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Neurobiology > Brainstem & Thalamus > Flashcards

Brainstem & Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves in the thalamus include…

A
  1. optic nerve (CN2)
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2
Q

Cranial nerves in the midbrain include…

A
  1. oculomotor (CN3)
  2. trochlear (CN4)
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3
Q

Cranial nerves in the pons include…

A
  1. trigeminal (CN5)
  2. abducens (CN6)
  3. facial (CN7)
  4. vestibulocochlear (CN8)
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4
Q

Cranial nerves in the medulla include…

A
  1. glossopharyngeal (CN9)
  2. vagus (CN10)
  3. accessory (CN11)
  4. hypoglossal (CN12)
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5
Q

Brainstem Functions

A
  1. conduit for fibers of corticospinal & corticothalamic tracts
  2. site of emergence for cranial nerves
  3. integrate nuclei for motor, respiratory, and cardiovascular control
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6
Q

Medulla Functions

A
  1. respiration (sensing blood acidity)
  2. reflexes (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing)
  3. contains pyramidal decussation
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7
Q

Olive

A

Located in the anterior medulla
Bulge containing nuclei for auditory processing

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8
Q

Pyramid

A

Located in the anterior medulla
Descending corticospinal tracts

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9
Q

Nuclei in the inferior medulla include…

A
  1. vestibular
  2. cochlear
  3. trigeminal
  4. olivary
  5. hypoglossal
  6. vagal
  7. nucleus of solitary tract (NST)
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10
Q

Blood Pressure Control

A
  1. baroreceptors in the carotid body sense stretch
  2. information is relayed along glossopharyngeal nerve to the NTS nuclei in the inferior medulla
  3. vagal nuclei are activated
  4. heart rate decreases, blood vessels dilate, sympathetic nervous system is inhibited
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11
Q

Respiratory Control

A

Controlled in the pons and medulla
Dorsal respiratory group sets breathing rhythm and muscle contraction
Pontine respiratory group sets volitional control
PreBotC sets inspiration
RTN sets expiration
Sensory paths and NMS alter rhythm in arousal states

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12
Q

Pons Functions

A
  1. respiration, sleep, bladder control
  2. sensory information (auditory & taste)
  3. motor control of eyes and face
  4. behavioral response to threats
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13
Q

Medial eminence

A

Located on the posterior pons
Midline of the fourth ventricle

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14
Q

Facial colliculus

A

Located on the posterior pons
Bulge of fibers from facial nerve wrapping around the abducens nucleus

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15
Q

Stria medullaris

A

Located on the posterior pons
Fibers marking the boundary between the medulla and the pons

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16
Q

Pontine reticular formation

A

Responsible for complex motor patterns
Integrating motor and cerebellar commands to fine tune motor patterns
Connects to medial reticulospinal tract

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17
Q

Medullary reticular formation

A

Suppression of pain
Connects to lateral reticulospinal tract

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18
Q

Lateral periaqueductal gray (LPAG)

A

Circuit to inhibit pathway that controls pain
Modulated by serotonin via raphe

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19
Q

Midbrain Functions

A
  1. release of dopamine (movement control and motivation)
  2. sleep, wake, arousal
  3. thermal regulation
  4. nuclei for auditory and visual processing
20
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Located in midbrain
Motor control of the eyes

21
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Located in midbrain
Second step of auditory processing

22
Q

Pineal gland

A

Production of melatonin during darkness
Contains pinealocytes and glial cells

23
Q

Serotonin

A

Reward and pleasure

24
Q

Dopamine

A

Reward prediction and seeking, motivation, and movement

25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Arousal and attention

26
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Wakefulness, arousal, attention, memory, & motivation

27
Q

Reticular formation

A

Origin of cholinergic neurons that project to thalamus (regulating attention)
Control of arousal, consciousness/awareness, attention
Has reticulothalamic and monoamine projections that are key to consciousness

28
Q

Serotonergic neurons

A

Source: dorsal raphe, superior central nucleus
Project to: amygdala, hippocampus, medial forebrain bundle, & spinal cord
Signaling reward and pleasure

29
Q

Dopaminergic neurons

A

Source: ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra
Project to: ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, motor cortex
Signaling reward expectation, motivation, and movement

30
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

Origin of dopaminergic neurons
Projects to ventral striatum via medial forebrain bundle
Signaling reward expectation & motivation

31
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Origin of dopaminergic neurons
Projects to dorsal striatum & motor cortex
Signaling movement

32
Q

Noradrenergic neurons

A

Source: locus coeruleus
Project to: entire brain
Signaling arousal & attention

33
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Source: basal nucleus & reticular formation
Project to: cortex, thalamus
Signaling wakefulness, arousal, attention

34
Q

Basal nucleus

A

Located in the forebrain
Origin of cholinergic neurons
Projects to the cortex & broad brain regions
Regulating wakefulness & arousal

35
Q

Anterior group

A

Located in thalamus
Input: hippocampus, limbic
Output: cingulate cortex
Involved in memory acquisition

36
Q

Ventral lateral

A

Located in thalamus
Input: cerebellum
Output: motor cortex
Involved in motor functions

37
Q

Lateral geniculate

A

Located in thalamus
Input: optic nerve
Output: visual cortex
1st order visual relay

38
Q

Medial geniculate

A

Located in thalamus
Input: auditory brainstem
Output: auditory cortex
3rd order auditory relay

39
Q

Thalamic reticular

A

Located in thalamus
Input: -
Output: thalamic nuclei
Inhibitory gate on thalamus; interconnected with GABAergic neurons

40
Q

Pulvinar

A

Located in thalamus
Input: somatosensory tracts
Output: all lobes of the brain
Broad brain connections

41
Q

Internal capsule

A

Band of white matter surrounding the thalamus
All connections to/from the cortex pass through it
Connections to cortex are spatially ordered

42
Q

Basic circuits of the thalamus

A
  1. relay
  2. associational
  3. intralaminar
  4. reticular
43
Q

Relay circuit

A

Circuit of the thalamus
Input: sensory
Output: sensory cortex

44
Q

Associational circuit

A

Circuit of the thalamus
Input: cortex
Output: cortex
Responsible for learning & regulation

45
Q

Intralaminar circuit

A

Circuit of the thalamus
Input: thalamus, midbrain
Output: cortex

46
Q

Reticular circuit

A

Circuit of the thalamus
Input: thalamus
Output: thalamus
Intrathalamic inhibition

47
Q

Radiata

A

Dense white matter tracks that extend to the cortical lobes from the thalamus
Travel through internal capsule & corona radiata

Neurobiology (5 decks)

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