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Anatomy 6512 > Brainstem Anatomy > Flashcards

Brainstem Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What happens distal and proximal to obstruction during hydrocephalus?

A

The cerebral aqueduct is the most likely area of obstruction. Structures proximal will be dilated but structures distal will be normal (4th ventricle)

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2
Q

What are the 3 main subdivisions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

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3
Q

What tract travels through the pyramidal decussation?

A

Corticospinal tract

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4
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

It extends from the medulla all the way down the spinal cord and separates sensory and motor components. Motor components are medial and sensory are lateral.

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5
Q

How do fibers cross from the pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (brachium pontis)

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6
Q

Which nerves exit at the Cerebellar pontine angle?

A

7 and 8

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7
Q

What is the roof of the 4th ventricle in the pons?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)

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8
Q

What is the lateral lemniscus?

A

It is part of a descending (ascending?) auditory pathway that extends from pons to inferior colliculus, going over the superior cerebellar peduncle.

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9
Q

What is the function of superior colliculus?

A

Important for visual fixation and eye movement

direct input from the retina

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10
Q

What is the function of inferior colliculus?

A

Part of auditory pathway, takes information from lateral lemniscus and sends out another bundle (inferior brachium) on the way to the thalamus (geniculate nucleus)

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11
Q

What connects the cerebrum to the brainstem?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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12
Q

Where does Occulomotor (III) nerve exit the brainstem?

A

It exits between the cerebral peduncles, or interpeduncular fossa. (midbrain)

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13
Q

Where does Trochlear (IV) nerve exit the brainstem?

A

It is the only one to exit from posterior side in a groove just inferior to inferior colliculus

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14
Q

What are the 3 areas at any brainstem level rostral to obex?

A
  1. Tegmentum: Tissue anterior to ventricle (all CN nuclei)
  2. Tectum: Tissue posterior to ventricle (most apparent at midbrain colliculi)
  3. Stuff added onto anterior surface
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15
Q

What is the location and function of corticospinal tract? Where does it decussate?

A

It is part of a descending tract that is located anteriorly. It is discrete in the midbrain, breaks up in the pons, and then discrete again in the medulla. Will eventually decussate in caudal medulla.

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16
Q

What is the location and function of spinothalamic tract?

A

It is part of an ascending tract that is located anterolaterally. As it ascends, it begins to join the medial lemniscus at pontine levels. (pain and temp)

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17
Q

What is the location and function of the Medial lemniscus?

A

It is part of an ascending tract (fibers w posterior column info) that is located medially but is more variable in location. As it ascends, it swings outward. The feet go from being adjacent to the corticospinal tract to being adjacent to the spinothalamic tract and forming an “L” shape

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of caudal medulla?

A

Extends from caudal edge of pyramidal decussation to obey.

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19
Q

What are internal arcuate fibers?

A

They are fibers that come from nucleus gracillus and cuneatus and cross the midline (secondary neurons) to form the medial lemniscus, which will continue to ascend.

20
Q

What is the function of Medial longitudinal fasiculus?

A

eye movements and vesitublar system

21
Q

What is the function of lateral cuneate nucleus?

A

Arm proprioception (similar to Clarke’s area)

22
Q

What is fully formed at Rostral medulla? what disappear?

A

The medial lemniscus is fully formed and there are no more cuneatus or gracillus

23
Q

Characteristic of Caudal medulla. (4)

A
  1. Central canal
  2. Gracillus and cuneate nuclei and tracts
  3. Internal arcuate fibers from medial lemniscus
  4. Pyramidal decussation.
24
Q

Characteristics of Rostral medulla. (5)

A
  1. 4th ventricle
  2. Inferior olivary nuclei
  3. Hypoglossal (XII) nuclei
  4. Internal arcuate fibers from inferior olive to inferior cerebellar peduncle
  5. Pyramids
25
Q

What collects to form the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Transverse pontine (pontocerebellar) fibers. (from cell bodies in gray matter)

26
Q

Which CN travels through the Middle Cerebellar peduncle?

A

Trigeminal (V)

27
Q

What is the Central Tectorial Tract and function?

A

It is a heterogenous tract where fibers are going up and down through it. It functions in reticular formation, autonomic control, etc.)

28
Q

Characteristics of Caudal pons. (4)

A
  1. Inferior cerebellum peduncle: mostly within cerebellum at this level
  2. Middle cerebellar peduncle attaches pons to cerebellum
  3. Medial lemniscus is horizontal with feet lateral
  4. 4th ventricle is present
29
Q

Characteristics of Rostral pons. (3)

A
  1. Superior cerebellar peduncle
  2. Medial lemniscus is horizontal with feet lateral but approaches spinothalamic tract closer “L”
  3. Small ventricle space, at opening or cerebral aqueduct
30
Q

What is the Cerebral peduncle and what travel through it?

A

It is a large collection of fibers (in midbrain) connecting the cerebrum to the brainstem. The corticospinal tract travels through the middle of it.

31
Q

Where does the Medial longitudinal fasiculli end?

A

Rostral midbrain

32
Q

What is the paraqueductal gray and its function?

A

It is the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct. It is involved in pain modulation.

33
Q

What disease develops from a degenerate substantial nigra in rostral midbrain?

A

Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

Characteristics of Caudal midbrain. (3)

A
  1. Inferior colliculi
  2. Trochlear (IV) nuclei
  3. Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
35
Q

Characteristics of Rostral midbrain. (4)

A
  1. Superior colliculi
  2. Occulomotor (III) nuclei
  3. Red nucleus (adjacent to CNIII)
  4. Substantia nigra
36
Q

What supplies the anterior and medial brainstem?

A

Perforating branches

37
Q

What supplies lateral brainstem and cerebellum?

A

Circumferential arteries, as well as lateral branches from SCA, AICA, and PICA

38
Q

Any axon in a spinal nerve can be what 4 types?

A
  1. Somatic sensory- pain, temp, mechanoreceptors
  2. Visceral sensory- GI tract, blood vessels
  3. Visceral motor- preganglionic autonomics
  4. Somatic motor- innervate skeletal muscle
39
Q

Describe the arrangement of axon types in the brainstem after pontine flexure, including special axons.

A

The motor components are medial and sensory are lateral (separated by sulcus limitans in floor of 4th ventricle). Special sensory are the most lateral component (vestibulocochlear system) and brachial motor components are positioned between somatic and visceral motor.

40
Q

Which CN has all 6 axon types?

A

None

41
Q

What CN’s are somatic motor. (4)

A

3,4,6,12 “OATH”

42
Q

What CN’s are Brachial motor. (5)

*Brachiomeric nerves

A

5,7,9,10,11 “FAV GT”

*innervate muscles derived embryologically from pharyngeal arches (larynx, pharynx, jaw, and face)

43
Q

What CN’s are Visceral motor. (4)

A

3,7,9,10 (autonomics)

44
Q

What CN’s are Visceral sensory. (3)

A

7,9,10

45
Q

What CN is Somatic sensory. (1)

A

5

46
Q

What CN’s are special sensory. (3)

A

1,2,8

Anatomy 6512 (9 decks)

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