b. Impact Load
c. Distributed load
d. Concentrated load

A

D Concentrated load

31
Q

The chief cause of failure with cast iron is probably?

a. Poor connection of floor beams to cast iron columns
b. The casting method

A

A Poor connection of floor beams to cast iron columns

32
Q

The strength of steel is?

a. Much stronger in compression, than tension
b. Almost equally strong in compression and tension
c. Much stronger in tension, than compression
d. Using water on steel can cause steel to fail

A

B

33
Q

The shape of a material, like steel, affects its ability to resist a _______ load?

a. Tensile
b. Compressive
c. Compressive or Tensile

A

B Compressive

34
Q

Regarding the load carrying capacity of beams, if another 2” x 4” is laid alongside a similar 2” x 4”, the carrying capacity of the two beams as compared with one beam is increased by a factor of?

a. 3
b. One
c. Two
d. 4

A

C Two

35
Q

Regarding the load carrying capacity of a beam 2” x 4” whose depth is doubled, the 2” by 8” by comparison will have _ times the carrying ability of the 2” x 4”?

a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
d. 8
e. 4

A

E 4

36
Q

Assuming a uniformly distributed load, as the length of the span (distance between supports) of a beam increases, the safe load capacity decreases ___?

a. To the 2nd power of the change
b. In direct proportion to the change

A

B In direct proportion to the change

37
Q

If a load is concentrated at the center of the beam, the permitted load is ____ the distributed load?

a. One-half
b. One-third
c. One-fourth
d. Equal to

A

A One Half

38
Q

A beam that moves a load laterally when it is not convenient to arrange columns one above the other is known as a __________ beam?

a. Lintel
b. Needle
c. Transfer
d. Cantilever

A

C Transfer

39
Q

A cantilever beam is supported at one end only. Beyond the support point the ____?

a. Tension is at the top of the beam, and the compression is at the bottom of the beam
b. Compression is at the top of the beam, and the tension is at the bottom of the beam

A

A

40
Q

Columns lose strength by?

a. The square of the increase in their length
b. In direct proportion to the increase in their length

A

A

41
Q
An inefficient shape for a column is a column in the shape of?
Select one:
a. The letter “H”
b. A cylinder
c. The letter “I”
d. A box
A

C “I”

42
Q

A column braced at its midpoint will increase the carrying capacity of that column to _____ times what it was initially?

a. 8
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6

A

C 4

43
Q

The top chord of a truss is under?

a. Tension and acts like a beam
b. Compression and acts like a column
c. Tension and acts like a column
d. Compression and acts like a beam

A

B Compression and acts like a column

44
Q

Which “Load” definition is incorrect?
A: Dead load can be described as the weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached or built in
B: Live load are any loads other than dead loads. Ex: a movable safe
C: Static load can be considered a FF stepping off a ladder and lightly applying his weight onto a roof of a building
D: Concentrated load is a steel beam resting on a masonry wall

A

C This is considered an impact load. Brannigan states: There is no such thing as a “no impact” load. No matter how gingerly personnel and equipment are placed on a structure, there is a substantial increase in the stress, at least momentarily
Static loads are loads that are applied slowly and remain constant
An example of a live load…. snow, wind, or rain.
The water tank mounted on the roof of a building is considered a dead load, but the water in the tank is live load
Chapter 2

45
Q

All of the following are correct when characterizing a cast iron column collapse/failure except?
A: Cast iron column failure can occur if the material of the column is poorly cast so that the material is thin at one point
B: The chief cause of cast iron column failure is unsafe connections, rather than the questionable cold water on red hot cast iron
C: Cast iron column collapse can’t occur if the column is moved laterally since for the most part, the column is bolted into place
D: Cast iron column collapse can be caused by either the loss of the small amount of wood resting on the column shelf or the softening of the cast iron shelf

A

C Cast iron column collapse can occur if the column is moved laterally since for the most part, the column is held in place only by gravity
Chapter 4

46
Q

Concrete columns are often cast on sight. Incorrect point about these concrete columns during a fire
A: At fires, the steel reinforcing rods in a column may buckle under load
B: The buckling will cause the rods to protrude from the column
C: Protruding rods are a sign of possible collapse
D: Since the protruding rods are a sign of a possible collapse, chief officers have approximately 20 minutes before evacuating the area

A

D Immediate evacuation

Chapter 8

47
Q

Select the incorrect statement
A: When a beam is loaded, it deflects, bringing compression in the top of the beam and tension in the bottom of the beam
B: Reinforcing bars are placed in the top of the concrete beam to provide tensile strength
C: Precast beams often have the word “top” cast into the top of the beam to insure it is installed right side up
D: In a cantilever beam, the tension is in the top of the beam and thus the reinforcing (tension) rods are placed in the top of the beam
E: In a continuous beam supported at more than 2 points, there is tension in the top of the beam in the area over the tops of the columns, and tension in the bottom of the beam between the columns

A

B Placed in the bottom of a concrete beam

Chapter 8

48
Q

When it comes to Floor Formwork Collapse, all of the following are correct except?
A: Most of the victims will be on the top of the falsework
B: Use bolt cutters or torch to cut reinforcing rods to manageable lengths
C: When concrete is being poured, carpenters and helpers are often underneath bracing and wedging shores that appear to be in distress
D: Use bolt cutters or torch to cut post tension cables to manageable lengths

A

D DO NOT CUT POST-TENSIONED CABLES OR RODS WHICH ARE UNDER TENSION AND WILL WHIP DANGEROUSLY IF CUT
Chapter 8

49
Q

Choose the incorrect point
A: The curing time for concrete depends on the type of cement used and the temperature during the curing period
B: Reshoring is done when a proportion of the design strength is reached, but the concrete is not yet up to full strength
C: It is almost impossible to predict the effect of the loss of even a small portion of falsework in a fire. Command should err on the side of caution
D: Concrete falsework failure presents the likelihood for catastrophic collapse, however, the potential is more pronounced in the case of pre-tensioned concrete

