BrainScapeDeck_Biology_20180603_161300

Question 1

Definition

Antigen

Answer 1

A unique molecule or parts of a molecule or parts of a molecule, that can be recognised by T lymphocytes, or antibodies produced by b lymphocytes.

Question 2

Definition

Non-self antigen

Answer 2

Antigens that are not part of the body.

Question 3

Definition

Self antigens

Answer 3

Antigens that are made by the host’s body.

Question 4

Definition

Allergens

Answer 4

Non-self antigens that elicit an allergic reaction on second exposure.

Question 5

Definition

Cellular pathogens

Answer 5

Bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, protozoans, worms and arthropods.

Question 6

Definition

Non-cellular Pathogens

Answer 6

Viruses, viroids and prions.

Question 7

Definition

Physical barriers

Answer 7

Substances like skin, nails, bark stops pathogens from entering.

Question 8

Definition

Chemical Barriers

Answer 8

Lowering of Ph in some areas of the body, enzymes in saliva and other secretions kills the pathogens.

Question 9

Definition

Microbiological barriers

Answer 9

Microflora relies on outcompeting harmful pathogens e.g. gut bacteria.

Question 10

Definition

Macrophage

Answer 10

In innate immune cell that can perform phagocytosis, act as a antigen presenting cell and release cytokines.

Question 11

Definition

Cytokine

Answer 11

Small signalling molecules of the immune system that coordinate many aspects of immune system, released in response to cell damage or presence of pathogens.

Question 12

Definition

Neutrophil(granulocyte)

Answer 12

innate immune cell that can perform phagocytosis, release antimicrobial compounds such as defensins and Hydrogen peroxide, that disrupt bacterial and fungal membranes. Finally they can release cytokines that attract other immune cells.

Question 13

Definition

Mast Cells (granulocytes)

Answer 13

Have limited role in phagocytosis, key in inflammation and therefore blood vessel destination by releasing histamines. Part of innate immune system.

Question 14

Definition

Dendritic cells

Answer 14

Part of innate immune system can perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Dendritic cells have many grooves to increase surface area, so they can be in contact with more cells.

Question 15

Definition

Complement proteins

Answer 15

An array of more than 30 proteins that circulate in the blood and kill foreign cells. Activated by an enzyme, kills pathogens by punching holes in cell membrane causing them to lyses.

Question 16

Definition

Inflammatory response

Answer 16

Is the accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocytes that occurs when tissue is damaged or infected.

Question 17

Steps of inflammatory response

5 steps

Answer 17

1. Pathogen breaches first line of defense.
2. Injured cells release cytokines that attract neutrophils and mast cells which release histamine, increasing blood vessel dilation allowing more immune cells allowed in as well as platelets that release clotting functions at the site of the wound.
3. Neutrophils migrate towards the cytokines and activate, causing macrophages to be recruited and the release of factors such as definsins.
4. Macrophages activate and secrete cytokines and along with neutrophils phagocytose pathogens and debris. This may lead to pus being formed.
5. Response continues until pathogen is eliminated and the wound is healed.