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Neurology > Brainstem 1 > Flashcards

Brainstem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

if there is a “bump” in the nervous system, what is it created by?

A
  • huge collection of fibers

- huge collection of cell bodies (nuclei)

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2
Q

anatomically significant structures on the ventral surface of the medulla:

A
  • anterior median fissure
  • pyramids
  • pre and post olivary sulcus
  • pyramidal decussation
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3
Q

the pyramids are part of what?

A

corticospinal tract

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4
Q

what CNs exit the pontomedullary junction?

A

medial to lateral:

  • CN6
  • CN7
  • CN8
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5
Q

what CN exits laterally from the pons?

A

CN 5

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6
Q

the groove that runs midline in the pons transmits what structure?

A

vertebral a.

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7
Q

CNs that exit the pontomesocephalic junction?

A
  • CN 3 comes out medially

- CN 4 from back behind on the dorsal surface

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8
Q

anatomically significant structures of the mesencephalon:

A

-cerebral peduncles

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9
Q

what do the cerebral peduncles represent?

A
  • corticospinal tract
  • goes on to decrease in size as the pyramids in the medulla
  • b/c many of its axons stop in the pons
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10
Q

where does pons send info?

A

cerebellum

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11
Q

modality of the cerebellum

A

MOTOR

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12
Q

if you lesion below the pyramidal decussation, where will the defect be?

A

ipsilateral motor defect

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13
Q

if you lesion above the pyramidal decussation, where will the defect be?

A

contralateral motor defect

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14
Q

CN that exits the brainstem through the pre olivary sulcus:

A

CN 12

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15
Q

CNs that exit the brainstem through the post olivary sulcus:

A

from top down:

  • CN 9
  • CN 10
  • CN 11
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16
Q

on the dorsal surface of brainstem, what is the connection from the pons to the cerebellum?

A

3 peduncles

  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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17
Q

what is the space b/w the the connection of the pons and cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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18
Q

anatomically significant structures on the dorsal surface of the medulla:

A
  • fasciculus gracilis
  • fasiculus cuneatus
  • tuberculum gracilis
  • tuberculus cuneatus
  • foramen of magandie
  • foramen of luschka
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19
Q

structures on floor of 4th ventricle:

A
  • facial colliculus

- hypoglossal trigonum

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20
Q

structures on dorsal surface of the mesencephalon

A
  • superior colliculus

- inferior colliculus

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21
Q

superior colliculus

A

relay nuclei for vision

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22
Q

inferior colliculus

A

related to hearing

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23
Q

in the pathway of gracilis and cuneatus, where are the first and second order neurons located?

A
  • 1st order neurons ascend on same side

- 2nd order synapse and decussate in medulla - creating the nuclei and overlying tuberulum

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24
Q

only CN to exit the brainstem from dorsal surface?

A

CN 4

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25
Q

biggest nucleus in the brainstem?

A

trigeminal

26
Q

trigeminal nucleus modalities

A
  1. mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus = proprioception (TMJ)
  2. main trigeminal nucleus = touch
  3. nucleus of spinal tract = pain and temp
27
Q

vestibular nuclei modality

A

balance

28
Q

cochlear nucleus modality

A

hearing

29
Q

nucleus of solitary tract modality

A
  • taste

- visceral afferents

30
Q

distribution of nuclei in the brainstem

A
  • some are only located in 1 part (ex: hypoglossal)
  • some are elongated
  • keep in mind that it’s 3D
31
Q

closed medulla

A

below 4th ventricle

32
Q

open medulla

A

above the 4th ventricle

33
Q

the 4th ventricle continue inferiorly as what?

A

the central canal of the SC

34
Q

nervous system embryological development

A
  • started out as tube w/ central canal lined w/ ependymal cells
  • divided into upper and lower half by sulcus limitans
  • medulla began to open up at midline to form 4th ventricle
  • midline stayed motor
  • periphery stayed sensory
35
Q

what is the top portion of the developing neural tube?

A
  • alar plate
  • sensory
  • formation of dorsal horn
36
Q

what is the bottom half of the developing neural tube?

A
  • basal plate
  • motor
  • ventral horn development
37
Q

solitary nucleus

  • modality
  • CNs
A
  • taste and VA
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10
38
Q

trigeminal tract and nucleus

  • modality
  • CNs
A
  • somatic sensation
  • 5
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10
39
Q

What are the 4 preganglionic parasymptathic nuclei?

A
  • Edinger-wesphal
  • inferior salivatory
  • superior salivatory
  • DMN of 10
40
Q

edinger-westphal nucleus is for what CN?

A

CN 3

41
Q

superior salivatory nucleus is for what CN?

A

CN 7

42
Q

inferior salivatory nucleus is for what CN?

A

CN 9

43
Q

What are the 4 motor nuclei?

A
  • Nucleus ambiguous
  • facial nucleus
  • masticatory nucleus
  • spinal accessory nucleus
44
Q

what CNs use nucleus ambiguous?

A
  • CN 9
  • CN 10
  • CN 11
45
Q

what CN uses the masticatory motor nucleus?

A

CN 5

46
Q

what are the main structures you would find in a cross section of the closed medulla?

A
  • nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
  • ventral horn of C1
  • pyramidal decussation
  • spinal nucleus of CN 5
47
Q

in a closed medulla cross section, why do you see the ventral horn of C1 but no dorsal horn?

A
  • there is no C1 dorsal root (1st dermatome is C2)
  • the spinal nucleus of CN 5 is the substition of the dorsal horn
  • represents the transition of body sensation to face sensation
48
Q

what are the main structures you would find in a cross section of the open medulla?

A
  • MLF
  • hypoglossal nucleus
  • DMN of CN 10
  • solitary nucleus and tract
  • cochlear nuclei
  • vestibular nuclei
  • nucleus ambiguous
  • descending spinal tract of CN 5
  • inferior olivary nucleus
  • medial lemniscus
  • pyramids (corticospinal tract)
49
Q

medial lemniscus

A
  • ascending axons of 2nd order neurons from the gracilis and cuneate nuclei
  • heading to VPL of thalamus
50
Q

solitary nucleus and tract

A
  • sensory relay tract for taste and visceral afferents

- CNs: 7, 9 and 10

51
Q

DMN of CN 10

A
  • visceral efferents
  • preganglionic parasymptatics of 10 leave from here
  • note that the motor and sensory go to different nuclei (sensory at solitary nucleus)
52
Q

descending spinal tract of CN 5

A
  • somatic afferents

- descending b/c it enters at Pons and has to descend to synapse

53
Q

nucleus ambiguous

A
  • motor (midline) nucleus that innervates muscles that are branchiomeric in origin
  • ex: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
54
Q

CN associated w/ nucleus ambiguous?

A
  • CN 11

- easy to remember b/c spinal accessory n. innervated trap. and sternoclediomastoid

55
Q

hypoglossal nucleus

A
  • somatic efferents

- midline so motor

56
Q

a lesion at the hypoglossal nuclues would be:

A
  • LMN lesion
  • same as lesioning the ventral horn
  • it’s the final common pathway
  • ipsilateral defect
  • deviation of the tongue
57
Q

where do you find the vestibular and cochlear nuclei?

A

pontomedullary junction

58
Q

vestibular nuclei

A
  • 4 of them
  • one gives rise to vesibulospinal tract
  • balance
59
Q

cochlear nuclei

A
  • 2 of them

- hearing

60
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

relay of motor function

61
Q

lesion at the pyramids:

A
  • UMN lesion

- effect would be contralateral b/c above the decussation

Neurology (11 decks)

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