A

D POST-TENSIONED (poured on site)
Also, Few concrete floors are designed to withstand the collapse of one floor onto another
When this occurs, progressive collapse is almost a certainty
Chapter 8

50
Q

Stack Effect Incorrect
A: The greatest flow of air will be at the top floor, with the flow gradually decreasing as the height above ground increases
B: At a point about 1/3 to ½ the height of the building the flow is reduced to zero. This is called the neutral zone
C: Above the neutral zone, the flow reverses and travels from the shafts to the floors
D: The pressure increases floor by floor and is greatest at the top

A

A The greatest flow will be at the FIRST floor
Also. It is common practice to hook open a lobby door to make it easier to bring equipment in. This may lower the neutral zone several floors and increase the number of floors polluted by a fire below the neutral zone
Chapter 11

51
Q

The following points about wood trusses are correct except?
A: Wood trusses gradually sag before failing
B: Metal gusset plates dig into the wood about 3/8 of an inch
C: Tactics used for sawn joist floors will kill FFs if used on wood truss floors
D: During a fire, the presence of truss floors may be disclosed by smoke showing through the wall at the floor line. This is less likely in a brick veneered building

A

A Wood trusses fail suddenly
The gradual sagging of sawn beams due to a loss of the exterior wood often gives warning of impending collapse
Chapter 12

52
Q
Pallet storage systems provide as much as \_\_\_\_\_\_ times the surface area as boxes stacked solid
A: 14
B: 36
C: 48
D: 28
A

B Chapter 13

53
Q
Pressure treatment of wood in order to fire-retard the wood decreases its allowed load by how many percent?
A: 50 percent
B: 35 percent
C: 25 percent
D: 15 percent
A

C Ch 3

54
Q

The tactics used when fire has entered the inner structure of a balloon frame building can be found in all of the following except?
A: Investigate all parts of the building immediately
B: Examine the attic before smoke, heat, and fire make conditions untenable
C: Fire moving up or down exterior stud channels can often best be stopped by removing molding from the inside at the 2nd floor line, and the eave and foundation lines
D: Collapse is a serious threat, so with fires in balloon frame buildings you should assign an officer to be an observer from the exterior

A

C Fire moving up or down exterior stud channels can often best be stopped by removing SIDING from the OUTSIDE at the 2nd floor line, and the eave and foundation lines Chapter 3

55
Q
For any unit area, steel has how many more times the compressive strength than concrete?
A: 10
B: 15
C: 20
D: 25
A

B Chapter 8

56
Q

Choose the incorrect statement
A: Fire Rated Suspended Ceiling Panels provide no fire resistance
B: If a steel grid of a suspended ceiling comes down, members could become entangled in the grid, confused or trapped in an area that is pitch black, with no idea what happen
C: Personnel should stay close to walls or other internal barriers to total collapse such as shelving, or to be below the net if the ceiling falls
D: If caught in a suspended ceiling collapse, the best procedure might be to roll on to stomach and wiggle out

A

D If caught in a suspended ceiling collapse, the best procedure might be to roll on to BACK and wiggle out
Chapter 12

57
Q

Incorrect for concrete beams
A. When a beam is loaded, it deflects, bringing compression in the top of the beam and tension in the bottom of the beam
B. Reinforcing bars are placed in the bottom of concrete beams to provide tensile strength
C. In cantilever beams, the tension is at top of the beam and thus the reinforcing (tension) rods are placed in the top of beams
D. In a continuous beam supported at more than two points, there is tension in the bottom of the beam in the area over the tops of the columns, and tension in the top of the beam between columns
E. A concrete beam is balanced when the strength of the concrete is equal to the strength of the beam. If more steel is put into the beam than in req’d for balance design, the steel fails first

A

D In a continuous beam supported at more than 2 points, there is tension in the top of the beam in the area over the tops of the columns, and tension in the bottom of the beam between the columns

58
Q

Choose incorrect about floor formwork collapse
A. Most of the victims will be on top of the falsework, although some may be under the falsework
B. Bolt cutters shall be used to cut reinforcing rods to manageable lengths. Thicker rods may require torch cutting
C. Post tensioned cables or rods under tension may only be cut to save lives
D. When concrete is being poured, carpenters and helpers are often underneath bracing and wedging shores that appear to be in distress

A

C Never cut Post Tensioned cables

59
Q

The best way to control fires occurring involving steel metal deck roofs are indicated by a fire several feet deep advancing rapidly on the underside of the roof is?
Select one:
a. Roof ventilation
b. Continuous application of water to the underside of the roof
c. Ladder pipe or tower ladder stream on the top of the roof

A

A

60
Q

Stack Effect incorrect
Select one:
a. Stack effect is also caused by fire
b. The amount of stack effect is proportionate to the difference in temperature—inside versus outside the building
c. It is caused by the difference in temperature between the air inside the building and outside the building
d. Stack effect is most significant during the winter

A

The correct answer is: Stack effect is also caused by fire

61
Q
In winter stack effect, at a point _ the height of the bldg, the air movement/flow from flrs into the vertical shafts, stairways and elevators is reduced to zero?
Select one:
a. 2/3 to 3/4
b. 1/2 to 2/3
c. 1/3 to 1/2
d. 1/4 to 1/ 2
A

C

62
Q

Carbon monoxide has a flammability range of 12.5% to 74% and an ignition temperature of 1128 degrees.
Select one:
a. Disagree?
b. Agree

A

agree