Brainstem Flashcards by Zeth Renae Raquedan

Brainstem includes

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

(Exlcude cerebellum)

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Most caudal portion if the brain

Medulla or myelencephalon

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Maeks the approximate location of the motor (pyramidal) decussation of the medulla

Foramen magnum

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Cranial nerves associated with the medulla

Hypo 12
Accessory 11
Vagus 10
Glosso 9

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Which nuclei are found in the medulla

Nuclei of

Hypo
Vagus
Glosso
Trigem

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The cranial nerves of the pons-medulla junction

Adbucens
Facial
Vestibulo

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What nerves exit in the pons medulla junction

Abducens
Facial
Vestibulo

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Two portions of the pons

Pontine tegmentum

Basilar pons

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Emerges from the lateral aspect of the pons

Trigem

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Cerebellum is joined to the brainstem by 3 large paired bundles of fibers called

Cerebellar peduncle

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Connects cerebell to medulla

Inf cereb peduncle

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Connects cereb to basilar pons

Middle/brachium pontis

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Cereb is joined to midbrain by

Superior/brachium conjunctivum

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Midbrain extends rostrally from the pons midbrain junction to join the

Dien

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Exits in the Nterior aspect of the midbrain

Oculo 3

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What exits from the posterior aspect of the midbrain

Trochlear 4

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The exit of the trochlear is regarded as the ___ of the brainstem

Pontomesenphalic junction

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Composes the isthmus rhombencephali

Pontomesencephalic junction (tochlear exit)
Decussating fibers

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Posterior midbrain is characterized by

superior and inferior colliculi

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Anterior aspect characterized by what

Crus cerebri

Interpeduncular fossa

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Central core of the midbrain and pons

Tegmentum

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Ventral protions of the midbrain and pons is called

Basilar areas

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Tegmentum of pons and midbrain and contiguous central portion of medulla contain what

Ascending and descending tracts
Relay nuclei
Nuclei of 3-12

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Basilar area of brainstem contains

Descending tract of crus cerebri
Basilar pons
Pyramid of medulla

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Ventricular spaces in the brainstem

Cerebral aqueduct | Fourth ventricle

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

Roof of the midbrain

Tectum

Walls of aqueduct is formed by mantle of cells called

Periaqueductal gray

The 4th ventricle is a cavity of the

Rhomben

The fourth ventricle is continuous with the subarachnoid space via

Midline Magendie | Lateral Luschkas

Located in the caudal roof of the 4th ventricle

Magendie

Magendie opens into

Dorsal cerebellomedullary cistern/cisterna magna

Luschka ends at the

Lateral cerebellomedullary cistern

Roof of tue 4th ventricle is formed by

Anterior/superior medullary velum rostrally Tela choroidea Cerebellum in the middle

Wall of the 4thventricle

cerebellar peduncles | Attachment of tela choroidea

The tela choroidea arises from

Inf surface of cerebellum

Floor of the 4th ventricle

Rhomboid fossa

Rhomboid fossa is divided into two by

Median sulcus

Each half of he rhomboid fossa is traversed by

Sulcus limitans

Rostral depression within the sulcus

Superior fovea

Lateral depression of the sulcus

Facial colliculi

Caudla depression of sulcus

Inferior fovea

Found beside (medially?) the inferior fovea

Vagus and hypogloss trigones

Series of fiber bundles running from the midline laterally into the lateral recess

Stria medullares

Rostral edge of the striae medullares is regarded as the

Pons-medulla junction

Nuclei located medial to the limitans is __ in function

Motor

Nuclei found lateral to the limitans are ___ in function

Sensory

Nuclei found medial to sulcus

Hypogloss and Vagal trigones Representing the: Hypoglossal and dorsal motor vagal nuclei

Medial to the sulcus limitans in the caudla pontine area

Facial colliculi representing the: abducens motor nuclei Internal genu of the facial nerve

Lateral to the sulcus in the medulla and pons is a flattened region called what

Bestibular area/vestibular nuclei

Motor nuclei of cranial nerves arise from

Basal plate

sensory nuclei of cranial nerves arise from

Alar plate

The 4th ventricle flares open at the level of

Level of the obex

Separates structures derived from basal plate and alar plate

sulcus limitans

sensosry and functional components associated with the spinal nerves

SA VA SE VE

functional component presumably arose from the mesoderm of pharyngeal arches

special visceral efferent SVE

all straited muscles innervated by cranial nerves (3-6 7 9 10 12) arise from

paraxial mesoderm

smooth muscle and glandular epithelium of the developing head receive innervation via

preganglionic visceromotor

nuclei of glosso ang vagus are found where

nucleus ambiguus

inveration of the Masticatory muscle, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastri

trigem from arch 1

innevation of the Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

facial from arch 2

innveration of the stylopharyngues

glosso from arch 3

innveration of the Muscles of the pharynx (constrictors), palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, larynx (including the vocalis muscle, a medial portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle), striated muscle in upper two thirds of esophagus, and muscles of soft palate except tensor veli palatini

vagus from arch 4

herniation causes

displacement damage destruction neurologic deficits

central herniation is aka

transtentorial herniation

space-occupying lesion in the hemisohere elevates intracranial pressure anf forces the dien downward through the tentorial notch and into the brainstem

centrl herniation

effect on respi when the central herniation progresses downward

Cheyne-Stokes respitarion with intermittent tachypnea and apnea

in central herniation, what is pushed out of its normal position

diencephalon

movement of the rostromedial edge of the temporal lobe downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli

uncal herniation

common cause of uncal herniation

expanding hemorrhagic lesion in the hemisohere

early sign of uncal herniation

dilated pupil abnormal eye movement with double vision weakness of extrems

double vision in uncal herniation is _____ to the herniation

ipsilateral

the weakness of the extremes in uncal herniation is found on which side

opposite the dilated pupil

A mass in the posterior fossa may force portions of the cerebellum upward through the tentorial notch and compress the midbrain

upward cerebellar herniation

upward cerebellar herniationcompressses what

midbrain

usual result of upward cerebellar herniation

occlusion of superior cerebellar artery resulting to infarction of the cerebellum/obstruction of the aqueduct > hydrocephalus

Pressure in the posterior fossa may force the cerebellar tonsils downward into and possibly through the foramen magnum; this is

tonsillar herniation

what is pushed in tonsillar herniation

cerebellar tonsils

result of tonsillar herniation

rapid loss of respiration and a failure of medullary cardiac activity.

VA receiving area for the brainstem is the

solitary tract and nucleus